TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: In a strategic move, Oman has allocated a specific zone to India within the Port of Duqm, a significant development following Sultan Haitham bin Tariq’s visit to New Delhi.

EXPLANATION:

• This allocation holds immense geopolitical importance, enhancing India’s influence in the western and southern Indian Ocean region.

Strategic Significance for India:

• The allocation in the Port of Duqm grants India a pivotal foothold strategically, considering its vantage point overlooking the Gulf of Oman, Indian Ocean, and Arabian Sea.
• The move aligns with India’s maritime goals and reinforces its position as a key player in the region.

Logistical Base for Maritime Cooperation:

• The Port of Duqm serves as a crucial logistical base for India’s maritime cooperation initiatives.
• It provides a staging ground for the Indian Navy, allowing it to extend its role as a net security provider.
• This is particularly crucial amidst the ongoing Red Sea crisis and security concerns in the western Indian Ocean region.

Enhancing India’s Naval Capabilities:

• This development significantly boosts India’s naval capabilities in the region.
• The Indian Navy’s anti-piracy operations will benefit from the proximity of the port, allowing for swift responses to maritime threats.
• The strategic positioning of Duqm facilitates the Indian Navy in providing assistance to vessels affected by conflicts, such as those targeted by Houthi rebels in Yemen.

First Responder in Humanitarian Assistance:

• The allocation also positions India as a first responder in humanitarian assistance and disaster relief efforts.
• The strategic placement of the port allows for efficient and timely responses to crises, underscoring India’s commitment to regional stability and security.

Growing Footprint in the Region:

• India’s growing footprint in the region is evident in its increased presence at the Port of Duqm.
• This port is not only accessible to shipping lines serving Indian markets but also caters to African markets.
• The allocation consolidates India’s economic and strategic interests in the region, fostering partnerships with nations relying on maritime trade.

Facilities at the Port of Duqm:

• Integrated into the special economic zone at Duqm, the port boasts a ship repair yard and dry dock facility.
• These facilities enhance India’s maritime capabilities, providing essential infrastructure for naval operations, maintenance, and repairs.

Outcome of Diplomatic Engagement:

• The specific zone allocation is a testament to the diplomatic engagement between India and Oman, reinforcing the countries’ commitment to mutual strategic interests.
• This move follows Sultan Haitham bin Tariq’s visit to New Delhi, indicating the positive outcomes of diplomatic dialogues.

Conclusion:

• Oman’s allocation of a specific zone in the Port of Duqm to India marks a significant milestone in strengthening bilateral ties and advancing shared strategic objectives.
• This development not only bolsters India’s maritime capabilities but also positions it as a key player in fostering regional security, cooperation, and economic growth.
• The Port of Duqm emerges as a cornerstone in India’s evolving geopolitical landscape, offering a platform for sustained influence in the vital Indian Ocean region.

SOURCE: https://www.maritimegateway.com/amid-red-sea-crisis-india-gets-a-specific-zone-in-duqm-port/

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Tamil Nadu’s commitment to environmental conservation shines through its successful efforts to save Vaan Island in the Gulf of Mannar, the country’s first marine biosphere.

EXPLANATION:

• The government’s collaboration with marine scientists has not only rescued Vaan Island but also set the stage for the restoration of another imperiled island, Kariyachalli.
• This initiative, part of the Tamil Nadu Coastal Restoration Mission, exemplifies the state’s dedication to preserving marine biodiversity and safeguarding coastal ecosystems.

Rescuing Vaan Island:

• Vaan Island, threatened by soil erosion from rampant coral mining and rising sea levels due to climate change, was on the brink of submersion.
• Through a strategic intervention, over 10,000 artificial reef modules were deployed on the ocean floor.
• These modules, meticulously designed to dissipate wave energy and encourage sediment deposition, contributed to the island’s resurgence.
• From a diminished state, Vaan Island expanded to 3.79 hectares during low tide and 1.71 hectares during high tide in September 2023, showcasing the success of the restoration project.

Government’s Resolve for Kariyachalli:

• Buoyed by the success of the Vaan Island restoration, the Tamil Nadu government has earmarked ₹50 crore for the restoration of Kariyachalli, the fourth island on the Thoothukudi side.
• This proactive step is in line with the predictions that both Kariyachalli and Kasuwari Islands would sink by 2035 without intervention.
• The groundwork has been completed, and discussions with the World Bank are underway.
• The restoration, scheduled for the 2024-25 fiscal year, is expected to take up to three years.

Global Tender and Collaboration:

• Similar to the Vaan Island project, global tenders will be floated for the restoration of Kariyachalli.
• The involvement of the World Bank emphasizes the global significance of preserving these islands.
• The collaborative approach, encompassing international agencies, reflects a shared responsibility for marine conservation.

Challenges of Coral Mining:

• The Gulf of Mannar, hosting 21 low-lying uninhabited coral-reef islands, faced challenges from coral mining for over a century.
• The exploitation of boulders and branching coral species for construction and industrial purposes led to severe erosion, submersion of islands, and a decline in the area of several islands.

Scientific Solutions and Artificial Reef Deployment:

• In response to the environmental degradation, the Tamil Nadu government and scientists implemented scientific solutions.
• The deployment of artificial reef modules, carefully designed based on bathymetry and wave dynamic studies, played a pivotal role.
• These modules, constructed with ferro-cement and steel reinforcement, not only stabilized the island but also fostered biodiversity and enhanced fishery production.

Success Metrics and Biodiversity Enhancement:

• The artificial reef modules, numbering 10,600, were strategically placed, resulting in increased island size and changes in bathymetry.
• The success of the restoration is evident in the shallowing of waters around the spit, indicating exposure of more land in the future.
• Furthermore, the artificial reef sites, protected within the Marine Park, have become havens for coral recruits, supporting over 37 species and contributing to the stabilization of the island.

Hope for Coastal Ecosystem Restoration:

• The restoration of Vaan Island stands as a beacon of hope in the changing climatic scenario.
• In the face of various environmental threats, this successful model offers optimism for coastal ecosystem restoration.
• The protection of coasts, conservation of biodiversity, and support for the livelihoods of dependent fisherfolk are integral to the mission’s overarching goals.

Conclusion:

• Tamil Nadu’s proactive measures in island restoration underscore the imperative of safeguarding marine ecosystems.
• As the state gears up to rescue Kariyachalli, it reinforces the commitment to sustainable environmental practices, offering a blueprint for coastal restoration initiatives globally.
• The success of Vaan Island serves as a testament to the synergy between government initiatives, scientific expertise, and international collaboration in the pursuit of ecological preservation.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-pioneers-a-model-for-saving-the-sinking-islands-in-the-gulf-of-mannar/article67819176.ece

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: As vulture populations across the country face a worrisome decline, the Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary (WWS) emerges as a crucial haven for these avian species. Recent findings from the first-ever tri-State synchronised vulture survey underscore the significance of WWS, the sole protected area in Kerala nurturing vulture populations.

EXPLANATION:

• The survey, spanning Kerala, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu, revealed a total of 320 individual vultures across seven protected areas.
• Notably, WWS accounted for 51 individual vultures, affirming its pivotal role in vulture conservation efforts.

Diverse Vulture Species in WWS:

• Among the 320 vultures observed, the majority were white-rumped vultures (217), followed by long-billed (47), Red-headed (50), Egyptian (4), and Himalayan griffons (2).
• The sighting of Himalayan griffons, exclusively reported in WWS, highlights the sanctuary’s unique contribution to vulture biodiversity.

Vulture Counts and Camp Sightings:

• The survey marked a significant improvement in vulture sightings, with all 12 camps in WWS recording vulture observations.
• In contrast, the previous survey showed vulture sightings in only nine out of the 12 camps.
• The overall vulture count in Wayanad district rose from 46 in the last survey to 51 this time.

Camp-Specific Data:

• Vettathgor Camp:
  • Notably, Vettathgor camp in South Wayanad Division, situated outside the sanctuary area, reported sightings of two vulture species – white-rumped and red-headed.
  • This diversity reinforces the importance of surrounding regions in supporting vulture populations.
• Red-headed Vultures:
  • The sanctuary witnessed an increase in individual red-headed vultures, rising from seven in the previous survey to 16.
  • This surge suggests positive conservation efforts within WWS.

• White-rumped Vultures:
  • Although the count dropped slightly from 37 to 31, the presence of 31 white-rumped vultures reaffirms the sanctuary’s status as a significant habitat for this species.

• Long-Billed Vultures:
  • The survey recorded an increase in long-billed vulture sightings, from one in the last survey to two, signifying positive trends in their population within the sanctuary.

• Himalayan Griffon Sightings:
  • The survey documented the sighting of two Himalayan griffon vultures, a notable addition compared to the zero sightings in the previous survey.
  • This discovery adds a layer of uniqueness to WWS in terms of vulture biodiversity.

Conservation Implications:

• WWS’s role as a refuge for vultures holds broader implications for biodiversity conservation.
• The sanctuary’s success in fostering diverse vulture species accentuates the need for continued conservation efforts, both within the sanctuary and in the surrounding areas.

Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary (WWS):

• Located in Kerala, Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary (WWS) is an integral part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. It was established in 1973.
  • Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve was the first from India to be included in the UNESCO designated World Network of Biosphere Reserves (designated in 2012).
  • Other wildlife parks within the Reserve are: Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary, Bandipur National Park, Nagarhole National Park, Mukurthi National Park and Silent Valley.
• Spread over 344.44 sq km, Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary is contiguous to the tiger reserves of Nagerhole and Bandipur of Karnataka and Mudumalai of Tamil Nadu.
• Kabini river (a tributary of Cauvery river) flows through the sanctuary.
• The forest types include South Indian Moist Deciduous forests, West coast semi-evergreen forests and plantations of teak, eucalyptus and Grewelia.
• Elephant, Gaur, Tiger, Panther,Sambar, Spotted deer, Barking deer, Wild boar, Sloth bear, Nilgiri langur, Bonnet macaque, Common langur, Wild dog, common otter, Malabar giant squirrel etc are the major mammals.

Conclusion:

• The findings from the tri-State vulture survey underscore the critical role played by Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary in preserving and nurturing vulture populations.
• As vultures face numerous threats globally, the sanctuary’s success becomes a beacon of hope, emphasizing the importance of sustained conservation measures and regional collaboration in safeguarding avian biodiversity.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/wayanad-wildlife-sanctuary-offers-a-safe-haven-for-vultures/article67808122.ece

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The Nile River, a vital freshwater system in Africa, is facing a concerning environmental challenge – the presence of microplastics in its iconic tilapia fish.

EXPLANATION:

• This issue poses threats to aquatic ecosystems.
• It also has direct implications for human health, as the fish is a staple in the diets of millions residing in the Nile basin.
• Tilapia’ has emerged to be one of the most productive and internationally traded food fish in the world.
• The culture of tilapia has become commercially popular in many parts of the world and fishery experts have dubbed the tilapia as “aquatic chicken” due to its quick growth and low maintenance cultivation.
• Today, if any fish could be named a global fish, no better name can be thought of than Tilapia.

Scope of the Nile River and Pollution Concerns:

• With around 300 million people relying on the Nile for agriculture and fishing across 11 countries, the river’s pollution is of paramount concern.
• Like many global rivers, the Nile is grappling with plastic debris, with recent studies revealing the prevalence of microplastics, tiny particles resulting from the breakdown of larger plastic items.

Microplastics and Global Pollution Patterns:

• Microplastics, with a significant presence in rivers worldwide, are a potent threat to biodiversity and climate.
• As they degrade, microplastics release greenhouse gases, contributing to environmental imbalances.
• The airborne particles can impact climate conditions, reflecting the urgent need for comprehensive global strategies to mitigate plastic pollution.

Focus on African Waters:

• While previous studies predominantly focused on marine and coastal areas, the current research addresses the critical gap by investigating the presence of microplastics in the River Nile in Khartoum, Sudan.

Study on Nile Tilapia:

• The study focused on Nile tilapia, a crucial freshwater fish species in Africa and a cornerstone of commercial fisheries.
• Results from 30 freshly caught tilapia revealed alarming findings – a total of 567 microplastic particles were found in their digestive tracts.

Microplastic Characteristics:

• The microplastics identified varied in size (ranging from 0.04mm to 4.94mm), shape (fibres, fragments, films, foams, and pellets), and colour.
• The most common were small, fibrous, and dyed particles, aligning with the feeding habits of Nile tilapia, which consume a diverse range of organisms.

Health Risks and Environmental Impact:

• The study underscores the potential health risks associated with microplastics. Smaller particles can carry pollutants like heavy metals, posing additional threats to both aquatic organisms and human consumers.
• Fibrous microplastics, dominant in the Nile tilapia, may linger in the intestine, leading to potential health issues.

Pollution Sources in Khartoum:

• The study identifies Khartoum as a hotspot for plastic pollution, with inadequate waste management contributing to the contamination of water bodies.
• Open dumps and ineffective wastewater treatment plants further exacerbate the issue, emphasizing the need for comprehensive waste management strategies.

Call for Action and Solutions:

• Addressing microplastic pollution in the Nile requires a multi-faceted approach.
• Consumers must alter their plastic consumption habits, opting for sustainable alternatives.
• Governments play a pivotal role in enforcing waste management regulations and raising public awareness.
• Scientific advancements and innovations are crucial for understanding and mitigating the impact of microplastics on ecosystems and human health.

Conclusion:

• The study’s findings serve as a stark warning about the pervasive issue of microplastics in the Nile River’s tilapia, demanding urgent action to safeguard both environmental sustainability and the health of the communities relying on the river for their livelihoods.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/africa/microplastics-found-in-nile-river-s-tilapia-fish-new-study-94319

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Wildlife conservation organisation World Wildlife Fund (WWF) has urged the Romanian government to classify Mahmudia wetland as a ‘national interest ecological restoration area’ to protect its natural progress and foster community prosperity.

EXPLANATION:

• The Mahmudia wetland is situated in Romania’s Danube Delta.
• It is facing a critical threat as agricultural leaseholders seek to revert a significant portion of the naturally restored wetlands to cropland.
• This move poses a risk to the biodiversity, livelihoods, and climate resilience that the wetland currently provides.
• The issue originated in June 2023 when high waters from the Danube River breached a dyke, causing flooding in Mahmudia.
• Interestingly, this area had undergone successful restoration eight years prior with European Union funding, transforming into a flourishing wetland that significantly boosted tourism.
• The flood, however, submerged farmland, converting it into a typical delta ecosystem.

 Mehmudia wetland

Mahmudia Region

Local Support for Wetland Preservation:

• A survey conducted by WWF-Romania revealed that 97 percent of the local community in Mahmudia preferred the current state of the wetland over reverting it to agricultural use.
• The wetland, a result of natural regeneration, has become integral to the community’s livelihoods and climate resilience.

Legal Challenge by Agricultural Leaseholders:

• Despite local opposition, agricultural leaseholders obtained a court ruling favouring the reversion of the wetland to cropland.
• This decision not only jeopardizes the natural progress of the wetland but also endangers the section that was restored with European Union funds.

WWF’s Call for National Interest Ecological Restoration Area:

• World Wildlife Fund (WWF) has urged the Romanian government to designate Mahmudia wetland as a ‘national interest ecological restoration area.’
• This designation would provide legal protection, allowing the government to cancel agricultural contracts and compensate leaseholders from national funds, as permitted by Romanian law.

Importance of Wetland Restoration:

• WWF-Romania director emphasizes the centrality of restoring healthy wetlands in reversing nature loss and building resilience to climate change.
• Losing the restored wetland in Mahmudia would not only impact local sustainable development but also hinder efforts to restore the health of Europe’s largest wetlands.

UNESCO Recognition and Precedent for Danube Delta:

• The protection of Mahmudia wetland extends beyond local concerns; it sets an important precedent for the Danube Delta, recognized by UNESCO as Europe’s second-largest and best-preserved river delta.
• The delta hosts over 300 bird species and 45 freshwater fish species, making its conservation vital for biodiversity and ecosystem health.

World Wildlife Fund (WWF):

• The WWF is an international non-governmental organization dedicated to the conservation and preservation of nature and natural species.
• WWF is the largest conservation organization in the world. It was founded on 29th April 1961 in Switzerland.
• Presently, it is active in more than 100 countries around the world.
• WWF aims to stop degradation of planet’s natural environment and build future in which humans live in harmony with nature.
• Currently, its work is organized around these six areas: food, climate, freshwater, wildlife, forests, and oceans.
• It publishes Living Planet Report every two years since 1998 and it is based on Living Planet Index and ecological footprint calculation.

Conclusion:

• The Mahmudia wetland stands at the intersection of environmental conservation, community livelihoods, and legal battles.
• The urgency of protecting this naturally regenerated ecosystem not only addresses the immediate threat but also sets a crucial example for the broader conservation efforts in the Danube Delta and beyond.
• The appeal by WWF underscores the delicate balance between economic interests and ecological sustainability, urging the Romanian government to prioritize the long-term well-being of both the wetland and its local inhabitants.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/environment/wwf-demands-protection-for-naturally-restored-mahmudia-wetland-in-romania-s-danube-delta-94332

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: A groundbreaking discovery at Stanford University has revealed the existence of microscopic entities named “obelisks” within the human mouth and gut.

EXPLANATION:

• These obelisks, described in a preprint study, exhibit unique characteristics, blurring the lines between viruses and viroids.
• As the scientific community delves into this intriguing world, a closer look is essential.

The Realm of Microscopic Entities

• Viruses and Viroids:
  • Viruses, perched on the boundary of life, manipulate hosts for replication.
  • Viroids, tiny RNA fragments, lack protective shells and protein-coding capabilities but can cause diseases in plants.
• Obelisks: A New Frontier:
  • The term “obelisks” is coined for these entities due to their rod-like shape, self-organizing abilities, and circular single-stranded RNA genome.
  • Positioned between viruses and viroids, obelisks possess genes predicting protein coding, distinguishing them from traditional viroids.

