TAG: GS 1: GEOGRAPHY

THE CONTEXT: A recent analysis by Chennai Rains, an independent weather blogging site, unveils a concerning trend in the North Indian Ocean basin, indicating a rise in the intensity and duration of cyclones over the past two decades.

EXPLANATION:

• The primary driver behind this phenomenon is identified as the rapidly-warming Indo Pacific Warm Pool (IPWP), a tropical ocean region situated in the western Pacific and eastern Indian Ocean.

The Indo Pacific Warm Pool (IPWP):

• The IPWP is experiencing accelerated warming, surpassing other ocean bodies globally.
• It is crucial for influencing weather patterns across Asia and the Indian subcontinent.
• This warming trend is notably impacting the North Indian Ocean basin, leading to increased sea surface temperatures.

Cyclonic Trends Since 2003:

• According to a weather blogger with Chennai Rains, the number of intense cyclonic storms, categorized as very severe or extremely severe, has witnessed a surge since 2003 in the North Indian Ocean, encompassing the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal.
• The warmer oceans contribute not only to stronger and slower-moving cyclones but also extend their duration as intense weather systems.

Implications for Monsoon Dynamics and Rainfall Patterns:

• The prolonged lifespan of cyclones poses potential risks to monsoon dynamics, potentially causing disruptions in rainfall patterns and leading to more extended dry periods.
• Cyclones such as Biparjoy and Kyarr, with extended durations of 10 days and 111 hours, respectively, highlight the evolving nature of these weather phenomena.
• The Arabian Sea has experienced a sixfold increase in the lifespan of strong cyclones over the past two decades.

Cyclonic Storm Statistics:

• Data from various meteorological agencies, including the Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre, IMD, the U.S. National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration, and the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts, reveal a notable uptick in severe cyclonic storms in both the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal.
• The numbers have risen to 16 in the past two decades (2004-2023) from 10 between 1984-2003. Similarly, extremely severe cyclonic storms increased to 17 between 2004-2023 compared to 11 in the preceding decades since 1984.

Global Influences and Warming Trends:

• The analysis underscores that 2023 was the warmest year since 1850, and the warming trend is likely to persist despite other global weather parameters like El Niño and La Niña.
• Carbon footprints and global warming are identified as major influencers, and the impact of warmer oceans is anticipated to extend for the next five decades.

Vulnerability of Southern Peninsular Region:

• With the IPWP continuously warming, the southern peninsular region, with its extensive coastline, remains vulnerable to more intense cyclones.
• The importance of creating hazard maps, flooding zones, and response plans is emphasized as crucial for disaster preparedness in the face of escalating cyclonic events.

Cyclone:

• A cyclone is a large-scale system of air that rotates around the center of a low-pressure area.
• It is usually accompanied by violent storms and bad weather.
• According to the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), a cyclone is characterized by inward spiralling winds that rotate anticlockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere.
• The NDMA classifies cyclones broadly into two categories:
  • extratropical cyclones
  • tropical cyclones

Extratropical Cyclones

• Also known as mid-latitude cyclones, extratropical cyclones occur outside the tropics and have cold air at their core.
• They derive their energy from the release of potential energy when cold and warm air masses interact.
• These cyclones always have one or more fronts connected to them, which are the boundary between two kinds of air masses.

Tropical Cyclones

• Tropical cyclones are the most devastating storms on earth and develop in the regions between the Tropics of Capricorn and Cancer.
• They develop when thunderstorm activity starts building close to the center of circulation, and the strongest winds and rain are no longer in a band far from the center.
• Tropical cyclones have different names depending on their location and strength.
• For instance, they are known as hurricanes in the Caribbean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico, the North Atlantic Ocean, and the eastern and central North Pacific Ocean. In the western North Pacific, they are called typhoons.

Conclusion:

• The Chennai Rains analysis serves as a stark reminder of the evolving climate dynamics.
• It urges proactive measures in disaster preparedness and long-term planning to mitigate the impact of intensifying cyclones in the North Indian Ocean basin.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/north-indian-ocean-basin-churning-more-intense-cyclones-in-the-past-two-decades-says-an-analysis-by-chennai-rains/article67797141.ece

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The convergence of brain-like tissue with electronics has given rise to a groundbreaking achievement in neuromorphic computing, where researchers have successfully created an ‘organoid neural network.’

EXPLANATION:

• This innovative system has been developed by a collaborative team from Indiana University, the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Centre, and the University of Florida.
• It marks a significant leap at the intersection of tissue engineering, electrophysiology, and neural computation.

Challenges in Neuromorphic Computing:

• Traditional neuromorphic chips, inspired by the human brain, face a hurdle with separate memory and processing units.
• The constant back-and-forth communication between these units becomes inefficient, especially for complex problem-solving tasks.
• While attempts have been made to enhance efficiency, they have only partially mimicked brain functions, leaving room for improvement in processing capability and energy efficiency.

Biological Neural Networks in Computing:

• To overcome these challenges, scientists are exploring the integration of biological neural networks into computing.
• The human brain, with its inherent ability to seamlessly integrate memory and data processing, serves as inspiration.
• The researchers emphasize that brain cells require significantly less energy (20 W) compared to AI hardware (8 MW) to perform similar computational tasks due to the absence of physical separation between memory and data processing.

Biocomputing and Brain Organoids:

• This pioneering study falls under the emerging field of biocomputing, utilizing biological components for computational processes.
• Brain organoids, three-dimensional aggregates of brain cells, were created by extracting human pluripotent stem cells and differentiating them into various brain cell types.
• It includes neuron progenitor cells, early-stage neurons, mature neurons, and astrocytes.
• The researchers connected the brain organoid to microelectrodes, forming an ‘organoid neural network,’ and incorporated it into a three-layered system named ‘Brainoware.’
• This system comprises input, reservoir, and output layers.
• The organoid neural network acts as the reservoir, receiving electrical stimuli from the input layer and providing predictions through the output layer.

Demonstrating Brainoware’s Capabilities:

• The study showcased Brainoware’s proficiency in predicting a mathematical function, the Henon map, and recognizing Japanese vowels from audio clips.
• Impressively, Brainoware exhibited comparable accuracy to artificial neural networks but with less training – a notable advancement in efficiency.

Future Considerations and Ethical Implications:

• While Brainoware presents a promising proof-of-concept, the researchers acknowledge certain limitations.
• Challenges include the technical expertise and infrastructure needed to maintain a biological neural network, variations in organoid functionality, and ethical considerations regarding consciousness and dignity.

Conclusion:

• This innovative fusion of brain organoids with electronics represents a significant stride in the realm of biocomputing.
• While challenges and ethical concerns persist, the study provides foundational insights into the potential of organoid intelligence, offering a glimpse into the future of adaptive reservoir computing.
• The integration of biological neural networks into computing systems opens avenues for more energy-efficient and cognitively advanced artificial intelligence, marking a noteworthy intersection of neuroscience and technology.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/brain-organoid-computer-brainoware-neuromorphic-explained/article67692933.ece/amp/

TAG: GS 1: ANCIENT HISTORY, GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: In a groundbreaking archaeological revelation, researchers have utilized LIDAR technology to unveil a hidden network of ancient civilizations in the Amazon rainforest.

EXPLANATION:

• Contrary to previous beliefs that the dense vegetation and challenging landscape limited large-scale human settlements in the region, a 2,500-year-old city complex named Sangay has been discovered in eastern Ecuador’s Upano Valley.
• This discovery challenges preconceptions and sheds light on the sophisticated urban societies that once thrived in the heart of the Amazon.

LIDAR Technology Unveils Lost History: A Game-Changing Discovery

• Context of Lost Amazonian History:
  • The Amazon, renowned for its biodiversity, was traditionally perceived as devoid of large ancient civilizations.
  • However, LIDAR technology has emerged as a game-changer.
  • It allowed researchers to peer through the thick jungle canopy and uncover the hidden historical treasures beneath.
• Discovery of Sangay:
  • Covering 115 square miles with LIDAR, scientists from the French National Center for Scientific Research identified the ruins of Sangay, an ancient city nestled in the Upano Valley.
  • This settlement, rivaling the complexity of civilizations in Mexico and Central America, challenges previous notions of the Amazon’s historical landscape.

Ancient Civilization of Sangay: Flourishing Urban Society

• Population and Duration:
  • Sangay flourished from approximately 500 BCE to a period between 300 and 600 CE.
  • During its zenith, the city’s population is estimated to have ranged from 10,000 to a staggering 100,000 inhabitants.
• Infrastructure Highlights:
  • LIDAR scans revealed a meticulously planned urban layout featuring platforms, plazas, arranged streets, and drainages.
  • Notably, a sophisticated road system extending nearly 6 miles was uncovered, showcasing construction expertise comparable to ancient Maya urban networks.
• Agricultural Practices:
  • Beyond infrastructure, LIDAR detected traces of drained fields indicating advanced agricultural practices.
  • The ancient society likely cultivated maize, beans, sweet potatoes, and cassava, providing insights into their diet and sustenance.

Challenging Preconceptions: Revising Our Understanding of Amazonian Cultures

• Cultural Complexity:
  • The discovery challenges common stereotypes, as study co-author notes that this goes beyond the perception of small, primitive groups in the Amazon.
  • Instead, it reveals evidence of intricate urban societies that existed in this lush environment.
• Environmental and Cultural Heritage:
  • The paper emphasizes the underestimation of Amazonia’s twofold heritage—environmental and cultural, particularly Indigenous.
  • This finding calls for a thorough revision of preconceptions about the Amazonian world, urging a recognition of its rich cultural history.

Future Exploration and Implications: Unveiling the Unknown

• Ongoing Exploration:
  • While the discovery of Sangay provides a glimpse into Amazonian history, much remains unexplored.
  • With approximately 90% of Amazonian history yet to be uncovered, future expeditions hold the promise of revealing more about these ancient civilizations.
• Technological Advancements:
  • The use of advanced technologies like LIDAR demonstrates the potential to unravel hidden histories globally.
  • As researchers continue to employ innovative methods, our understanding of ancient cultures and their impact on diverse ecosystems is likely to evolve.