Key Characteristics of Obelisks

• Genetic Makeup:
  • Obelisks feature a circular single-stranded RNA genome akin to viroids but lack a protein coat, resembling viruses.
  • Their genomes encode proteins, with the major protein known as “obulin,” presenting an evolutionary mystery regarding its function.
• Abundance and Diversity:
  • Analyses from human gut and mouth microbiomes reveal nearly 30,000 distinct obelisk types, challenging previous assumptions about their scarcity.
  • Diverse niches globally house obelisks, with varying types in different body sites and donors.
• Host Relationships:
  • Obelisks likely rely on microbial host cells, potentially bacteria or fungi, for replication.
  • The specific hosts remain unidentified, but Streptococcus sanguinis in dental plaque is a promising candidate.

Implications and Unanswered Questions

• Potential Impact on Microbiome:
  • The effects of obelisks on the human microbiome remain uncertain—whether they act as parasites, bring benefits, or exist as neutral passengers.
  • Understanding their ecological and evolutionary significance is crucial for deciphering their potential impact on human health.
• Research Directions:
  • Laboratory experiments on Streptococcus sanguinis offer a promising model to unravel fundamental aspects of obelisk biology.
  • Long-term implications on human health, therapeutic potential, and the broader ecological role of obelisks warrant further exploration.
• Evolutionary Dynamics:
  • The evolutionary trajectory of obelisks, their interaction with hosts, and the role they play in microbiome dynamics are areas ripe for investigation.

Conclusion

• The discovery of obelisks introduces a new dimension to the microscopic world, challenging conventional classifications.
• As research unfolds, the peculiarities of obelisks and their intricate relationships with microbial hosts promise to unravel mysteries and contribute to our understanding of the intricate web of life at the smallest scales.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/health/a-new-virus-like-entity-has-just-been-discovered-obelisks-explained-94299

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: The Lok Sabha has approved the Public Examinations (Prevention of Unfair Means) Bill, 2024, with a focus on curbing malpractices, including question paper leaks, document tampering, and network manipulation in public examinations.

EXPLANATION:

• The bill carries provisions for stringent penalties, with Union Minister emphasizing its importance during the discussion.

Key Provisions of the Bill

• Scope and Punishments:
  • The Bill targets officials or organizations involved in malpractices and proposes penalties, including a jail term of up to 10 years and fines exceeding Rs 1 crore.
  • Notably, students or candidates are excluded from the purview of the Bill, as clarified by Union Minister Jitendra Singh.
• Inspiration from Indian Express Investigation:
  • During the discussion, several members referred to The Indian Express investigation report highlighting 41 instances of question paper leaks affecting over 1.4 crore candidates across 15 states in the past five years.
• Applicability:
  • The bill is applicable to central recruitment and entrance exams conducted by:
    • the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC),
    • Staff Selection Commission (SSC),
    • Railway Recruitment Boards (RRBs),
    • Institute of Banking Personnel Selection (IBPS), and
    • National Testing Agency (NTA).
  • The NTA conducts exams for admission to higher educational institutions, like the Joint Entrance Examination (JEE) for engineering, National Eligibility Cum Entrance Test (NEET) for medical, and Common University Entrance Test (CUET) for undergraduate and post-graduate studies.
  • Apart from these designated public examination authorities, all central ministries and departments, as well as their offices for recruitment, will also come under the purview of the new law.
• Defines unfair means
  • Section 3 of the Bill defines unfair means.
  • It proposes 20 offences and unfair means including impersonation, manipulation of answer sheets and tampering with documents.
• Nature of offences
  • Section 9 of the bill states that all offences shall be cognizable, non-bailable and non-compoundable.
• Investigation
  • The bill proposes that officers not under the rank of deputy superintendent of police or assistant commissioner of police must head up such matters.
  • The government under the bill also holds the power to send the probe to a Central agency.
  • In essence, this frees up to the police to act on its own and arrest suspects without a warrant.

Parliamentary Discussion Highlights

• Reference to Indian Express Report:
  • One of the MP brought a copy of The Indian Express to the House, linking it to the Bill.
  • The report focused on the widespread issue of question paper leaks, bringing the magnitude of the problem to the forefront.
• Minister’s Response:
  • The Union Minister acknowledged the pervasive nature of malpractices across states, emphasizing the need for legislation.
  • He highlighted administrative deficits in states like Rajasthan and affirmed the Bill’s relevance.
• Addressing “Jami Jamai Vyavastha”:
  • Members referred to the entrenched system depicted in the movie “12th Fail.”
  • Union Minister clarified that the Bill is designed to combat such systemic issues.
• Clarification on Separate Legislation:
  • Members questioned the necessity of a standalone Bill when existing provisions in the IPC and the new BNS already cover malpractices.
  • The Bill is a specific legislation with defined provisions exclusively targeting examination malpractices.

Concerns and Ministerial Responses

• Handling Technology-Driven Malpractices:
  • Members raised concerns about addressing malpractices involving new technologies.
  • The plans to establish a committee of experts for surveillance, understanding, and updating regulations periodically has been outlined.
• Regional Language Examinations:
  • DMK members highlighted the absence of examinations in regional languages as a potential reason for cheating.
  • The government has initiated examinations in 13 languages, including Tamil, with plans to include all 22 gradually was the response.
• Commitment to Meritorious Students:
  • Minister Singh emphasized that the Bill aims to safeguard the interests of meritorious students, ensuring they are not adversely affected by malpractices.

Conclusion

• The passage of the Public Examinations Bill reflects a concerted effort by the government to address the pervasive issue of malpractices in examinations.
• The legislative measures, coupled with ongoing technological surveillance plans, underscore the commitment to ensuring the integrity of the examination system in the country.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/india/lok-sabha-passes-anti-cheating-bill-govt-recruitment-exams-9147103/

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: India’s Revenue Secretary has projected a record high tax-to-GDP ratio of 11.7% for the fiscal year 2024-25.

EXPLANATION:

• This surge is attributed to a focus on direct taxes, perceived as more ‘equitable,’ with ongoing efforts to simplify the tax structure, minimize disputes, and enhance enforcement efficiency.

Direct Taxes and Rationalization Efforts

• Equitable Direct Taxes:
  • Revenue Secretary emphasizes the importance of direct taxes in driving the anticipated increase in the tax-to-GDP ratio.
  • Recent reductions in corporate and personal income taxes aim to create a more balanced and taxpayer-friendly regime.
• New Tax Regime:
  • The introduction of a new tax regime, devoid of deductions but offering a higher tax-free income threshold, is expected to attract a significant number of income taxpayers.
  • The growth in Personal Income Tax collections stands at an impressive 28% year-to-date, with a projected moderation to 20%-22% by the fiscal year-end.

Goods and Services Tax (GST) Considerations

• Rate Structure Review:
  • The GST Council, responsible for reviewing the rate structure, has been reconstituted, indicating ongoing efforts to rationalize GST rates.
  • Small adjustments to rationalize rates on various items remain a continual focus within the Council.
• Quarterly Meetings:
  • The GST Council is expected to convene quarterly, providing a platform for ongoing discussions on tax-related matters.

Tax-to-GDP Ratio Projections

• Historic High Projection:
  • Revenue Secretary anticipates the tax-to-GDP ratio to reach an all-time high of 11.7% in 2024-25, building on the 11.6% recorded in the current year and 11.2% in 2022-23.
  • The surge is primarily attributed to a rise in direct taxes from 6.1% of GDP in 2022-23 to 6.6% in the current year and a further increase to 6.7% in the next fiscal year.
• Economic Growth Impact:
  • As the economy expands and per capita income rises, the tax-to-GDP ratio is expected to grow, aligning with the experiences of other countries.
  • The projection reflects India’s developmental trajectory, with an emphasis on sustaining tax revenue growth.

Revenue Growth Projections and Corporate Tax Insights

• Buoyancy and Growth Projections:
  • Acknowledging the cyclicality of revenue buoyancy, a shift from a 1.4 buoyancy this year to a projected 1.1 buoyancy in 2024-25 has been noticed.
  • The anticipation is for tax revenues to grow at 11.5% fueled by a nominal GDP growth of 10.5%.
• Corporate Tax Landscape:
  • Companies availing the 15% corporate tax rate for new manufacturing units, ending in March 2023, will be revealed in next year’s tax returns.
  • About 57% of corporate tax income is currently filed at the reduced rate of 22%, introduced in 2019 for firms not opting for deductions.

Regulatory Oversight and Enforcement

• Money Laundering Concerns:
  • The Revenue Department does not examine lapses at Paytm Payments Bank, but the Enforcement Directorate steps in when money laundering issues arise, enforcing legal consequences for any flouting of the law.

Conclusion

• Revenue Secretary insights provide a comprehensive view of India’s tax landscape, showcasing efforts to balance tax structures, promote equitable taxation, and project a robust tax-to-GDP ratio.
• Ongoing reforms, coupled with prudent fiscal management, position India for sustained economic growth and revenue enhancement.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/indias-tax-to-gdp-ratio-to-hit-a-record-high-of-117-of-gdp-in-2024-25/article67818536.ece

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The phenomenon of zodiacal light, characterized by sunlight scattering due to interplanetary dust, has long intrigued astronomers. A recent study conducted by a scientist at the Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad, delves into the origins of this mysterious dust, using insights gained from NASA’s Juno spacecraft’s encounter with fast-moving particles.