LIDAR Technology:

• LIDAR, which stands for Light Detection and Ranging, is a remote sensing method that uses light in the form of a pulsed laser to measure ranges (variable distances) to the Earth.
• These light pulses—combined with other data recorded by the airborne system — generate precise, three-dimensional information about the shape of the Earth and its surface characteristics.
• There are three primary components of a LiDAR instrument — the scanner, laser and GPS receiver.
• Airplanes and helicopters are the most commonly used platforms for acquiring lidar data over broad areas.

Conclusion: A Paradigm Shift in Amazonian Archaeology

• The revelation of Sangay and its intricate urban society marks a paradigm shift in Amazonian archaeology.
• Beyond being a scientific milestone, this discovery prompts a reevaluation of assumptions about the Amazon’s historical capacity for large civilizations.
• As technology continues to unveil the mysteries of the past, the Sangay complex stands as a testament to the richness and complexity of Amazonian cultures that have long been overlooked.

SOURCE: https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/archaeology/a46458939/lost-city-amazon-discovered/

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: In a bid to adapt to the evolving legal landscape and technological advancements, the Indian government has proposed a significant overhaul of the existing stamp duty regime.

EXPLANATION:

• The introduction of the ‘Indian Stamp Bill, 2023’ is aimed at replacing the antiquated Indian Stamp Act, 1899.
• This move, initiated by the Ministry of Finance, seeks to address redundancy, incorporate digital advancements, and create a more uniform legislative framework for stamp duties across Indian states.

Understanding Stamp Duty: A Crucial Government Tax

• Stamp duty is a government tax levied on the registration of various documents, such as agreements or transaction papers, with a designated registrar.
• The amount of stamp duty is typically fixed based on the nature of the document or a percentage of the transaction value.
• This tax is applicable to a range of instruments, including bills of exchange, promissory notes, transfer of shares, and more.
• Collected by the Centre, stamp duties are then appropriated by individual states within their territories, as outlined in Article 268 of the Constitution.

Rationale Behind the Proposed Indian Stamp Bill, 2023: Redundancy and Lack of Uniformity

• The Ministry of Finance has identified several provisions of the Indian Stamp Act, 1899, as “redundant” or “inoperative.”
• Notably, the existing act lacks provisions for digital e-stamping and fails to provide a uniform legislative framework for stamp duties across all Indian states.
• The proposed bill aims to rectify these shortcomings, aligning the legislation with contemporary realities and objectives.

Key Provisions of the Draft Bill: Embracing Digital Advancements

• Introduction of Digital E-stamping:
  • One of the significant additions in the draft Bill is the provision for digital e-stamping.
  • The Bill defines “electronic stamp” or “e-stamp” as an electronically generated impression.
  • It denotes the payment of stamp duty through electronic means or other methods.
• Inclusion of Digital Signatures:
  • The draft Bill incorporates provisions related to digital signatures.
  • It clarifies that the terms “executed” and “execution” for instruments will now mean “signed” and “signature,”.
  • It encompasses the attribution of electronic records and electronic signatures as defined under the Information Technology (IT) Act, 2000.
• Penalty Revisions:
  • The proposed legislation seeks to increase penalties for contravening its provisions.
  • The maximum penalty amount is set to rise from Rs 5,000 to Rs 25,000.
  • Additionally, a daily penalty of Rs 1,000 for repeated offenses is introduced, emphasizing the gravity of adherence to the revamped stamp duty regulations.

The Indian Stamp Act, 1899: A Historical Overview

• The Indian Stamp Act, 1899, serves as a fiscal statute governing the taxation of instruments through stamp duties.
• Under its purview, an “instrument” encompasses any document creating, transferring, limiting, extending, extinguishing, or recording rights or liabilities.
• The Act defines a “stamp” as any mark, seal, or endorsement duly authorized by the State Government, encompassing adhesive or impressed stamps for duty chargeable under the Act.

Conclusion: Toward a Modernized and Uniform Stamp Duty Framework

• The proposed Indian Stamp Bill, 2023, signifies a crucial step toward modernizing and streamlining stamp duty regulations in India.
• By embracing digital advancements, addressing redundancy, and aiming for uniformity across states, the government aims to create a more efficient and adaptable system.
• As stakeholders provide feedback on the draft bill, the future of stamp duty laws in India is poised for a transformative shift that aligns with the demands of the contemporary legal landscape.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-law/indian-stamp-act-1899-repeal-9134931/

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: In a strategic move to address territorial disputes and bolster cooperation, the Philippines and Vietnam have inked agreements aimed at preventing incidents in the South China Sea.

EXPLANATION:

• The signing ceremony, which took place during Philippine President visit to Hanoi, underscores the growing alliance between the two Southeast Asian nations.
• However, this alignment is likely to draw scrutiny and disapproval from China, which asserts expansive claims over the contested waters.
• The agreements encompass various facets of collaboration, extending beyond maritime security.
• In addition to measures to prevent incidents in the South China Sea, both nations have committed to enhancing information-sharing and conducting training exchanges between their militaries.
• The diplomatic discussions also delved into trade, investment, and included the signing of a pivotal deal on rice, showcasing the multi-dimensional nature of their evolving partnership.

Strategic Significance of Rice Deal: Food Security and Economic Cooperation

• The signing of a significant rice deal holds implications beyond the immediate diplomatic context.
• Vietnam has agreed to supply the Philippines with 1.5 to 2 million metric tons of rice annually at affordable prices.
• This not only addresses concerns over food security but also solidifies economic ties between the two countries.
• The stability of rice supplies is of paramount importance, especially considering the global surge in prices due to climate change and disruptions in major exporting countries.

Addressing South China Sea Tensions: Concerns and Collaborative Efforts

• Philippine President, during his visit, expressed concerns over China’s perceived aggressions in the South China Sea.
• Incidents involving the Chinese coast guard, including a water cannon assault damaging a Philippine vessel, were highlighted.
• The agreements signed aim to foster maritime cooperation, prevent escalations, and promote trust between the coast guards of both nations.
• The delicate balance between asserting sovereignty and engaging in peaceful dialogue with China remains a focal point of the discussions.

De escalation Efforts: Diplomatic Interactions with China

• While in Hanoi, Philippine President conveyed his concerns to Vietnamese Prime Minister, emphasizing the need to deescalate tensions in the South China Sea.
• The Philippine leader disclosed discussions with Chinese President in November 2023, where both leaders agreed on the imperative to reduce tensions.
• However, the recent incidents and ongoing disputes underscore the challenges in achieving lasting stability in the region.

Potential for UN Involvement: Joint Submission on Continental Shelf Limits

• A notable development is the Philippines’ interest in a joint submission with Vietnam to the United Nations commission that deals with the limits of continental shelves.
• This move suggests a concerted effort to address maritime boundaries through established international frameworks, potentially paving the way for more transparent and regulated territorial claims.

SOUTH CHINA SEA DISPUTE

• The heart of the South China Sea dispute revolves around territorial claims to land features (islands and reefs) and their associated territorial waters.
• The major island and reef formations in the South China Sea are the Spratly Islands, Paracel Islands, Pratas, the Natuna Islands and Scarborough Shoal.
• As many as 70 disputed reefs and islets are under contention, with China, Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Taiwan all building more than 90 outposts on these disputed features.
• China claims up to 90% of the sea with its “nine-dash line” map and has physically expanded islands and constructed military installations to assert control.
• China has been particularly active in the Paracel and Spratly Islands, engaging in extensive dredging and artificial island-building, creating 3,200 acres of new land since 2013.
• China also controls the Scarborough Shoal through a constant Coast Guard presence.

Conclusion: Navigating Diplomacy in Tumultuous Waters

• The Philippines and Vietnam’s collaborative efforts signify a diplomatic balancing act in the face of heightened tensions in the South China Sea.
• The agreements, spanning maritime security, economic cooperation, and joint international submissions, reflect a nuanced approach to regional challenges.
• As these Southeast Asian nations navigate complex geopolitical waters, the evolving dynamics in the region will continue to shape the future of South China Sea politics.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/philippines-and-vietnam-agree-to-expand-cooperation-in-south-china-sea-which-beijing-also-claims/article67793021.ece

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: In a groundbreaking effort, India has conducted its first-ever comprehensive survey to estimate the population of snow leopards, unveiling a count of 718 individuals in the wild.

EXPLANATION:

• The elusive nature of these cats, coupled with their habitat in hard-to-access mountainous terrain, has made this four-year-long estimation exercise a significant milestone in understanding and conserving the endangered species.

Distribution Across Regions: Ladakh Dominates, followed by Northern States

• The survey delineates the distribution of snow leopards across various regions in India.
• Ladakh emerges as a stronghold with an estimated 477 individuals, followed by Uttarakhand (124), Himachal Pradesh (51), Arunachal Pradesh (36), Sikkim (21), and Jammu and Kashmir (9).
• This geographic insight provides valuable data for targeted conservation efforts and highlights the critical role of specific regions in snow leopard preservation.

Global Significance: India’s Contribution to Snow Leopard Conservation

• The estimated 718 snow leopards in India constitute approximately 10-15% of the global population.
• This revelation underscores India’s significance in the global conservation landscape and emphasizes the need for collaborative efforts to ensure the survival of this vulnerable species.

Survey Methodology: Camera Traps and Extensive Trail Surveys

• The survey employed an innovative approach involving the strategic placement of ‘camera traps’ in 1,971 locations.
• Additionally, teams covered 13,450 km of trails, meticulously documenting signs of snow leopards, such as scat, hair, and other distinctive markers.
• This methodology mirrors established techniques used in tiger surveys, providing a scientific basis for estimating elusive wildlife populations.

Snow Leopard Population Assessment in India (SPAI): A Collaborative Initiative

• Initiated in 2019, the Snow Leopard Population Assessment in India (SPAI) involved collaborative efforts between the Wildlife Institute of India, the Worldwide Fund for Nature-India, and the Nature Conservation Foundation, Mysuru.
• This synergy between governmental and non-governmental entities showcases the collective dedication to understanding and safeguarding the snow leopard population.
• The snow leopard’s population assessments have evolved over the years, transitioning from limited research in the 1980s to the recent SPAI survey covering approximately 80% of the species’ range.
• This progress signifies an increased understanding of the species, providing crucial information for targeted conservation initiatives.

Conservation Challenges: Human-Wildlife Conflict, Poaching, and Free-Ranging Dogs

• Despite being classified as ‘vulnerable’ by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, the snow leopard faces an array of threats.
• Human-wildlife conflicts, poaching, and interactions with free-ranging dogs pose significant challenges to the species.
• Unlike tigers, poaching is not the primary concern for snow leopards, with conservation efforts driven by increased sightings and a global interest in species preservation.

Future Prospects: Building on a Scientific Baseline for Conservation

• As India unveils its snow leopard census results, the focus shifts to future conservation endeavors.
• The established baseline from this survey will serve as a reference point for future assessments, guiding conservation strategies, and fostering international collaboration for the protection of this majestic species.

Snow leopard:

• It is found in the mountainous regions of central and southern Asia.
• In India, it is seen in Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh.
• The Hemis National Park has a good presence of Snow Leopard.
• They play a key role as a top predator, an indicator of the health of their high-altitude habitat, and, increasingly, an important indicator of the impacts of climate change on mountain environments.
• Solo traveller: the snow leopard is usually solitary and highly elusive
• Crepuscular: dawn and dusk are the cat’s most active times
• Living large: some snow leopards have home ranges of up to 1,000 square kilometers
• Single moms: for about 18 months, females raise their cubs – all alone
• Cold and dry: the snow leopard primarily lives in arid, barren mountain areas
• Gentle: snow leopards are not known to be aggressive toward humans
• Carnivorous: the cat’s main prey are ibex, argali and blue sheep
• Conservation status:
  • IUCN Red List: Vulnerable
  • Under CITES it is listed in Appendix I
  • Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972: Schedule I

Conclusion: A Pioneering Step in Snow Leopard Conservation

• The culmination of India’s first snow leopard survey marks a pioneering step in wildlife conservation.
• With robust methodology, collaborative efforts, and technological advancements, this endeavor sets the stage for informed conservation actions.
• It ensures a sustainable future for the enigmatic and endangered snow leopards in India and beyond.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/first-ever-survey-puts-indias-snow-leopard-count-at-718/article67793739.ece

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Astronomers have recently stumbled upon a celestial anomaly in the star cluster NGC 1851, challenging our understanding of extreme matter in the universe.

EXPLANATION:

• This discovery, detailed in a science publication, revolves around a peculiar system comprising a millisecond pulsar and a concealed massive object with enigmatic properties.

Neutron Stars and the Black Hole ‘Mass Gap’: A Precarious Balance

• Neutron stars, known for their extreme density, serve as a fascinating subject for astrophysical exploration.
• These remnants, as compact as atomic nuclei but as expansive as cities, often teeter on the brink of collapsing into black holes.
• The elusive transition from neutron stars to black holes poses a scientific conundrum, necessitating the identification of objects residing on this boundary.

NGC 1851E: A Glimpse into the Extremes of Matter

• The discovery unfolded in the depths of the NGC 1851-star cluster, where astronomers identified what seems to be a binary system comprising a millisecond pulsar and a concealed massive object.
• The latter, intriguingly, remains invisible across all electromagnetic frequencies, presenting a challenge for conventional observation methods.

The Role of Millisecond Pulsars: Cosmic Clocks and Observational Aids

• Millisecond pulsars, akin to cosmic atomic clocks, played a crucial role in deciphering the secrets of this celestial pairing.
• Their stable spins, detectable through regular radio pulses, provided astronomers with a means to measure the system’s intricacies over extended periods.
• Despite the invisible nature of the massive companion, the pulsar’s behavior offered a gateway to understanding the elusive object.

MeerKAT Radio Telescope: Unveiling Orbits and Changing Approaches

• The international team of astronomers leveraged the MeerKAT radio telescope in South Africa for precise observations of the NGC 1851E system.
• By scrutinizing changes in the pulsar’s orbit and applying Einstein’s theory of relativity, they unveiled crucial details about the system’s mass.
• The observations disclosed a combined mass nearly four times that of the Sun, raising questions about the nature of the invisible companion.

The Enigma of the Dark Companion: Black Hole Mass Gap and Astrophysical Possibilities

• Intriguingly, the companion’s mass falls within the elusive “black hole mass gap,” challenging existing astrophysical frameworks.
• This gap, situated between the heaviest neutron stars and the lightest black holes, remains a focal point of scientific curiosity.
• The mass estimation, ranging between 2.09 and 2.71 solar masses, prompts speculation about the true identity of the concealed object.

Astrophysical Scenarios: A Collision of Neutron Stars and the Birth of a Pulsar

• One tantalizing hypothesis suggests that the NGC 1851E system might be a result of a neutron star merger, culminating in the formation of a pulsar in orbit around the remnants.
• The crowded stellar environment of NGC 1851 allows for dynamic interactions, where stars engage in a cosmic dance.
• If two neutron stars collide and create a black hole, this celestial wanderer may disrupt ongoing stellar dances, reshaping the system.

Future Prospects: Unraveling the Mystery and Exploring Extreme Environments

• The study of NGC 1851E is ongoing, with astronomers diligently working to ascertain the true nature of the concealed companion.
• The possibility of identifying the lightest black hole or the most massive neutron star adds to the intrigue.
• At the interface between neutron stars and black holes, the potential existence of novel astrophysical objects remains an exciting avenue for future exploration.

Conclusion: NGC 1851E’s Promise for Understanding Extreme Environments

• While speculation abounds regarding this celestial oddity, one certainty emerges — the NGC 1851E system holds immense promise for unraveling the mysteries of matter in the most extreme corners of the universe.
• As astronomers continue to delve into this cosmic enigma, the scientific community eagerly anticipates further revelations that may redefine our comprehension of celestial phenomena.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/astronomers-spot-unusual-object-falling-in-the-black-hole-mass-gap/article67792301.ece

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: The recent decision by the Delhi High Court, upholding the constitutional validity of anti-profiteering provisions under the Central Goods and Services Tax (CGST) Act, is a significant development with far-reaching implications for businesses.

EXPLANATION:

• The court’s ruling, encompassing over 140 pages, reinforces the legal framework surrounding anti-profiteering and establishes the legitimacy of the National Anti-Profiteering Authority (NAA).

Background of the Case:

• The case revolves around the constitutional validity of certain provisions related to anti-profiteering under the Central Goods and Services Tax (CGST) Act and the establishment of the National Anti-Profiteering Authority (NAA).
• Reckitt Benckiser India Private Limited, along with over 100 other companies from diverse sectors including hospitality, fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG), and real estate, filed petitions challenging these provisions.
• The provisions in question primarily focus on Section 171 of the CGST Act, which mandates that any reduction in the tax rate on goods or services must result in a corresponding reduction in prices passed on to consumers.
• The establishment of the NAA is instrumental in overseeing and enforcing these provisions.
• The rules under consideration in the case include Rules 122, 124, 126, 127, 129, 133, and 134 of the Central Goods and Services Tax Rules, 2017 (CGST Rules).
• These rules deal with various aspects, including the constitution of the NAA, the appointment of its chairman and members, determination of methodology and procedure, and duties related to anti-profiteering.

Upholding Constitutional Validity:

• The Division Bench of Acting Chief Justice specifically upheld Section 171 of the CGST Act, which mandates that any reduction in the tax rate on goods or services should result in a corresponding reduction in prices for consumers.
• Additionally, the court validated various rules (Rules 122, 124, 126, 127, 129, 133, and 134 of the CGST Rules) pertaining to the constitution and functioning of the NAA.

Key Aspects of Section 171 of CGST Act:

• The court emphasized that Section 171 falls within the legislative powers of the parliament under Article 246A of the Constitution.
• It clarified that Section 171 is not a mechanism for fixing prices but ensures that the benefits of tax reductions reach the end consumers, safeguarding against undue profiteering.

Rejection of Petitions by Companies:

• The Delhi High Court dismissed petitions filed by over 100 companies spanning diverse sectors, including hospitality, FMCG, and real estate.
• Renowned companies like Philips, Nestle India, Gillette, Patanjali, Whirlpool, and Emaar MGF were among the petitioners.
• The court affirmed that while instances of arbitrary exercise of power may occur, the remedy lies in challenging such orders on merit rather than challenging the provisions themselves.

Court’s Findings on Various Issues:

• The court addressed multiple grounds raised by the petitioners, offering conclusive findings on each:
  • No fixed method for determining profiteering.
  • Legislative prerogative for deciding benefit pass-on.
  • Absence of a fixed time period for price reduction.
  • Non-applicability of Section 64A of the Sale of Goods Act.
  • Statutory provision immune from abuse possibility.
  • Comparisons of taxes under CGST Act in line with its intent.
  • Absence of a vested right of appeal.
  • No necessity for a judicial member in NAA.
  • Rule 124 compliance with separation of judiciary from executive.
  • Rule 133’s authority for interest and penalty within governmental rule-making power.
  • Inclusion of Goods and Services Tax in profiteered amount justified.
  • Directory nature of the time limit for the DGAP’s report.

Implications and Concluding Remarks:

• The Delhi High Court’s decision reinforces the legality and importance of anti-profiteering measures in the GST framework.
• The ruling emphasizes the government’s commitment to preventing unfair profiteering and ensuring that the benefits of tax reductions reach consumers.
• While acknowledging the potential for arbitrary exercise of power, the court underscores the availability of legal remedies for affected parties.

National Anti-Profiteering Authority (NAA):

• The National Anti-Profiteering Authority (NAA) was established under Section 171 of the Central Goods and Service tax Act, 2017.
• It was initially set up for a period of 2 years after the implementation of GST in 2017.
• It was set up to control unfair profiteering by suppliers (where they were not passing on benefits of reduction in tax rates to consumers, etc.)
• It essentially works as a price regulator which ensures that any undue benefit is not reaped by companies, due to changes in GST laws.
• The NAA was subsequently given two extensions.
• NAA will be headed by senior officer of level of a Secretary to Union Government and shall have four technical members from Centre and/or States.
• The chairman and four members will be less than 62 years of age.

Conclusion:

• The court’s thorough analysis and comprehensive decision not only validate the constitutional foundation of anti-profiteering laws but also provide clarity on various aspects raised by the petitioners.
• This legal precedent sets the stage for continued vigilance against profiteering practices, promoting transparency and fairness in the implementation of the GST regime.