EXPLANATION:

• Juno, launched in 2011 to explore Jupiter, experienced damage to its solar panels due to dust particles encountered around Mars.
• A 2021 paper highlighted this issue, providing valuable data. Dr. Jayesh P. Pabari from PRL seized this opportunity, utilizing the data to calculate the number of dust particles encountered by Juno between 1 and 5 Astronomical Units (AU).
• Astronomical Units (AU): The distance between Earth and the Sun. Mars and Jupiter are situated at 1.52 AU and 5.2 AU, respectively.

Zodiacal Dust and Source Identification

• Zodiacal Light:
  • The faint, diffuse glow observed as sunlight scatters through interplanetary dust.
  • Visible along the ecliptic, the path of the Sun over a year.
• Flux Calculation:
  • Pabari’s analysis revealed a tenfold increase in dust flux at 1.5 AU, a crucial finding in understanding the source of zodiacal dust.
• Possible Origin – Mars’s Moons (Deimos and Phobos):
  • Pabari compared dust flux near Mars, ruling out other phenomena and highlighting the potential role of Mars’s moons.
  • Mars’s moons, Deimos and Phobos, named after the gods of dread and panic, respectively, were identified as potential sources due to observed dust dynamics.

Characteristics of Mars’s Moons

• Phobos:
  • Larger of the two moons.
  • Drifting towards Mars and may eventually collide or break up into a ring.
  • Features Stickney crater, named after Asaph Hall’s wife, and experiences significant temperature variations.
• Deimos:
  • Surface likely buried under nearly 100 meters of dust.
  • Differences in shape and characteristics compared to Phobos.

Mechanism Explaining Dust Production

• Pabari’s models incorporated moon shapes, gravitational effects, spacecraft ejecta impact, and other parameters.
• Micrometeorites, small but fast-moving dust particles, collide with Mars’s moons. Lack of atmospheres allows these particles to create small dust clouds.
• Moons’ low gravity facilitates the escape of smaller dust particles into space, contributing to the observed increase in dust flux.

Implications and Future Confirmatory Mission

• A potential explanation for the zodiacal dust mystery.
• Future missions to Phobos and Deimos could validate findings, specifically examining mass loss and confirming the calculated dust dynamics.
• The study underscores the importance of understanding celestial dust dynamics for future space exploration endeavors.

Conclusion

• PRL Ahmedabad’s study, leveraging unexpected data from Juno’s encounter, unravels the potential contribution of Mars’s moons to the enigmatic zodiacal dust.
• The findings open avenues for further exploration and emphasize the significance of interdisciplinary studies in unraveling celestial mysteries.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/zodiacal-dust-mystery-prl-ahmedabad-study-spots-source/article67795421.ece

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: Uttarakhand Chief Minister accompanied by Finance Minister tabled the Uniform Civil Code (UCC) Bill in the state Assembly, proclaiming it as a “historic moment.”

EXPLANATION:

• However, the Opposition criticized the move, labeling it a “poll gimmick” and questioning the urgency of its presentation.

Landmark Legislation with Exclusions

• If passed, Uttarakhand will be the first state in independent India to implement a uniform law covering marriage, divorce, succession, and live-in relationships.
• Notably, the Scheduled Tribes, constituting 2.9% of the state’s population, have been excluded from the ambit of the UCC Bill.

Key Provisions of the UCC Bill

• Marriage Restrictions:
  • The UCC prohibits multiple spouses and mandates that marriages occur only between one man and one woman.
  • The age of marriage is set at 21 years for boys and 18 years for girls.
• Equal Rights in Divorce:
  • Men and women will have the same rights in matters related to divorce, aimed at ending practices like ‘Halala’ and ‘Iddat.’
  • The Bill proposes a three-year imprisonment or a fine of ₹1 lakh, or both, for those found committing ‘Halala.’
• Registrations Mandatory:
  • The UCC makes it mandatory to register marriages and divorces. Failure to comply will result in the couple being deprived of government facilities.
• Changes in Religion and Divorce:
  • If one spouse changes their religion without the other’s consent, the affected party has the right to file for divorce and maintenance allowance.
• Live-in Relationships:
  • The UCC Bill introduces stringent provisions for the registration of live-in relationships.
  • Failure to register within a month may lead to imprisonment of up to three months.
  • Providing false information during registration may result in imprisonment or a fine not exceeding ₹25,000, or both.
• Children’s Rights:
  • Children born out of live-in relationships will be considered legitimate, and the Bill proposes equal property inheritance rights for sons and daughters, eliminating distinctions between legitimate or illegitimate children, biological or adopted children, and those born through surrogacy or assisted reproductive technologies.
• Post-Death Property Rights:
  • After a person’s death, the UCC ensures equal property rights for the wife, children, and parents, a departure from previous laws where only the mother had rights in the deceased’s property.

Opposition’s Critique and Government’s Response

• Leader of Opposition questioned the urgency of passing the UCC Bill, suggesting that the government may be attempting to conceal certain aspects.
• Despite having a majority, the government is urged to allow the Opposition time for preparation and a thorough debate.

Conclusion

• Uttarakhand’s move towards a Uniform Civil Code, if successfully enacted, could set a precedent for other states in India.
• The Bill aims to bring uniformity while addressing contemporary issues related to marriage, divorce, and inheritance, but its exclusion of Scheduled Tribes and the Opposition’s skepticism raise questions about the broader consensus and effectiveness of the proposed legislation.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/uniform-civil-code-bill-tabled-in-uttarakhand-assembly/article67816803.ece

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Cameroon, a biodiversity-rich nation in central Africa, has taken a significant step toward ensuring fair and equitable sharing of benefits from its vast biological resources.

EXPLANATION:

• The adoption of the Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit Sharing reflects the country’s commitment to addressing historical exploitation and promoting sustainable practices.
• This protocol, an offshoot of the Convention on Biological Diversity, aims to establish a framework for the just distribution of benefits derived from genetic resources and traditional knowledge.

Cameroon’s Biodiversity Landscape:

• Biodiversity Hotspot:
  • Cameroon boasts an estimated 11,000 plant, animal, and microorganism species, making it a biodiversity hotspot.
  • The genetic information and resources within these species hold value for bioprospecting activities, including the development of medicines and crops.
• Traditional Knowledge Significance:
  • Indigenous and local communities in Cameroon possess valuable traditional knowledge related to genetic resources, enhancing the country’s bioprospecting potential.

Nagoya Protocol: A Framework for Fairness:

• Overview of Nagoya Protocol:
  • The Nagoya Protocol, an extension of the Convention on Biological Diversity, addresses fair and equitable benefit sharing in biodiversity access.
  • It aims to rectify imbalances where foreign companies have historically exploited resources without providing equitable benefits to local communities.
• Example of Prunus Africana:
  • The case of Prunus Africana highlights the disparity, with foreign companies buying the plant for a minimal amount but selling the derived drugs at a significantly higher price.
  • The adoption of the Nagoya Protocol is expected to rectify such inequities.

Challenges and Initiatives:

• Challenges Faced by Cameroon:
  • Despite enacting laws and decrees to implement the Nagoya Protocol, Cameroon faces challenges such as a lack of implementing instruments, institutional capacity, and research and development on the biodiversity value chain.
• Global Environment Facility Support:
  • To address these challenges, the Global Environment Facility is funding a project titled ‘Support to Nagoya Protocol Implementation, Research and Development on Biodiversity Value chain for small holders in the South West and Far North Regions of Cameroon.’
  • The project aims to enhance research, bioprospecting, and the overall understanding of biodiversity value chains.

Focus on Bush Mango and Indigenous Species:

• Bioprospecting Initiatives:
  • The project supports bioprospecting activities on selected species, including Irvingia wombulu (bush mango), Monodora myristica, Balanites aegyptiaca, and Acacia nilotica.
  • Bush mango, a significant biological resource in Cameroon, holds medicinal properties and is crucial for traditional medicine and culinary practices.
• Economic Opportunities and Export Potential:
  • Bush mango has attracted interest from European pharmaceutical and cosmetic companies.
  • Farmers, such as Thomas Arrey Ayuk, anticipate increased value for their produce, better export opportunities, and potential benefits for community development.

Strategic Agreements and Economic Potential:

• Cameroon’s Agreements with French and Swiss Companies:
  • Cameroon has signed agreements with French and Swiss cosmetic businesses under the Nagoya Protocol.
  • These agreements involve research and development on indigenous species and set the stage for future commercial activities.
• Unlocking Africa’s Economic Potential:
  • The Nagoya Protocol is seen as a tool for African nations to master the true value of their biological resources, empowering them in negotiations with companies.
  • Recognizing and exploiting these resources in alignment with the protocol is viewed as a key to unlocking Africa’s economic potential.

Conclusion:

• Cameroon’s adoption of the Nagoya Protocol represents a pivotal move towards just and sustainable practices in utilizing its biological wealth.
• By addressing historical imbalances and promoting fair benefit-sharing, the country aims to harness the economic potential of its biodiversity, emphasizing the need for responsible exploitation and conservation efforts.
• The collaborative initiatives and agreements signal a commitment to a more equitable and mutually beneficial relationship between Cameroon’s biological resources and global industries.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/world/cameroon-adopts-nagoya-protocol-to-benefit-from-its-rich-biodiversity-94288

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The recently concluded two-day synchronised bird census in wetlands and bird sanctuaries in Villupuram district, organized by the Tamil Nadu Forest Department in collaboration with the Universal Eco Foundation, revealed a decline in the number of wetland birds compared to the previous year.