SOURCE: https://www.barandbench.com/news/delhi-high-court-upholds-validity-anti-profiteering-law-cgst-act

TAG: GS 3: GS 1: GEOGRAPHY, ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Exploring the intricate relationship between biodiversity and geography has been a longstanding inquiry, with naturalists like Alexander von Humboldt contributing key insights. Humboldt’s observations, particularly on mountains, have sparked curiosity and set the stage for modern investigations into what is now known as Humboldt’s enigma.

EXPLANATION:

• This enigma challenges conventional expectations by highlighting the exceptional biodiversity found in mountainous regions, contrary to the anticipated decrease in diversity away from the tropics.

Humboldt’s Insights:

• Alexander von Humboldt, a polymath, proposed a connection between temperature, altitude, humidity, and the occurrence patterns of species.
• His observations on the Chimborazo mountain in Ecuador served as a cornerstone for understanding the relationship between environmental factors and biodiversity.
• Humboldt’s work laid the groundwork for future scientists to delve deeper into the drivers of biodiversity.

The Enigma Unveiled:

• Humboldt’s enigma challenges the notion that the Earth’s tropical areas alone house the most biodiverse regions.
• Mountains emerge as exceptions to this rule, exhibiting high biodiversity despite their non-tropical locations.
• The enigma prompts a reevaluation of traditional biodiversity patterns and underscores the importance of mountains in shaping ecological richness.

Drivers of Mountain Biodiversity:

• Geological Processes:
  • Mountains act as ‘cradles’ and ‘museums’ for biodiversity.
  • Geological processes, including uplifts, create new habitats where new species emerge (‘cradles’).
  • Additionally, climatologically stable mountains serve as ‘museums,’ harboring species for extended periods.
  • The Northern Andes, including Chimborazo, exemplifies this with a diverse range of biomes over short distances.
• Geological Heterogeneity:
  • Mountains with high geological heterogeneity exhibit greater biodiversity.
  • The diverse composition of rocks provides varied habitats, fostering the diversification of species.
  • This phenomenon is particularly prominent in tropical mountains, contributing to their unique ecological tapestry.

Humboldt’s Enigma in India:

• In India, the Western Ghats plus Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot, located in the tropical zone, is renowned for its biodiversity.
• However, the eastern Himalaya surpasses it in diversity, challenging conventional expectations.
• Climate dissimilarity, geological heterogeneity, and ecological niches contribute to the rich biodiversity observed in the eastern Himalaya.

Ongoing Mysteries and Research Gaps:

• The enigma remains a complex puzzle, and scientists grapple with numerous hypotheses to explain biodiversity variations globally.
• However, the lack of fine data on species occurrences poses a significant limitation.
• Birds, among the best-studied groups globally, offer insights into mountain biodiversity patterns.
• Further research, especially incorporating modern tools like genetics, is essential to unraveling these mysteries.

India’s Research Initiatives:

• National programs, including the National Mission on Himalayan Studies, the National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem, and the National Mission on Biodiversity and Human Wellbeing, aim to address research gaps in India.
• Strengthening these initiatives is crucial for advancing basic research on diversity, especially in less-explored regions like the Eastern Ghats.

Conclusion:

• Humboldt’s enigma serves as a captivating lens through which scientists explore the intricacies of mountain biodiversity.
• As we unravel the mysteries, our local environments become invaluable laboratories for understanding global challenges related to climate change and landscape transformations.
• The quest for answers continues, urging us to delve into our backyards and contribute to the collective understanding of our planet’s ecological complexities.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/humboldts-enigma-shola-sky-islands-explained/article67730052.ece

TAG: GS 3: AGRICULTURE

THE CONTEXT: The collaborative effort between Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and the Union Ministry of Jal Shakti, marked by the signing of the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU), is a significant step towards implementing the Modified Parbati-Kalisindh-Chambal-ERCP (PKC-ERCP) Link Project.

EXPLANATION:

• This inter-state river linking project holds promise for optimizing water resources and addressing water deficit challenges in the region.

Modified PKC-ERCP Project:

• The Modified PKC-ERCP is an ambitious inter-state river linking project.
• It integrates the long-pending Parbati-Kalisindh-Chambal (PKC) link project with the Eastern Rajasthan Canal Project (ERCP).
• This integration aligns with the national perspective plan of the interlinking of rivers (ILR) program initiated by the Government of India.
• The Parbati-Kalisindh-Chambal (PKC) link project, identified in the National Perspectives Plan since 1980, is a critical component of river interlinking in India.
• It was initially proposed to divert water from the Kalisindh and Newaj rivers to the Chambal.
• The project gained significance when Rajasthan proposed the Eastern Rajasthan Canal Project (ERCP) in 2019.
• The integration of ERCP with PKC was later approved in December 2022.

The Eastern Rajasthan Canal Project (ERCP):

• The ERCP focuses on intra-basin water transfer within the Chambal basin.
• By harnessing surplus monsoon water from Kalisindh, Parvati, Mej, and Chakan subbasins, the ERCP aims to redirect it to water-deficit sub-basins like Banas, Gambhiri, Banganga, and Parbati.
• This strategic water transfer will benefit 13 districts in eastern Rajasthan, providing drinking and industrial water.

Benefits of the Modified Project:

• The Modified PKC-ERCP project is poised to bring substantial benefits to the region.
• The project aims to provide drinking and industrial water in 13 districts of eastern Rajasthan and the Malwa and Chambal regions of Madhya Pradesh.
• Additionally, it targets irrigation in an extensive area, encompassing 2.8 lakh hectares or more in both states, totaling 5.6 lakh hectares or more.

Need for the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU):

• The signing of the MoU between Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and the Union Ministry of Jal Shakti is pivotal.
• It facilitates the implementation of the project by covering essential aspects such as water sharing, exchange mechanisms, cost-sharing, benefits distribution, and management and control arrangements for the Chambal basin.
• The MoU acts as a foundational agreement for the collaborative execution of the Modified PKC-ERCP project.

Overcoming Challenges:

• The project faced challenges related to project planning norms, as the initial Detailed Project Report (DPR) for the ERCP did not align with prevailing standards.
• The Central Water Commission urged Rajasthan to revise the project planning to meet the 75% dependable yield requirement.
• Subsequently, the Task Force on Interlinking of Rivers explored the integration of ERCP with PKC, leading to the formulation of the Modified PKC-ERCP proposal.
• Chambal river:
• It ends in confluence of five rivers, including the Chambal, Kwari, Yamuna, Sind, Pahuj, at Pachnada near Bhareh in Uttar Pradesh state.
• The perennial Chambal originates at Janapav ,south of Mhow town(M.P.)
• It rises in the old Vindhya Range and flows in northeastern direction.
• It flows through three Indian states- Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh.

Kalisindh river:

• It rises in the Vindhya Range near Bagli in Dewas district of Madhya Pradesh.
• It joins the Chambal River at Nonera village in Kota district.

Parbati river:

• It rises from the Vindhya range in Sehore district Madhya Pradesh.
• Falls into Chambal River in Sawai Madhopur District.

Conclusion:

• The collaborative effort represented by the MoU and the Modified PKC-ERCP project signifies a strategic approach to water management and inter-state cooperation.
• As the project progresses, it is poised to address water scarcity issues, boost agricultural productivity, and contribute to the sustainable development of the region.
• This initiative showcases the potential of interlinking river projects in tackling complex water challenges across states in India.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-history/nathuram-godse-trial-gandhi-death-9134078/

TAG: GS 1: SOCIAL ISSUES

THE CONTEXT: The recently released All India Survey of Higher Education (AISHE) for the academic year 2021–22 provides crucial insights into the landscape of higher education in India.

EXPLANATION:

• We will analyse the five key takeaways from the survey, highlighting trends in student enrollment, gender dynamics, discipline preferences, institutional choices, and graduation patterns.

Rising Student Enrollment:

• The AISHE report reveals a substantial increase in student enrollment, reaching 4.33 crore in 2021–22 from 4.14 crore in the previous academic year and 3.42 crore in 2014–15.
• The survey covers various educational levels, including undergraduate, postgraduate, PhD, MPhil, diploma, PG diploma, certificate, and integrated programs.
• A total of 10,576 standalone institutions, 42,825 colleges, and 1,162 universities participated in the survey.

Female Enrollment Surpasses Male:

• A remarkable trend emerges with the steady rise in female enrollment in higher education. The number of women enrolled increased by 32% from 1.5 crore in 2014–15 to 2.07 crore in 2021–22.
• The most significant surge is observed at the PhD level, where female enrollment has more than doubled in eight years.
• In the current academic year, women constitute 55% of the 91 lakh additional students in higher education, with the postgraduate level having the highest proportion of female students at 55.4%.

GER and Gender Parity:

• The Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER) for the age group 18–23 years stands at 28.4 nationally. Chandigarh boasts the highest GER at 64.8%, followed by Puducherry, Delhi, and Tamil Nadu.
• The Gender Parity Index (GPI) indicates that in 26 states and Union Territories, the GER favors women.
• The national GPI is 1.01, with specific values of 1.01 for SC and 0.98 for ST categories.

Arts Dominate in Graduation and Postgraduation:

• The AISHE survey underscores the preference for Arts programs, with Bachelor of Arts (BA) having the highest enrollment at 34.2% of total undergraduate enrollment.
• Arts is followed by science (14.8%), commerce (13.3%), and engineering and technology (11.8%).
• Similarly, the social science stream dominates postgraduate enrollment, with Master of Arts (MA) having the highest enrollment at 40.7%.

Primacy of Government Institutions:

• Despite the presence of more private universities, 73.7% of all students attend government universities, constituting 58.6% of all universities.
• State public universities, in particular, hold the largest share of enrollment at around 31%.
• This indicates a clear preference among students for government educational institutions.

Demographics of Graduates:

• In the 2021–22 academic year, an estimated 1.07 crore students graduated, with approximately 50.8% being women.
• The demographic breakdown shows around 35% of graduates belonging to Other Backward Classes (OBC), 13% from Scheduled Caste (SC), and 5.7% from Scheduled Tribe (ST).
• The arts and social sciences streams exhibit higher graduation rates, with BA and MA programs leading at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels, respectively.