EXPLANATION:

• The census, conducted on January 27 and 28, covered 18 wetlands, including Oussudu and Kazhuveli bird sanctuaries.

Census Methodology and Participants:

• Point Count and Line Transect Method:
  • The census employed the Point Count and Line Transect method, a widely accepted approach in ornithology, conducted by more than 12 teams of volunteers, bird watchers, and ornithologists.
  • The survey took place from 6 a.m. to 9 a.m., capturing a snapshot of the bird population during these crucial hours.
• Technical Support and Collaboration:
  • Technical support for the census was provided by the Universal Eco Foundation, a Puducherry-based biodiversity conservation organization.
  • Collaboration between the Forest Department and conservation organizations highlights the importance of concerted efforts in preserving biodiversity.

Findings from Kazhuveli Bird Sanctuary:

• Decline in Numbers:
  • A notable decline was observed in the bird population at Kazhuveli bird sanctuary, with 3,909 birds of 90 species recorded this year, compared to over 21,000 birds of 150 species in the previous year.
  • Glossy Ibis (779), Northern pintail (512), and Eurasian Coot (295) were among the most abundant species.
• Rare Bird Sightings:
  • Despite the decline, the census recorded sightings of rare birds such as the Knob-billed duck and Black Bittern in Kazhuveli.
  • The identification of rare species underscores the ecological significance of the area.

Wetland Census Across Villupuram District:

• Oussudu Sanctuary:
  • Oussudu sanctuary recorded 2,080 birds of 64 species during the census.
• District-Wide Numbers:
  • Kallakurichi district reported 7,205 birds of 124 species.
  • Cuddalore district documented 14,414 birds of 118 species.

Conservation Implications and Future Phases:

• Concerns Over Decline:
  • The decline in bird numbers raises concerns about the health of wetland ecosystems in Villupuram district.
  • Conservation efforts may need to be intensified to address potential threats to these habitats.
• Upcoming Census Phase:
  • The second phase of the census is scheduled for March 2 and 3, focusing on terrestrial birds.
  • This multi-phase approach provides a comprehensive understanding of the avian diversity across different habitats.

Conclusion:

• The wetland bird census in Villupuram district serves as a crucial annual assessment, revealing shifts in bird populations and highlighting areas that may require conservation attention.
• The collaborative efforts of volunteers, the Forest Department, and conservation organizations contribute to the ongoing monitoring and preservation of the region’s rich biodiversity.
• The identified decline emphasizes the need for sustained conservation measures to protect these vital ecosystems.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/wetland-bird-census-146-species-recorded-in-18-wetlands-in-villupuram-district-numbers-lower-than-last-year/article67813289.ece

TAG: GS 1: GEOGRAPHY

THE CONTEXT: The Himalayan Mountain range, an awe-inspiring geological marvel, is a result of the ongoing collision between the Indian and Eurasian tectonic plates.

EXPLANATION:

• The recent research is conducted by a collaborative team of Chinese and U.S. scientists.
• It sheds light on intriguing dynamics beneath the Earth’s surface.
• It suggests not only the continuation of the collision but also the potential cleaving of Tibet due to the unexpected behavior of the Indian plate.

Understanding the Tectonic Collision:

• Tectonic Plate Interaction:
  • The collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates, a process spanning approximately 60 million years, has been known to create the Himalayas.
  • Previous understanding emphasized the buckling and twisting of the Eurasian plate’s edge.
  • However, the specific underground processes remained a mystery.
• Indian Plate’s Behavior:
  • The study proposes that the Indian plate is plunging beneath the Eurasian plate during the subduction process.
  • Unexpectedly, part of the Indian plate is found to be splitting apart under Tibet, with the eastern section tearing away from the western portion.

The Earth’s crust is divided into distinct “tectonic plates” that are always slowly moving. Earthquakes are concentrated along these plate boundaries

Implications of Plate Cleaving:

• Seismic Hazards:
  • The study suggests that as the Indian plate cleaves below ground, it may create a zone of weakness, potentially leading to earthquakes and other geological hazards in the region.
  • A professor at the University of California, Berkeley, sees the tear as a potential epicenter for large earthquakes accommodating the motion of the Indian plate.
• Zone of Weakness:
  • The tear in the Indian plate is considered a “zone of weakness,” indicating vulnerability to seismic activities.
  • The implications of such a tear raise concerns about the stability of the region and the potential risks associated with continental collisions.

Scientific Controversies and Perspectives:

• Debates in Scientific Community:
  • The scientific community lacks a consensus on the exact nature of the collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates.
  • Divergent opinions exist on whether the Indian plate is pushing horizontally beneath Tibet or diving vertically.
• Unique Geological Laboratory:
  • The Himalayan region holds a unique status as the only place where a continental plate collision is occurring in real-time.
  • Geophysicists acknowledge the scarcity of such opportunities to study continental collisions, considering it a “vanishingly short snapshot in time.”

Conclusion:

• The research provides a captivating glimpse into the intricate processes shaping the Himalayas and the potential consequences of the Indian plate’s unexpected behavior.
• As scientists continue to unravel the mysteries beneath the Earth’s surface, the study underscores the complexity of tectonic interactions and their profound impact on geological formations, seismic activities, and the overall dynamics of our planet.

SOURCE: https://www.nbcnews.com/science/science-news/earths-tectonic-plates-made-himalayas-rip-apart-rcna135622

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) has unveiled the Biodiversity Standard, a robust framework aimed at enhancing transparency and accountability in reporting the global response to the biodiversity crisis.

EXPLANATION:

• It is developed by the Global Sustainability Standards Board (GSSB).
  • The standard addresses the urgent need for organizations worldwide to understand and disclose their impacts on biodiversity, considering the escalating pressures on the environment.

Key Components of GRI Biodiversity Standard:

• Background and Development:
  • The GRI Biodiversity Standard is a pivotal update known as GRI 101: Biodiversity 2024, designed to be adopted globally by businesses.
  • Developed by GSSB, the document reflects vital inputs from representative organizations and aligns with key global developments in biodiversity, including the UN Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, the Science-Based Target Network, and the Taskforce on Nature-Related Financial Disclosures.
• Implementation Timeline:
  • The standard will officially come into effect for reporting purposes from January 1, 2026.
  • GRI plans a two-year pilot phase with early adopters, emphasizing community engagement and participation in shaping the application of the standard.
• Transparency and Supply Chain Impact:
  • The GRI Biodiversity Standard prioritizes transparency throughout the supply chain to address underreported biodiversity impacts.
  • It mandates disclosure of location-specific impacts, including countries and jurisdictions, and details about operational sites.
• Drivers of Biodiversity Loss:
  • Organizations are required to report direct drivers of biodiversity loss, such as land use, pollution, invasive species, and climate change.
  • This emphasis on identifying and managing significant impacts aims to enhance understanding of dependencies and risks.
• Impacts on Communities and Indigenous Peoples:
  • The standard places a noteworthy focus on impacts on communities and Indigenous Peoples.
  • Organizations must disclose their communication strategies with local groups and efforts to aid in the restoration of affected ecosystems.
• Alignment with Global Goals:
  • Carol Adams, Chair of GRI GSSB, emphasizes that the updated standard raises the bar for transparency and identifies an organization’s most significant impacts.
  • Biodiversity loss is linked to the UN-mandated Sustainable Development Goals, with consequences for both people and the climate crisis.
• Nature Positive Initiative Endorsement:
  • Convener of the Nature Positive Initiative recognizes the importance of standards and metrics in assessing and reporting negative and positive impacts.
  • Convener emphasizes the need for collective action and accountability to achieve the global goal of halting and reversing biodiversity loss.

Conclusion:

• The GRI Biodiversity Standard emerges as a crucial tool in addressing the biodiversity crisis by providing a comprehensive framework for organizations to transparently report and manage their impacts.
• With a focus on supply chain transparency, drivers of biodiversity loss, and impacts on communities, the standard aligns with global initiatives and goals, emphasizing the urgency of collective action for a nature-positive future.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/new-gri-biodiversity-standard-demands-reporting-of-drivers-of-biodiversity-loss-impact-on-indigenous-peoples-94268

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Climate change remains a pressing concern, with various factors contributing to the rising global temperatures. In this installment, we delve into a commonly asked question: “Is the Sun behind the rising global temperatures?” Let’s explore the intricate relationship between the Sun and Earth’s climate.

EXPLANATION:

• The Sun, a middle-aged star, serves as the primary source of energy for Earth’s biological and physical processes.
• Its radiant heat plays a pivotal role in maintaining liquid water, fostering plant growth, and influencing the planet’s weather systems.
• However, the Sun’s brightness is not constant, undergoing an 11-year cycle of high and low activity due to magnetic pole reversals.

Solar activity

Solar Variability and Historical Changes

• NASA reports indicate that during each solar cycle, the Sun undergoes fluctuations in radiation levels, material ejected into space, sunspots, and solar flares.
• Historical data reveals a small increase in sunlight reaching Earth between the late 1800s and mid-1900s.
• It contributes to a minor fraction of the observed warming (0.1 degree Celsius) since the pre-industrial era.