All India Survey of Higher Education (AISHE):

• The AISHE report has been published by the Ministry of Education since 2011.
• It aims to portray the status of higher education in the country.
• The survey covers all the institutions in the country engaged in imparting higher education.
• Data is being collected on several parameters, such as teachers, student enrollment, programmes, examination results, education finance, and infrastructure.
• Indicators of educational development such as Institution Density, Gross Enrolment Ratio, Pupil-teacher ratio, Gender Parity Index, Per Student Expenditure will also be calculated from the data collected through AISHE.

Conclusion:

• The AISHE 2021–22 report provides a comprehensive snapshot of the evolving higher education landscape in India.
• From the increasing participation of women to the dominance of arts in academic choices, this analysis underscores the multifaceted trends shaping the educational journey of millions of students across the country.
• Understanding these dynamics is crucial for policymakers and educators as they strive to enhance the quality and inclusivity of higher education in India.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/five-takeaways-aishe-report-education-9132625/

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The National Institute of Oceanography (NIO), headquartered in Goa, has unveiled a cutting-edge autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) named “C-bot” for comprehensive coral reef monitoring.

EXPLANATION:

• It was launched by the director-general of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR).
• This technological marvel marks a significant stride in understanding and safeguarding the delicate ecosystems of coral reefs.

C-Bot’s Capabilities:

• C-bot boasts the ability to reach depths of up to 200 meters, making it a pioneering step in the development of underwater vehicles capable of scanning the profound depths of the Indian Ocean.
• Director-general of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) emphasized that this is just the initial phase, with plans to enhance the AUV’s capabilities for even deeper exploration, potentially reaching thousands of meters beneath the ocean surface.
• The primary objective of C-bot is to address the critical issue of coral bleaching caused by climate change.
• NIO Director highlighted the AUV’s sophisticated array of sensors and cameras that measure various parameters, aiming to elucidate the reasons behind coral degradation.
• By providing real-time data, C-bot becomes an invaluable tool for scientists studying the impact of climate change on coral reefs.

Applications in Navy and Bathymetry Studies:

• Beyond coral reef monitoring, C-bot serves multiple purposes, including assisting the Navy in bathymetry studies.
• The vehicle aids in mapping navigation channels and exploring hydrothermal vents.
• These vents, where geothermally heated water rises from the ocean floor, are crucial to understanding the diverse ecosystems thriving in extreme conditions.
• C-bot will capture photographs and samples in real-time, shedding light on the active biology occurring in such extreme environments.

Contributions to Environmental Research:

• C-bot’s launch signifies a leap forward in oceanographic research capabilities.
• Its ability to navigate great depths and capture real-time data opens avenues for a more profound understanding of ocean ecosystems.
• As climate change poses an increasing threat to marine environments, this underwater vehicle stands as a testament to scientific innovation in addressing environmental challenges.

Future Development and Global Significance:

• The announcement of plans for further development, including the capability for deep diving into the ocean’s abyss, indicates a commitment to advancing ocean exploration technology.
• The global scientific community stands to benefit from such advancements, as underwater vehicles like C-bot contribute crucial data for understanding and mitigating the impact of climate change on oceans worldwide.

National Institute of Oceanography (NIO):

• The National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) is one of the 37 constituent laboratories of the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi.
• NIO is headquartered at Dona Paula, Goa, and has regional centres at Kochi, Mumbai and Visakhapatnam.
• NIO was established in 1966 following the International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE) in the 1960s.
• It is a multi-disciplinary oceanographic research institute.
• The major research areas include the four traditional branches of oceanography – biological, chemical, geological/geophysical, and physical – as well as ocean engineering, marine instrumentation and marine archaeology.

Conclusion:

• The launch of C-bot by NIO in Goa represents a remarkable achievement in marine technology and environmental monitoring.
• This autonomous underwater vehicle not only signifies a commitment to understanding and preserving coral reefs but also showcases India’s capabilities in oceanographic research.
• As C-bot delves into the depths of the Indian Ocean, it holds the promise of unlocking mysteries that will benefit both scientific understanding and environmental conservation efforts.

SOURCE: https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nio-in-goa-launches-underwater-vehicle-c-bot-to-monitor-coral-reefs-101706546049939.html

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: The International Court of Justice (ICJ) delivered an interim ruling on January 26 concerning South Africa’s genocide case against Israel, related to its actions in Gaza.

EXPLANATION:

• While the core question of whether Israel is committing genocide in Gaza remains unanswered, the ICJ mandated several provisional measures, marking a significant development in the ongoing conflict.

ICJ’s Jurisdiction and Dispute Existence:

• The World Court clarified its jurisdiction to consider the case, emphasizing the prima facie existence of a dispute between South Africa and Israel regarding the application of the Genocide Convention.
• This dispute was based on opposing views on Israel’s obligations under the convention, with South Africa expressing concerns and Israel dismissing notions of genocide in Gaza as “morally repugnant.”

Interim Measures Ordered by ICJ:

• The ICJ mandated six provisional measures in its interim ruling, indicating its commitment to addressing the complex situation in Gaza:
  • Prevention of Genocidal Acts: A 15:2 majority ruled that Israel must take all necessary measures to prevent genocidal acts in Gaza, in accordance with Article 2 of the United Nations’ 1948 Genocide Convention.
  • Immediate Ceasefire: Israel was directed to prevent its military from committing any genocidal acts “with immediate effect,” although a formal ceasefire was not explicitly ordered.
  • Incitement to Genocide: Sixteen out of 17 judges mandated that Israel must prevent and punish any direct and public incitement to commit genocide concerning Palestinians in Gaza.
  • Humanitarian Assistance: Israel is required to provide humanitarian assistance and essential services to Palestinians in Gaza, acknowledging them as a protected group under the Genocide Convention.
  • Preservation of Evidence: The court entrusted Israel with preserving evidence in Gaza related to alleged acts under Articles 2 and 3 of the Genocide Convention, ensuring access for fact-finding missions and international bodies.
  • Reporting to ICJ: By a 15:2 majority, Israel was instructed to submit a report within one month detailing the measures taken to implement the ruling.

Comments on Israel’s Actions in Gaza:

• The ICJ, while not making a conclusive determination on genocide, noted that “at least some of the acts and omissions” of Israel seemed to align with the Genocide Convention.
• The court highlighted Israel’s large-scale military operations causing civilian casualties, destruction of infrastructure, and displacement of 1.2 million people in Gaza.

Humanitarian Concerns and Lack of Ceasefire Order:

• Acknowledging the severity of the humanitarian crisis in Gaza, the ICJ expressed deep concern about the ongoing loss of life and human suffering.
• Despite this, the court refrained from ordering a ceasefire, citing potential challenges in rendering Israel defenseless against an attack.

Binding Nature and Enforcement:

• While ICJ rulings are legally binding, the court lacks enforcement mechanisms. The weight of its opinions, however, influences international institutions and the United Nations.
• The eventual determination on whether Israel is committing genocide is expected to be a prolonged process.

International Court of Justice

• The ICJ is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations (UN).
• The International Court of Justice is also known as the World Court. It was established in June 1945 by the Charter of the United Nations and began work in April 1946.
• The seat of the Court is at the Peace Palace in The Hague (Netherlands).
• Of the six principal organs of the United Nations, ICJ is the only one not located in New York (United States of America).
• Its official working languages are English and French
• All members of the UN are ipso facto parties to the statute, but this does not automatically give ICJ jurisdiction over disputes involving them.
• The ICJ gets jurisdiction only on the basis of the consent of both parties.
• The Charter of the United Nations was signed on 26 June 1945, in San Francisco, at the conclusion of the United Nations Conference on International Organisation and came into force on 24 October 1945.
• The Statute of the International Court of Justice is an integral part of the Charter.
• The ICJ consists of a panel of 15 judges elected by the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) and United Nations Security Council (UNSC) for nine-year terms.
• These organs vote simultaneously but separately. In order to be elected, a candidate must receive an absolute majority of the votes in both bodies.
• The Court does not include more than one national of the same State. Moreover, the Court as a whole represents the main forms of civilization and the principal legal systems of the world.

Conclusion:

• The ICJ’s interim ruling signifies a crucial step in addressing the complexities of the Gaza conflict.
• While stopping short of ordering a ceasefire, the mandated provisional measures underscore the court’s commitment to preventing genocidal acts and ensuring humanitarian assistance.
• The ongoing legal proceedings will shape the narrative surrounding Israel’s actions in Gaza, contributing to international discussions on the protection of vulnerable populations during armed conflicts.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION KINDLY REFER TO THE MAINS FOCUS OF 29^TH JANUARY 2024.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-global/icj-israel-genocide-emergency-measures-southa-africa-9130178/

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has marked a significant milestone in space exploration with the announcement of the INSAT-3DS satellite’s journey to the launch port at the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota.

EXPLANATION:

• Designed as an exclusive meteorological satellite, INSAT-3DS is set to enhance and ensure the continuity of services provided by its predecessors, INSAT-3D and 3DR.

INSAT-3DS:

• INSAT-3DS, is an exclusive meteorological satellite realized by ISRO.
• Its primary objective is to provide continuity of services to the existing in-orbit INSAT-3D and 3DR satellites and significantly enhancing the capabilities of INSAT system is flagged off to SDSC-SHAR launch port on January 25, 2024 for the launch onboard GSLV F14.
• The Satellite had successfully completed Satellite Assembly, Integration & Testing activities at U R Rao Satellite Centre, Bengaluru.
• Pre-Shipment Review (PSR) was held with the participation of members from user community on January 25, 2024.
• The satellite is a user funded project with Ministry of Earth Science (MoES), configured around ISRO’s well proven I-2k bus platform with a Lift-Off Mass of 2275 kg. Indian Industries have significantly contributed in the making of the Satellite.

DESIGN AND ADVANCED PAYLOADS:

• The satellite is designed for enhanced meteorological observations and monitoring of land and ocean surfaces for weather forecasting and disaster warning, with state-of-the-art payloads viz., 6 channel Imager & 19 channel Sounder meteorology payloads, communication payloads viz., The Data Relay Transponder (DRT) and Satellite aided Search and Rescue (SAS&R) transponder.

Data Relay Transponder (DRT):

• The DRT instrument plays a pivotal role in receiving meteorological, hydrological, and oceanographic data from automatic Data Collection Platforms and Automatic Weather Stations.
• This data augmentation significantly contributes to advancing weather forecasting capabilities.

Satellite-aided Search and Rescue (SAS&R) Transponder:

• The SAS&R transponder is strategically incorporated to relay distress signals and alert detections from beacon transmitters.
• With global receive coverage, this feature enhances search and rescue services, emphasizing the satellite’s role in addressing emergency situations.

Conclusion:

• As INSAT-3DS heads to the launch port, India’s capabilities in meteorological observation and disaster management are set to reach new heights.
• The satellite not only builds upon the successes of its predecessors but also signifies India’s commitment to advancing space technology for the betterment of weather forecasting, disaster warning, and global search and rescue efforts.
• The upcoming launch is a testament to ISRO’s continued innovation and its pivotal role in shaping India’s presence in the field of space exploration.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/insat-3ds-satellite-flagged-off-to sriharikota/article67785551.ece/amp/

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: The Economic Community of West African States (Ecowas) faces a significant upheaval as Niger, Mali, and Burkina Faso, all junta-led nations, declare their departure from the regional bloc.

EXPLANATION:

• This move comes after their suspension due to military coups, prompting tensions with Ecowas, which has been urging a return to democratic governance.

Sovereign Decision to Withdraw:

• In a joint statement broadcasted on state media, the three countries announced their withdrawal, describing it as a “sovereign decision.”
• They emphasized Ecowas’ deviation from its founding principles and Pan-African ideals, alleging influence by foreign powers and a failure to address the pressing issue of jihadist violence within their borders.

Founding Members’ Dissatisfaction:

• Niger, Mali, and Burkina Faso, founding members since Ecowas’ establishment in 1975, voiced their dissatisfaction, accusing the bloc of betraying its foundational principles.
• The joint statement portrayed Ecowas as a threat to member states and peoples, reflecting a broader discontent with the regional organization’s role and effectiveness.

Tensions Post-Military Coups:

• Relations between Ecowas and the three countries soured after military coups unfolded in Niger (2022), Burkina Faso (2022), and Mali (2020).
• The regional bloc consistently called for a return to civilian rule, heightening tensions as the junta-led nations resisted these calls.

Ecowas Response and Diplomacy:

• Ecowas responded to the withdrawal announcement, expressing its commitment to finding a negotiated solution.
• The bloc emphasized the three countries’ importance and insisted that it had not received formal notification about their withdrawal.
• Diplomatically, Ecowas faces the challenge of maintaining regional stability while addressing the concerns raised by the departing nations.

Formal Withdrawal Procedures:

• According to the Ecowas treaty, member states wishing to withdraw must provide written notice a year in advance and adhere to its provisions during that period.
• The formal withdrawal procedures raise questions about the legality and timing of the announced exit by Niger, Mali, and Burkina Faso.

Hardened Stance and Accusations:

• Despite suspension, sanctions, negotiations, and even threats of military intervention, the military leaders in the three nations have adopted a hardened stance.
• They accuse Ecowas of being influenced by external powers, distancing themselves from former colonial power France, strengthening ties with Russia, and forming The Alliance of Sahel States.

Security Concerns and Delayed Elections:

• The junta-led countries argue that their priority is to restore security before holding elections, citing challenges in containing jihadist insurgencies linked to al Qaeda and Islamic State.
• Niger seeks a transition period of up to three years, Mali delayed elections initially set for February, and Burkina Faso prioritizes the fight against insurgents over immediate elections.

Impacted Ecowas Delegation Meeting:

• A scheduled meeting between Ecowas and the junta in Niger faced disruption as the delegation’s aircraft developed technical problems, resulting in a postponement.
• The meeting aimed to discuss sanctions on Niger, further complicating the ongoing diplomatic efforts to address the political impasse.

ECOWAS

• The Heads of State and Government of fifteen West African Countries established the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) when they signed the ECOWAS Treaty on the 28th of May 1975 in Lagos, Nigeria.
• The Treaty of Lagos was signed by the 15 Heads of State and government of Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Sénégal and Togo, with its stated mission to promote economic integration across the region.
• The Senegalese President was represented by the Minister for Foreign Affairs.
• Cabo Verde joined the union in 1977.
• The only Arabic-speaking Member Mauritania withdrew in December 2000.
• Mauritania recently signed a new associate-membership agreement in August 2017.
• The ECOWAS region, which spans an area of 5.2 million square kilometres.
• The Member States are Benin, Burkina Faso, Cabo Verde, Côte d’Ivoire, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Sénégal and Togo.

Objectives:

• Promoting economic integration among member states.
• Facilitating the free movement of people, goods, and services.
• Enhancing regional cooperation in various sectors, including industry, transport, energy, and finance.
• Fostering a borderless region governed by democratic principles, the rule of law, and good governance.

Conclusion:

• The withdrawal of Niger, Mali, and Burkina Faso from Ecowas marks a critical moment in West African geopolitics, reflecting deep-seated dissatisfaction and tensions.
• As Ecowas navigates the complexities of diplomatic resolution and regional stability, the departure of these founding members raises questions about the organization’s future and its ability to address the evolving political landscape in the region.

SOURCE: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-68122947

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Cancer, a global public health challenge with escalating incidence rates, is now at the forefront of a medical revolution driven by genomic medicine.

EXPLANATION:

• Whole-genome sequencing emerges as a pivotal tool, enabling a comprehensive examination of an individual’s DNA in a single test.
• This transformation comes at a critical time when the World Health Organization anticipates a 60% rise in the cancer burden over the next decade.

Cancer and Genomic Basis:

• Cancer is fundamentally a genomic disease, characterized by uncontrolled cell division due to genetic changes.
• Genomic technologies, bolstered by initiatives like the Cancer Genome Atlas, have played a crucial role in decoding the molecular underpinnings of cancer.
• The focus has shifted to precision oncology, with nearly a third of FDA-approved therapies relying on DNA-based tests as biomarkers.

Precision Oncology and Molecular Tests:

• Precision oncology therapies, guided by molecular tests, are at the forefront of cancer treatment.
• The recent U.K. study, part of the ‘100,000 Genome Program,’ reinforces the potential of cancer genomics to revolutionize care.
• Molecular tests, often DNA-based, determine the eligibility of precision therapies, marking a paradigm shift in clinical approaches.

Whole-Genome Sequencing’s Role:

• At the heart of this revolution lies whole-genome sequencing, capable of deciphering an individual’s entire DNA – all 3.2 billion nucleotides – in a single, comprehensive test.
• This approach involves sequencing both healthy blood-derived DNA and cancerous tissue or tumor-derived DNA, offering a holistic understanding.

Insights from the U.K. Study:

• The U.K. study, involving over 13,800 cancer patients, showcases the transformative potential of cancer genomics.
• By integrating genome sequencing with routine clinical data, the study identifies new avenues for customizable cancer treatments.
• Notably, distinct DNA changes in brain tumors, bowel cancers, and lung cancers open up new therapeutic targets.

Implications for Challenging Conditions:

• The study’s findings extend to challenging conditions such as ovarian cancers and sarcomas.
• Approximately 10% of sarcomas exhibited genetic changes influencing treatment decisions, while a proportion of ovarian cancers was identified as potentially inherited.
• These revelations reshape our understanding of these conditions.

National Health Service (NHS) Vision:

• Aligned with England’s public health vision, particularly the NHS, the study underscores the real-world application of genomics in cancer care.
• Insights gained from large-scale studies are already influencing patient care, with hospital trusts incorporating preemptive genome sequencing for informed clinical decisions.

Caution and Nuanced Perspective:

• While the study marks a milestone, caution is advised regarding the use of information from whole-genome sequencing.
• The absence of available treatments for identified harmful genetic changes raises important considerations.
• However, ongoing advances in precision oncology are rapidly addressing these gaps.
• The future of cancer care involves a shift in clinical testing, integrating genomics, protein studies, and metabolite analysis (multi-omics).
• This holistic approach enhances the understanding of tumors, identifies molecular subtypes, and informs cancer progression and treatment.

Conclusion:

• The U.K. study serves as a cornerstone in the intersection of genomics and cancer care.
• While celebrating its transformative potential, the broader conversation must address the nuances of integrating genomics into standard cancer care protocols.
• As genomics research continues, it paves the way for a future where population-scale insights seamlessly guide clinical decision-making.
• It offers new horizons, opportunities, and inevitable challenges in the evolving landscape of cancer treatment.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/precision-oncology-therapies-whole-genome-sequencing-explained/article67782878.ece/amp/

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: AstroSat, India’s space telescope, has achieved a groundbreaking feat by measuring X-ray polarisation from the Cygnus X-1 black hole.

EXPLANATION:

• It marked a significant advancement in the study of black hole environments.

Background on Cygnus X-1:

• AstroSat is India’s first dedicated Space Astronomy Observatory.
• It was launched into a 650-km, 6° inclination orbit on September 28, 2015, with a lift-off mass of 1515 kg, by PSLV-C30 (XL) rocket from Satish Dhawan Space Centre Sriharikota.
• AstroSat carries a total of five scientific payloads enabling imaging, studying temporal and spectral properties of galactic and extra- galactic cosmic sources in a wide range of wavelengths on a common platform.
• Cygnus X-1, discovered over four decades ago, is among the first confirmed black hole systems in our galaxy.
• It is positioned at a distance approximately 400 times greater than the Earth-Sun distance.
• It comprises a black hole twenty times the Sun’s mass and a companion supergiant star, forty times more massive than the Sun, forming a binary system.

Instrumentation and Contribution:

• AstroSat spacecraft has the following five payloads:
  • Ultra Violet Imaging Telescope (UVIT), developed by IIA, consist of two identical telescopes of aperture 380 mm. One telescope covers FUV (130–180 nm) band and the other covers NUV (200–300 nm) and visible band (320–550 nm). The hyperbolic mirrors are super polished.
  • Large Area X-ray Proportional Counter (LAXPC), developed by TIFR has three identical gas detectors. LAXPC has a total effective area of 8000 cm2.
  • Cadmium–Zinc–Telluride Imager (CZTI), developed by TIFR works in 20–100 keV. The imaging capability is achieved with coded mask. CZTI also has the capability of making X-ray polarization measurements.
  • Soft X-ray Telescope (SXT), developed by TIFR, uses X-ray reflecting mirrors and an X-ray CCD for imaging and spectral studies in 0.3–8 keV.
  • Scanning Sky Monitor (SSM) developed by ISRO is an all sky monitor for detecting and monitoring transient sources and for follow-up studies of known X-ray sources in 2.5–10 keV region.