Debunking the Sun as the Driving Force

• Despite historical variations in solar activity, the Sun is not the primary driver of current global warming.
• Over the past five decades, Earth’s average temperature has surged to unprecedented levels, but the Sun’s energy output has only fluctuated by a mere 0.1%, as confirmed by NASA’s 2019 report.
• This negligible change discounts the Sun as a major contributor to contemporary global warming.

Atmospheric Observations: Greenhouse Gases vs. Solar Influence

• Contrary to the hypothesis that increased solar energy output would warm all layers of Earth’s atmosphere, recent observations paint a different picture.
• While the lower atmosphere experiences warming, the upper atmosphere has displayed cooling trends.
• This disparity aligns more closely with the effects of greenhouse gases, challenging the notion of the Sun as the primary culprit.

Human Activities and Global Warming

• A pivotal revelation emerges when examining the timeline of global temperature increases since 1975.
• Earth has warmed at a consistent rate of approximately 0.15 to 0.20 degrees Celsius per decade.
• The correlation between this warming trend and the escalating levels of greenhouse gases strongly implicates human activities, particularly the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial processes, as the driving forces behind the current phase of global warming.

Conclusion

• In summary, while the Sun’s variability has historically contributed to slight temperature fluctuations, it is not the driving force behind the recent surge in global temperatures.
• Human-induced factors, notably the emission of greenhouse gases, emerge as the primary culprits.
• Understanding these dynamics is crucial for implementing effective strategies to mitigate the impacts of climate change and work towards a sustainable future.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-climate/is-sun-behind-rising-global-temperatures-climate-change-9145524/

TAG: GS 1: SOCIETY

THE CONTEXT: The clash between age-old cultural traditions and ethical concerns has surfaced in Assam, where the government’s attempt to revive buffalo and bulbul fighting during the Magh Bihu festival faces a legal challenge from People for Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA).

EXPLANATION:

• We will see the historical significance, discontinuation, revival, and PETA’s stance is crucial to navigate the complexities of this cultural and ethical battle.

Tradition Revived: Magh Bihu and Folk Culture

• Festival and Folk Culture:
  • Buffalo and bulbul fighting are integral to the Magh Bihu festival in Assam, celebrated in January.
  • Buffalo fights in Ahatguri and bulbul fights in Hajo are deeply rooted in the cultural fabric of the region.
  • Ahatguri’s buffalo fights have been a decades-old tradition organized by the local committee, drawing significant crowds.

Discontinuation and Supreme Court’s Intervention

• Halt Post Supreme Court’s 2014 Ruling:
  • The fights ceased following the Supreme Court’s 2014 judgment prohibiting the use of bulls in events like jallikattu and bullock-cart races nationwide.
  • Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI) directed the Assam government to halt animal and bird fights during Bihu celebrations.

Revival Post Supreme Court Amendments

• Supreme Court Amendments and Government Approval:
  • In May 2021, the Supreme Court overturned its 2014 ruling, allowing states like Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, and Karnataka to amend the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1960 for events like jallikattu.
  • Assam’s Cabinet granted approval in December for SOPs to conduct buffalo and bulbul fights without deliberate cruelty.
• SOPs and Controversies:
  • SOPs specify fights only in places with a 25-year tradition, with buffalo fights limited from January 15 to 25.
  • The SOPs aim to prevent cruelty, ban intoxicants, and impose a five-year ban for violations.
  • Assam Chief Minister’s active involvement in the events sparked controversies.

PETA’s Legal Challenge: Ethics and Animal Welfare

• PETA’s Petitions in Gauhati High Court:
  • PETA India filed petitions seeking a ban on buffalo and bulbul fighting, presenting evidence from events in Ahatguri and Hajo.
  • Allegations include physical abuse of buffaloes, injuries sustained during fights, and the illegal capture and incitement of bulbuls.
• Interlocutory Application and Court’s Response:
  • The court heard an application stating a buffalo fight was scheduled post-January 25, possibly violating SOPs.
  • The court acknowledged potential violations and directed petitioners to inform the district administration to prevent the event.

Cultural Preservation vs. Ethical Concerns: Balancing Act

• Government’s Stance:
  • The Assam government frames the revival as an effort to preserve timeless Bihu traditions.
  • Chief Minister’s active participation signals a commitment to cultural preservation.
• Ethical Concerns:
  • PETA’s challenge raises ethical questions about animal welfare and cruelty in the name of tradition.
  • Allegations of physical abuse and injuries during fights underscore the need for a balanced approach.

People for Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA):

• PETA India is the animal rights organization.
• It’s a non-governmental organization (NGO) that works to end animal abuse in business and society.
• PETA India’s mission is to: raise awareness about animal cruelty, educate policymakers and the public and promote respect for all animals.

Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960:

• It is an act of the Parliament of India that prevents the infliction of unnecessary pain or suffering on animals.
• The act was originally passed in 1890 and replaced by the 1960 act.
• The act provides for the prevention and protection of animals from: Cruelty, Unnecessary pain, Overwork, Torture, Abuse.
• The act also establishes the Animal Welfare Board of India

Conclusion: Striking a Balance for Cultural Heritage

• The clash between tradition and ethics underscores the delicate balance needed to preserve cultural heritage while respecting ethical considerations. As legal battles unfold, the outcome will influence not only the fate of buffalo and bulbul fighting in Assam but also set precedents for navigating similar conflicts between cultural practices and animal welfare across the globe.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-culture/peta-assam-buffalo-bulbul-fighting-9142486/

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: Fiscal consolidation, as highlighted in the recent Union Budget, plays a pivotal role in shaping a country’s economic trajectory. The Finance Minister’s announcement to reduce the fiscal deficit to 5.1% of GDP by 2024-25 and further to 4.5% by 2025-26 underscores the government’s commitment to fiscal discipline.

EXPLANATION:

• This move, however, raised eyebrows as analysts anticipated a slightly higher fiscal deficit target, making it crucial to understand the intricacies of fiscal management.

Understanding Fiscal Deficit: Revenue, Expenditure, and Borrowing

• Fiscal Deficit Definition:
  • Fiscal deficit signifies the shortfall when a government’s expenditure surpasses its revenue.
  • The government then resorts to borrowing or selling assets to bridge this gap.
  • In the announced budget, the fiscal deficit reduction is projected as a percentage of GDP, reflecting the government’s commitment to aligning expenditure with revenue.
• Revenue and Expenditure Dynamics:
  • The backbone of government revenue lies in taxes, with the estimated tax receipts for 2024-25 at ₹26.02 lakh crore against a total revenue projection of ₹30.8 lakh crore.
  • Contrastingly, the total expenditure is estimated at ₹47.66 lakh crore.
  • This emphasizes the reliance on borrowing to fund the fiscal deficit.

Fiscal Deficit vs. National Debt: Clarifying Distinctions

• National Debt Clarification:
  • National debt is the cumulative amount a government owes its lenders at a specific point.
  • It accumulates over the years due to consistent fiscal deficits and borrowing.
  • The fiscal deficit, expressed as a percentage of GDP, gauges a government’s ability to repay lenders, differentiating it from the national debt.

Funding Fiscal Deficit: Bond Market Dynamics

• Government Borrowing Process:
  • To fund the fiscal deficit, the government primarily borrows from the bond market, where lenders purchase government-issued bonds.
  • In 2024-25, the expected gross borrowing is ₹14.13 lakh crore, a strategic reduction from the previous fiscal year.
  • The government aims to utilize higher GST collections to fund expenditures.
• Role of Central Banks:
  • Central banks, exemplified by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), are key players in the credit market.
  • While not directly purchasing government bonds, central banks may engage in open market operations, indirectly supporting government borrowing.
  • The borrowing cost is influenced by the rate at which governments secure funds from the market.

Significance of Fiscal Deficit: Inflation, Ratings, and Debt Management

• Inflationary Impact:
  • There exists a direct link between a high fiscal deficit and inflation. Persistent deficits may lead to inflation, as the government resorts to fresh money issuance by the central bank.
  • The recent reduction in the fiscal deficit, from 9.17% to a projected 5.8%, reflects a commitment to managing inflationary pressures.
• Market Perception and Ratings:
  • The fiscal deficit serves as a signal to the market, indicating the government’s fiscal discipline.
  • A lower fiscal deficit enhances bond ratings, instilling confidence in lenders.
  • Lower fiscal deficits also translate to reduced borrowing costs for the government.
• Public Debt Management:
  • A high fiscal deficit can strain the government’s overall public debt management.
  • International warnings, as seen from the IMF, highlight potential risks.
  • The Centre’s aim to tap the international bond market underscores the relevance of maintaining a lower fiscal deficit for favorable borrowing conditions.

Future Outlook: Ambitious Targets and Economic Implications

• Fiscal Deficit Targets for 2024-25:
  • The Finance Minister’s ambitious target of reducing the fiscal deficit to 5.1% of GDP in 2024-25 presents a strategic challenge.
  • Despite plans for increased capital expenditure, the government aims to rely on tax collections, projecting an 11.5% rise in 2024-25.
• Balancing Act: Taxation vs. Economic Growth:
  • Striking a balance between raising tax rates to augment collections and fostering economic growth is crucial.
  • While reducing fiscal deficit is a priority, excessive taxation may act as a dampener on economic activity.
  • The government’s ability to achieve this delicate equilibrium remains a critical aspect.