Significance of X-ray Polarisation:

• While normal X-ray measurements focus on energy or intensity, the polarisation of X-rays provides insights into the orientation of the oscillating electric field.
• This information unveils crucial details about the geometry and other properties of the black hole.

Connection to Black Hole Jet Emissions:

• The study successfully linked high-energy X-ray radiation to the black hole jet in Cygnus X-1.
• The measurement of high polarisation in the 100-380 keV range suggests that radiation emitted from the source above 100 keV likely originated from the black hole jet.

Scientific Implications:

• The polarization data obtained from Cygnus X-1 offers a unique perspective on the immediate vicinity of the black hole.
• from the Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics (IUCAA) highlighted that polarization, as one of the properties carried by photons, helps unveil information about the accelerating charged particles emitting light.

Conclusion:

• The successful measurement of X-ray polarisation from Cygnus X-1 by AstroSat represents a significant milestone in astrophysics.
• The study not only advances our understanding of black hole environments but also showcases the prowess of Indian space science and collaborative research efforts.
• The results open new avenues for unraveling the mysteries surrounding black hole jet emissions, contributing to the broader body of knowledge in the field.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/astrosat-detects-polarised-high-energy-x-rays-black-hole-9131164/

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: After a hiatus of approximately three years, a rare golden tiger has been sighted in Kaziranga National Park and Tiger Reserve (KNPTR), marking a significant event in wildlife observation.

EXPLANATION:

• The golden tiger is a rare phenotype characterized by a recessive genetic trait.
• The adult male golden tiger was photographed by a tourist and shared on National Tourism Day.
• The photo captured the majestic creature strolling through Kaziranga National Park.
• Tourists’ tour guide also witnessed this extraordinary sighting.
• Assam Chief Minister’s office acknowledged the rare sighting, emphasizing the richness of Assam’s wildlife. The sighting contributes to the ongoing efforts to study and conserve the diverse fauna found in the region.

Phenotype Characteristics

• The golden phenotype is an uncommon recessive trait that adds to the diversity of tiger populations.
• The sighting reinforces the existence of this genetic variation in the wild.
• The golden tiger’s last sighting in Kaziranga dates back to 2020, emphasizing the rarity of such occurrences.

Golden tiger:

• A golden tiger (also known as a golden tabby tiger) is a Bengal tiger exhibiting a color variation resulting from a recessive gene.
• The golden tiger’s coloring originates from a recessive trait known as ‘wideband,’ which influences the production of black pigments during the hair growth cycle.
• Golden tigers are not a separate subspecies but rather a result of genetic variation within Bengal tigers.
• They are exceptionally rare in the wild and even rarer in captivity.

Genetic Research

• Scientists at the National Centre for Biological Sciences are conducting non-invasive scat sampling and DNA mapping to investigate the genetic basis of the golden phenotype.
• Both pseudo-melanistic (dark-coated) and golden phenotypes are expressed as recessive traits, indicating the presence of a significant number of heterozygotes in the population.
• The heterozygotes, having one copy of the genetic variant, resemble normal tigers and can be identified through genetic analyses.

Implications of Recessive Traits

• The occurrence of recessive traits suggests factors such as population isolation, a small population, or inbreeding.
• Understanding recessive traits is crucial for assessing the genetic health and diversity of tiger populations.

Kaziranga National Park:

• It is located in the Golaghat and Nagaon districts of Assam.
• It was declared a national park in 1974.
• It is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site and houses two-thirds of the total world population of the greater one-horned rhinoceros.
• It is the largest undisturbed area in the Brahmaputra Valley floodplains.
• It is a mix of eastern wet alluvial grasslands, semi evergreen forests and tropical moist deciduous forests.

Conclusion

• The rare sighting of the golden tiger in Kaziranga National Park is a testament to the region’s unique biodiversity.
• As scientists delve into genetic analyses, the findings will contribute to the broader understanding of tiger populations and their evolutionary history.
• This remarkable observation underscores the importance of conservation efforts to safeguard these majestic creatures and their genetic diversity.

SOURCE: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/after-3-yrs-rare-golden-tiger-spotted-at-knp/articleshow/107159809.cms

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: NASA’s Perseverance rover has provided conclusive data supporting the presence of ancient lake sediments in Mars’ Jerezo Crater, indicating the past existence of water and potential habitats for microbial life.

EXPLANATION:

• NASA’s rover Perseverance has recently collected data affirming the presence of ancient lake sediments deposited by water in Mars’ Jerezo Crater, a substantial basin on the red planet.
• This revelation builds upon earlier orbital imagery and scientific conjecture proposing that parts of Mars were once submerged in water, fostering conditions suitable for microbial life.

Study Findings

• The study, led by teams from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), and the University of Oslo, relied on ground-penetrating radar observations conducted by Perseverance.
• These observations, made over several months in 2022, traversed the Martian surface from the crater floor to adjacent sedimentary-like features resembling Earth’s river deltas.
• The rover’s RIMFAX radar instrument provided subsurface scans, offering a cross-sectional view of rock layers up to 65 feet (20 meters) deep.
• UCLA planetary scientist David Paige, the first author of the paper, likened this view to “looking at a road cut.”
• The distinct layers confirmed the deposition of soil sediments carried by water at Jerezo Crater and its delta, resembling processes seen in Earth’s lakes.

Implications for Mars’ History

• The findings support the long-standing theory that Mars, now cold and arid, once experienced warmer, wetter conditions potentially conducive to life.
• Researchers anticipate further insights from an up-close examination of Jerezo’s sediments, expected to be collected by Perseverance for future analysis on Earth.

Geo-Biological Endeavor

• The study serves as validation for scientists, reaffirming that their choice of Jerezo Crater as a research site was apt.
• Earlier remote analysis of core samples surprised researchers by revealing volcanic rocks, contrary to the anticipated sedimentary composition.
• However, even these volcanic rocks exhibited signs of alteration due to water exposure, aligning with the broader narrative of Mars’ complex geological history.
• The RIMFAX radar readings revealed evidence of erosion before and after the formation of sedimentary layers, highlighting the dynamic geological processes at play.
• Paige emphasized that while volcanic rocks were initially encountered, the rover’s arrival at the delta area provided crucial evidence of lake sediments, fulfilling the mission’s primary objectives.

Conclusion

• NASA’s Perseverance continues to unravel Mars’ mysteries, offering valuable insights into the planet’s past.
• The confirmation of ancient lake sediments further fuels scientific curiosity, underscoring the importance of Mars’ geological history in understanding its potential for past habitability.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/mars-rover-data-confirms-ancient-lake-sediments-on-red-planet/article67782248.ece

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: Bar Council of India (BCI) Chairman suggests Constitutional changes, political funding reforms to High-Level Committee for ‘One Nation, One Election’.

EXPLANATION:

• The concept of ‘One Nation, One Election,’ advocating simultaneous elections for Central and State governments, has garnered attention.
• The Chairman of the Bar Council of India (BCI) has presented suggestions to the High-Level Committee for One Nation, One Election.
• The proposed changes span constitutional amendments, empowering the Election Commission, electoral law modifications, political funding reforms, administrative preparedness, and public awareness campaigns.

Constitutional Amendment:

• Synchronization of Tenures:
  • The foremost recommendation involves amending the Constitution to synchronize the tenures of State Assemblies with the Lok Sabha, requiring modifications to Articles 83, 85, 172, 174, and 356.
• Examination of Additional Articles:
  • Articles 243K and 243ZA, establishing a State Election Commission, should be examined for potential adjustments.

Empowerment of Election Commission:

• Resource and Authority Augmentation: To manage logistics and execution, the Election Commission of India (ECI) needs enhanced resources and authority, potentially requiring a restructuring for increased capabilities.

Amendments to Electoral Laws:

• Representation of the People Act: Suggestions include amendments to the Representation of the People Act, 1951, outlining coordinated polling schedules, uniform campaign periods, and expenditure limits for both Parliamentary and State elections.

Political Funding Reforms:

• Equitable Electoral Practices: To ensure fair electoral practices and mitigate monetary influence, substantial reforms to laws governing political funding and campaign finances are proposed.

Administrative Preparedness:

• Comprehensive Coordination: Meticulous coordination between Union and State governments is deemed essential for seamless execution. This involves aspects such as security measures, polling station management, deployment of election personnel, and logistical requisites.

Public Awareness and Voter Education:

• Key to Success: Extensive public awareness initiatives and voter education campaigns are emphasized as vital components for the success of ‘One Nation, One Election.’

Advantages and Challenges:

• Cost and Administrative Efficiency:
  • Simultaneous elections could offer advantages such as cost and administrative efficiency, continuous governance, voter convenience, decentralization of power, greater policy focus, and reduced security concerns.
• Disadvantages:
  • Challenges include the need for significant constitutional changes, an overemphasis on national issues, and the potential influence of national trends on State elections.

About the Committee:

• Government has constituted an eight-member high level committee to examine One Nation, One Election in September, 2023.
• Former President Ram Nath Kovind has been appointed as Chairman of the committee. Union Home Minister, Congress MP Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury, Former Leader of Opposition in Rajya Sabha, Former Chairman 15th Finance Commission. K. Singh and others are appointed as the members of the committee.
• The high level committee will examine and make recommendation for holding simultaneous elections of Lok Sabha, State Legislative Assemblies, Municipalities and Panchayats, keeping in view the existing framework under the Constitution and other statutory provisions.
• It will examine and recommend, if the amendments to the Constitution would require ratification by the States.
• They will also suggest a framework for synchronisation of elections and specifically, suggest the phases and time frame within which simultaneous elections may be held.
• The committee will also examine the logistics and manpower required, including EVMs and VVPATs for holding simultaneous elections.