Conclusion: Navigating Economic Waters through Fiscal Prudence

• The recent budget announcements and fiscal projections signify a concerted effort towards fiscal consolidation and responsible economic management.
• As the government endeavors to reduce fiscal deficits, manage public debt, and stimulate economic growth, the intricate dance between taxation, expenditure, and market perceptions will shape the nation’s economic trajectory.
• The ambitious targets set forth demand meticulous execution and vigilance in an ever-evolving economic landscape.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/why-is-fiscal-consolidation-so-important-explained/article67808867.ece/amp/

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: A phase-3 trial conducted in Malawi, Africa, has unveiled the sustained efficacy of Bharat Biotech’s conjugate typhoid toxoid vaccine, Typbar, challenging the threat of typhoid fever in endemic regions.

EXPLANATION:

• The study, representing the first randomized, controlled, double-blind trial of its kind, brings promising results regarding the long-term effectiveness of a single dose of the typhoid vaccine.

Typhoid’s Global Impact: The Need for Effective Vaccination

• In 2019, a staggering 9.24 million typhoid cases and 110,000 deaths were reported globally.
• The majority of these cases occurred in South-East Asia and Africa, emphasizing the urgent need for reliable and long-lasting typhoid vaccines.
• Typhoid’s prevalence and mortality underscore the significance of the recent findings in combating this infectious disease.

Bharat Biotech’s Typbar: Study Design and Participants

• The study focused on healthy children aged between nine months and 12 years, residing in a typhoid fever-endemic setting in Malawi.
• The participants were randomly assigned to receive Bharat Biotech’s Typbar or a control vaccine.
• A total of 28,130 children were recruited, with 14,069 receiving the typhoid vaccine and 14,061 receiving the control vaccine, ensuring a robust sample size for analysis.

Long-term Efficacy: A Four-Year Window

• The key revelation from the trial is the sustained efficacy of the Typbar vaccine over a median follow-up period of 4.3 years.
• The overall efficacy was found to be 70.6% for children aged nine months to two years, with even higher efficacy rates exceeding 79% for children above two years.
• This longevity of protection is crucial in the fight against typhoid, especially considering the challenges posed by the bacteria’s rebound in children aged 5-15 years.

Cumulative Vaccine Efficacy: An Encouraging Trend

• The study showcased an encouraging trend in cumulative vaccine efficacy, revealing rates of 83.4% after one year, 80.7% after two years, 80.1% after three years, 77.1% after four years, and 78.3% after 4.61 years – the longest follow-up observed.
• This trend suggests a consistent and reliable level of protection against typhoid, demonstrating the vaccine’s robustness over an extended period.

Impact on Typhoid Cases: A Significant Reduction

• During the follow-up period, children who received the Typbar vaccine exhibited a significantly lower incidence of typhoid fever compared to the control group.
• The absolute risk reduction of 6.1 typhoid infections per 1,000 vaccinated children highlights the tangible impact of the vaccine in preventing typhoid cases.

Future Directions: Booster Dose Considerations

• Acknowledging the potential waning protection over time, the researchers underscore the need for longer-duration vaccine efficacy studies.
• An ongoing immunogenicity study in Malawi is exploring the benefits of a booster dose administered nearly five years after the initial vaccination.
• This could provide insights into whether additional doses enhance and prolong the protective effect against typhoid.

Bharat Biotech’s Typbar:

• Typbar is a highly purified Vicapsular polysaccharide of Salmonella typhi Ty2.
• Typbar would also be the world’s first vegetarian or non-bovine typhoid vaccine.
• Bharat Biotech is the largest primary manufacturer of typhoid vaccine in the country.
• The company dedicated the vaccine to Dr. John R. Robbins, the father of polysaccharide vaccines.

Conclusion: A Milestone in Typhoid Prevention

• Bharat Biotech’s Typbar has emerged as a beacon of hope in the battle against typhoid, demonstrating not only immediate efficacy but also a lasting shield against infectious diseases.
• The implications of this study reach beyond Malawi, offering a potential blueprint for addressing typhoid in other endemic regions globally.
• As the research community eagerly awaits the outcomes of booster dose studies, the Typbar vaccine stands as a testament to the strides made in vaccination science for global health.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/india-made-typhoid-vaccine-efficacy-lasts-for-four-years-study/article67804522.ece/amp/  

TAG: GS 3: AGRICULTURE

THE CONTEXT: Ammonia emissions pose a significant environmental challenge, impacting ecosystems worldwide and posing threats to human health. This study, recently published in the journal Nature, unveils a novel approach to tackle ammonia emissions by employing machine learning to provide precise estimates and strategies for reduction.

EXPLANATION:

• The research is led by a professor from the Southern University of Science and Technology in Shenzhen, China.
• He utilized machine learning to create detailed estimates of ammonia emissions from three major staple crops – rice, wheat, and maize.
• This innovative approach allowed for a cropland-specific assessment of potential emission reductions.
• It marks a crucial step towards targeted and effective fertilizer management.

The Environmental Impact of Agricultural Ammonia Emissions

• Ammonia is a key environmental pollutant, with approximately 51-60% of anthropogenic ammonia emissions attributed to crop cultivation.
• Among these emissions, half are linked to three primary crops: rice, wheat, and maize.
• Understanding the nuances of ammonia emissions at a local level is challenging, requiring consideration of factors such as nitrogen inputs and local emission characteristics.

Building a Comprehensive Dataset for Informed Machine Learning

• To train the machine learning model, researchers compiled a dataset consisting of over 2,700 observations gathered through a systematic review of published literature.
• Variables included in the model encompassed climate conditions, soil characteristics, crop types, irrigation methods, tillage practices, and fertilizer application strategies.
• This dataset provided a foundation for creating a global model estimating that ammonia emissions reached 4.3 teragrams in 2018.

Spatial Optimization: A 38% Reduction Potential

• The machine learning model suggested that spatially optimizing fertilizer management practices based on key variables could potentially lead to a remarkable 38% reduction in ammonia emissions from rice, wheat, and maize crops.
• This optimization strategy involves placing enhanced-efficiency fertilizers deeper into the soil during the growing season, using conventional tillage practices.

Contribution of Individual Crops to Reduction Potential

• The study highlighted that rice crops could contribute significantly to the total reduction potential, accounting for 47%.
• Maize and wheat followed closely, contributing 27% and 26%, respectively.
• This insight underscores the importance of crop-specific strategies in addressing ammonia emissions.

Future Projections: Managing Ammonia Emissions in a Changing Climate

• In the absence of effective management strategies, the study projected that ammonia emissions could surge by 4.6% to 15.8% by the year 2100, contingent on varying levels of greenhouse gas emissions.
• This emphasizes the urgency of implementing targeted fertilizer management practices to mitigate the environmental impact of ammonia emissions in a changing climate.

Conclusion: A Path Towards Sustainable Agriculture

• The intersection of machine learning and agricultural science presents a promising avenue for addressing environmental challenges.
• By leveraging technology to precisely estimate and strategically reduce ammonia emissions from key crops, this research offers a blueprint for sustainable agriculture, underscoring the importance of proactive and targeted interventions in safeguarding our planet’s health.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/reducing-ammonia-emissions-through-targeted-fertilizer-management/article67804549.ece/amp/  

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The flightless Aldabra rail went extinct over 130,000 years ago, but the species then reappeared via iterative evolution.

EXPLANATION:

• The Aldabra rail, scientifically known as Dryolimnas cuvieri aldabranus, has captivated scientists with its extraordinary evolutionary journey.
• It originated from the Aldabra atoll, a coral paradise off the southeast coast of Africa.
• This unassuming bird has not only faced extinction but has also defied the odds by evolving flightlessness not once, but twice.
• The Aldabra rail, named after the Aldabra Atoll it inhabits in the Seychelles, is the last surviving native flightless bird in the Indian Ocean region.
• It is a descendant of the flying white-throated rail that is believed to have lost its ability to fly because the lack of predators made it unnecessary.
• It’s about the size of a chicken, with a flecked gray back, a rusty red head and chest and a white throat.
• It is a subspecies of the white-throated rail (Dryolimnas cuvieri) and is the only living flightless bird in the Indian Ocean.

The Atoll’s Ancient Submersion and Initial Extinction (136,000 Years Ago)

• The Aldabra atoll, home to the Aldabra rail, experienced a dramatic event approximately 136,000 years ago when it sank beneath the waves.
• This cataclysmic submersion led to the extinction of various species, including the flightless Aldabra rail subspecies.
• The geological upheaval caused a turnover in the atoll’s fauna, marking a chapter of extinction in the bird’s evolutionary history.

Resurfacing of the Atoll and the Return of the Rail (Approximately 118,000 Years Ago)

• In a surprising turn of events, the Aldabra atoll resurfaced, allowing a recolonization by the white-throated rail (Dryolimnas cuvieri), a bird capable of flight.
• This marked the beginning of a unique evolutionary phenomenon as the white-throated rail embarked on a journey to become flightless once again.