Bar Council of India (BCI):

• It is a statutory body established under the Advocates Act 1961 to regulate and represent the Indian bar.
• It performs the regulatory function by prescribing standards of professional conduct and etiquette and by exercising disciplinary jurisdiction over the bar.
• It also sets standards for legal education and grants recognition to universities whose degrees in law will serve as qualification for enrolment as an advocate.
• It conducts the All-India Bar Examination (AIBE) to grant a ‘Certificate of Practice’ to advocates practising law in India.

Conclusion:

• The detailed proposals by BCI Chairman provide a comprehensive roadmap for the effective implementation of ‘One Nation, One Election.’
• Acknowledging the paradigm shift required, the suggestions address legal, administrative, and logistical aspects, underlining the importance of consensus-building among political entities and a thorough assessment of potential ramifications on democratic principles.
• The proposal reflects the need for meticulous planning to usher in this transformative change in India’s electoral landscape.

SOURCE: https://www.barandbench.com/news/south-africa-v-israel-highlights-icj-ruling-provisional-measures-palestinians-gaza

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: A recently discovered asteroid, named 2024 BJ, is set to make its closest approach to Earth on January 27.

EXPLANATION:

• This space rock, measuring up to 121 feet (37 meters) wide, will pass between Earth and the moon.
• Despite its proximity, astronomers assure that there is no threat to our planet.
• We will look into the asteroid’s discovery, trajectory, and the safety measures in place.

Asteroid 2024 BJ (orbit shown in white) will zoom close past Earth (orbit show in light blue)

Discovery and Characteristics:

• Astronomers detected the asteroid on January 17 and officially documented the discovery on the following day.
• Designated as a near-Earth asteroid of the Apollo type, 2024 BJ has an egg-shaped orbit that crosses the Earth’s path.
• The size of the asteroid is estimated to be up to 121 feet wide, posing no significant threat to Earth.

Closest Approach and Trajectory:

• The closest point to Earth is expected to occur at 12:30 p.m. EST on January 27, just three and a half hours after passing close to the moon.
• The estimated speed of the asteroid during its approach is 14,200 mph (22,850 km/h).
• The Virtual Telescope Project will provide a livestream of the event starting from 12:15 p.m. EST, allowing viewers to observe the asteroid as a white speck against the backdrop of stars.

Distance and Comparison:

• 2024 BJ will come within 220,000 miles (354,000 kilometers) of Earth, which is more than nine tenths of the average distance between Earth and the moon.
• The proximity of this asteroid allows for close observation but does not pose a threat.

Asteroid Classification and Earth’s Safety:

• Classified as a near-Earth asteroid of the Apollo type, 2024 BJ belongs to a group whose orbits cross Earth’s path.
• The Apollo asteroids, numbering over 1,600, constitute the majority of Earth-crossing and potentially hazardous asteroids.
• Reassuringly, 2024 BJ is not large enough to be considered hazardous, and current predictions suggest that Earth is safe from cataclysmic “planet-killer” asteroids measuring more than 0.6 miles (1 km) across for the next 1,000 years.

Planetary Defense Measures:

• The analysis touches upon the reassuring fact that Earth appears safe from catastrophic asteroid impacts in the foreseeable future.
• In the event of an unforeseen threat, scientists have devised plans to deflect potentially hazardous asteroids, including using rockets or, in extreme cases, nuclear weapons detonated in space.

Conclusion:

• The detailed analysis provides insights into the characteristics, trajectory, and safety aspects of the newly discovered asteroid 2024 BJ.
• While its close approach offers a unique observational opportunity, the reassurance of Earth’s safety from this specific asteroid is emphasized.
• The broader context includes an overview of asteroid classifications, planetary defense measures, and the ongoing efforts to monitor and understand celestial bodies in our solar system.

SOURCE: https://www.space.com/asteroid-close-encounter-earth-january-27-2024-watch-live

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT:  Recently, India and France have announced a “defence industrial roadmap” for cooperation on defence production, for future collaboration on “co-design and co-development” of military hardware, as well as key agreements on space cooperation.

EXPLANATION:

• India and France have solidified their defense and strategic partnership with the announcement of a “defence industrial roadmap” during talks between Prime Minister and French President in Jaipur.
• The roadmap, along with key agreements on space cooperation, signifies a significant leap in bilateral relations.

Defence Industrial Roadmap and Collaboration:

• The roadmap aims at fostering cooperation in defense production.
• Emphasis on “co-design and co-development” of military hardware aligns with India’s strategic goals.
• Identification of opportunities for partnership in defense industrial sectors, including aircraft, land and maritime warfare, space, robotic technology, cyber-defense, and artificial intelligence-led vehicles.
• Focus on building defense supply chains for mutual benefit and potential contributions to security partnerships with other nations.

Space Cooperation and Defence-Space Partnership:

• India and France signed agreements on space cooperation, including a defense-space partnership.
• Collaboration on “space situational awareness” and an MoU on coordinating satellite launches were key components of the partnership.
• Underscores joint efforts in harnessing space technology for mutual benefits.

Airbus-TATA Chopper Deal and Pending Defense Deals:

• Airbus and TATA finalized a joint venture for local manufacturing of civilian helicopters.
• Pending mega defense deals, such as Rafale-M fighter jets and Scorpene-class submarines, are in the cost negotiation phase.
• Deals, once concluded, are expected to significantly enhance India’s defense capabilities.

Challenges and Pressing Issues:

• The French government raised concerns about a French journalist facing possible deportation.
• India emphasizes “compliance with rules,” highlighting challenges in diplomatic relations.
• Journalist visa restrictions and related issues underscore the importance of addressing bilateral concerns.

Civil Nuclear Cooperation and Strategic Partnership:

• Delays in the civil nuclear cooperation agreement for building reactors at Jaitapur were discussed.
• Technical, engineering, financial, and localization aspects are still under discussion, reflecting the complexity of nuclear collaborations.
• The defense industrial roadmap mirrors India’s collaboration efforts with the U.S. and underscores the depth of the strategic partnership with France.

Diplomatic Engagement and Republic Day Invitation:

• Macron’s acceptance of Prime Minister’s Republic Day invitation strengthens bilateral ties.
• High-level engagement and supervision reflect the significance both leaders attach to the partnership.
• French president’s third visit to India and the sixth invitation for a French President to Republic Day highlight the robust nature of India-France relations.

Conclusion:

• It indicates that India and France have taken significant steps to strengthen their defense, space, and strategic partnerships.
• The defense industrial roadmap, space cooperation, and pending defense deals underscore the commitment of both nations to enhance mutual capabilities and address shared security challenges.
• Challenges, including diplomatic concerns and delays in specific agreements, highlight the need for ongoing dialogue and cooperation to ensure the sustained growth of the bilateral relationship.
• The multifaceted engagement showcases the dynamic and evolving nature of India-France ties.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-france-announce-defence-industrial-roadmap-space-defence-cooperation-after-modi-macron-meet/article67780915.ece#:~:text=India%20and%20France%20have%20announced,on%20space%20cooperation%2C%20officials%20said

TAG: GS 1: HISTORY

THE CONTEXT: A significant archaeological discovery has been made by the Virarajendran Archaeological and Historical Research Centre near Kangayam in Tamil Nadu.

EXPLANATION:

• Two stone inscriptions, one in the 11th century ‘Grantham’ script and the other in 16th-century Tamil, were unearthed at the Lord Shiva and Lord Vishnu temples in Pazhnchervazhi village.
• We will look into the details of the discoveries, shedding light on their historical and cultural significance.

Discovery at Pazhnchervazhi Village

• The Virarajendran Archaeological and Historical Research Centre made the discovery during the renovation work at Lord Shiva and Lord Vishnu temples in Pazhnchervazhi village.
• Members uncovered the stone slabs bearing inscriptions.
• 11th Century ‘Grantham’ Inscription
  • The 11th-century stone, with ‘Grantham’ inscriptions, was found in front of the Amman shrine inside the Siva Temple.
  • It measures 220 cm in height, 50 cm in width, and 20 cm in thickness, with graffitti marks and writings on all four sides.
• Content and Symbolism
  • The inscriptions include two standing lamps, ‘trishul,’ conch, and moon symbols on the front side.
  • Repetition of words such as ‘hrim,’ ‘hushta,’ ‘hushra,’ ‘sham,’ and ‘lam’ suggests that the stone was used for ‘manthra’ worship, believed to cure diseases.
• 16th Century Tamil Inscription
  • The 16th-century Tamil inscription was found inside the Vishnu temple.
  • It measures 80 cm in height, 50 cm in width, and 20 cm in thickness, containing descriptions in 12, nine, and four lines on three sides.
• Historical Narratives
  • The inscription reveals details about governance during the 18th day of Tamil month ‘Masi’ in the ‘Vilimpiya’ year.
  • Sriman Kuppala Annarkal governed the village, and a potter named Kuthar Sungam donated four rupees for perpetual lamp lighting in the Vishnu temple.
  • The four rupees were a tax levied for each pottery wheel, indicating the profitability of pottery-making during that era.

Historical Context and Significance

• Medieval Period Names
  • Pazhanchervazhi village, known as ‘Pazhanhepali’ and ‘Pazhancherpalli’ in the medieval period, was a hub for Shaivism, Vaishnavism, and Jainism, each flourishing during different periods.
• Cultural Practices
  • The ‘Grantham’ inscriptions suggest a cultural and religious practice of ‘manthra’ worship for healing, providing insights into ancient rituals.
  • The 16th-century Tamil inscription showcases the economic importance of pottery-making, reflecting taxation practices and the perpetuity of temple rituals.

Conclusion

• The discoveries of stone inscriptions from the 11th and 16th centuries in Pazhnchervazhi village enrich our understanding of the region’s historical, cultural, and economic aspects.
• These inscriptions not only provide glimpses into religious practices and governance systems but also reveal the economic vitality of activities like pottery-making.
• The findings underscore the importance of continued archaeological research in unraveling the layers of Tamil Nadu’s rich history and heritage.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/stones-with-11th-century-grantham-16th-century-tamil-inscriptions-discovered-near-kangayam-in-tamil-nadu/article67768637.ece#:~:text=The%20inscription%20says%20that%20during,lamp%20in%20the%20Vishnu%20temple.