Evidence from Fossil Records: A Window into Evolution

• A pivotal 2019 study published in the Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society provided insights into the Aldabra rail’s evolutionary saga.
• Researchers, led by a paleontologist from the Natural History Museum, London, examined the fossil record of rails on Aldabra.
• Fossils dating back to around 100,000 years ago revealed distinct changes in leg structure, suggesting a transition towards flightlessness.

The Evolutionary Process: From Flight to Flightlessness

• The study’s findings indicated that the rails on Aldabra were gradually becoming heavier and developing more robust legs around 100,000 years ago.
• This transformation was a clear sign of iterative evolution, where the white-throated rail, once again inhabiting the atoll, was losing its ability to fly.
• The researchers attributed this shift to the advantageous trait of flightlessness in the atoll’s environment, where the birds lay their eggs on the ground, necessitating strong legs for survival.

Iterative Evolution: Rising from Extinction

• The Aldabra rail’s journey stands out as a rare case of iterative evolution.
• Unlike instances where different species evolve similar traits independently, the Aldabra rail managed to evolve flightlessness not as a new species but as the very same ancestral bird that had faced extinction over 130,000 years ago.
• This phenomenon of rising from the dead through iterative evolution showcases the resilience and adaptability of the Aldabra rail.

Conclusion: Unraveling Nature’s Intriguing Mysteries

• The story of the Aldabra rail serves as a captivating chapter in the annals of evolutionary biology.
• Its ability to overcome extinction and evolve the same traits twice challenges conventional understanding and opens new avenues for exploring the intricacies of nature’s resilience.
• As scientists continue to delve into the mysteries of iterative evolution, the Aldabra rail stands as a living testament to the enduring spirit of life on Earth.

SOURCE: https://www.livescience.com/animals/birds/aldabra-rail-the-bird-that-came-back-from-the-dead-by-evolving-twice

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: India celebrates the addition of five new wetlands to the prestigious Ramsar list, marking them as internationally recognized ecosystems of significance.

EXPLANATION:

• Union Environment announced this accomplishment, highlighting the total count of Ramsar-listed wetlands in India reaching 80.
• The newly designated sites include Magadi Kere Conservation Reserve, Ankasamudra Bird Conservation Reserve, and Aghanashini Estuary from Karnataka, along with Karaivetti Bird Sanctuary and Longwood Shola Reserve Forest from Tamil Nadu.
• The announcement of the addition of five wetlands to the Ramsar list comes just days before World Wetlands Day, reinforcing India’s commitment to wetland conservation on the global stage.
• The timing of this achievement aligns with international efforts to raise awareness about the vital role wetlands play in environmental sustainability.

Ramsar Convention and Global Recognition:

• The Ramsar Convention, initiated in 1971, is an international treaty dedicated to the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands.
• With its focus on maintaining the ecosystem components, processes, and benefits of wetlands, the convention aims to establish and preserve a global network of vital wetland areas.
• The recent addition of five Indian wetlands accentuates the country’s commitment to global biodiversity conservation.

Geographical Distribution of New Ramsar Sites:

• The Ramsar list’s newest entrants are geographically diverse, representing both Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
• Magadi Kere Conservation Reserve, Ankasamudra Bird Conservation Reserve, and Aghanashini Estuary contribute to Karnataka’s wetland heritage, while Karaivetti Bird Sanctuary and Longwood Shola Reserve Forest enhance Tamil Nadu’s ecological significance.

Significance of Ramsar Recognition:

• Inclusion in the Ramsar list signifies the global importance of these wetlands for biodiversity conservation and human sustenance.
• The Ramsar Convention’s objective is to recognize, protect, and promote the wise use of wetlands, acknowledging their critical role in supporting life and maintaining ecological balance.

Collaborative Efforts and International Recognition:

• India’s collaborative efforts involving various national and international organizations contribute to this success.
• The Ramsar Convention’s Secretary General commended India’s dedication to wetland conservation during a meeting in Delhi.
• The international recognition of India’s wetlands underscores the importance of collective action in preserving the planet’s critical ecosystems.

Magadi Kere Conservation Reserve:

• It is a human-made wetland with an area of nearly 50 hectares which was constructed to store rainwater for irrigation purposes.
• It is home to over 166 species of birds, of which 130 are migratory. The wetland harbours two vulnerable species, namely Common pochard (Aythya ferina) and River tern (Sterna aurantia) and four near-threatened species, namely Oriental Darter (Anhinga melanogaster), Black-headed Ibis (Threskiornis melanocephalus), Woolly- necked Stork (Ciconia episcopus) and Painted Stork (Mycteria leucocephala).
• Nearly 8,000 birds visit the site during winter. Magadi Kere is also one of the largest wintering grounds for the Bar-headed goose (Anser indicus) in Southern India.
• The wetland is a designated Important Bird Area (IBA) and also listed as a priority area for conservation in India.

                 Panoramic view of Magadi Kere

Ankasamudra Bird Conservation Reserve:

• It is a humanmade Village Irrigation Tank built centuries back and is spread over an area of 98.76ha (244.04 acre) adjoining the Ankasamudra village.
• It is an ecologically important wetland, rich in biodiversity, comprising over 210 species of plants, 8 species of mammals, 25 species of reptiles, 240 species of birds, 41 species of fishes, 3 species of frogs, 27 species of butterflies and 32 species of odonates.
• Over 30’000 waterbirds nest and roost at this wetland, which also supports more than 1% of the biogeographic population of Painted Stork (Mycteria leucocephala) and Black-headed Ibis (Threskiornis melanocephalus).

        A view of Ankasamudra Bird CR Checkered keelback at Ankasamudra

Aghanashini Estuary:

• It is spread over an area of 4801 ha, is formed at the confluence of Aghanashini River with the Arabian sea.
• The brackish water of the Estuary provides diverse ecosystem services including flood and erosion risk mitigation, biodiversity conservation and livelihood support.
• The wetland also provides livelihoods to 6000-7500 families by supporting fishing, agriculture, collection of edible bivalves and crabs, shrimp aquaculture, traditional fish farming in the estuarine rice fields (locally known as Gazni rice fields), bivalve shell collection and salt production.
• Additionally, the mangroves bordering the estuary help to protect the shores against storms and cyclones.
• The estuary regularly supports over 43,000 counts of over 66 waterbird species and over 1% of the biogeographic population of 15 waterbird species (which includes river tern, oriental darter, lesser black-backed gull, woolly- necked stork, Eurasian oystercatcher and others).

                        Aghanashini estuary with mangroves blending

Karaivetti Bird Sanctuary:

• Spanning 453.72 ha is one of the largest inland wetlands of Tamil Nadu and is a significant source of groundwater recharge for the area.
• Water from the wetland is utilized by the villagers for cultivating agricultural crops such as paddy, sugar cane, cotton, corn, and split red gram.
• Karaivetti has one of the largest congregations of waterbirds in the State of Tamil Nadu.
• About 198 species of birds have been recorded here; some of the important visitors being the Bar headed Goose, Pin-tailed duck, Garganey, Northern Shoveler, Common Pochard, Eurasian Wigeon, Common teal and Cotton teal.

             Karaivetti Wetland

Longwood Shola Reserve Forest from Tamil Nadu:

• It derives its name from the Tamil word, “Solai”, which means a ‘tropical rain forest’.
• The ‘Sholas’ are found in the upper reaches of the Nilgiris, Anamalais, Palni hills, Kalakadu, Mundanthurai and Kanyakumari in Tamil Nadu.
• These forested wetlands serve as habitats for the globally endangered Black-chinned Nilgiri Laughing thrush (Strophocincla cachinnans), Nilgiri Blue Robin (Myiomela major), and vulnerable Nilgiri Wood-pigeon (Columba elphinstonii).
• As many as 14 out of 26 endemic birds species of the Western Ghats are found in these wetlands.

Ramsar Sites:

• Any wetland site which has been listed under the Ramsar Convention that aims to conserve it and promote sustainable use of its natural resources is called a Ramsar Site.
• Ramsar Convention is known as the Convention of Wetlands.
• It was established in 1971 by UNESCO and came into force in 1975.
• India is a party to the Ramsar Convention. India signed under it on 1st February 1982.
• The Ramsar Convention works closely with six organizations known as International Organization Partners(IOPs). These are:
  • Birdlife International
  • International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
  • International Water Management Institute (IWMI)
  • Wetlands International
  • World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)
  • International Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust (WWT)

Conclusion:

• The inclusion of these five wetlands in the Ramsar list signifies a significant accomplishment for India in the realm of environmental conservation.
• As the country continues to prioritize the protection of wetlands, this achievement reinforces its commitment to global biodiversity goals.
• The recognition of these wetlands as internationally important ecosystems adds another chapter to India’s environmental stewardship and serves as an inspiration for sustained efforts towards ecological preservation.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/five-more-indian-wetlands-added-to-ramsar-list/article67795594.ece

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Recently, researchers from various national and international organizations have identified a new species of burrowing frog in the bustling urban landscape of Bengaluru named ‘Sphaerotheca Varshaabhu’.

EXPLANATION:

• This amphibian exhibits unique characteristics, challenging conventional notions about where new species can be found.
• The discovery sheds light on the resilience of wildlife in unexpected urban ecosystems.

Discovery and Significance:

• The lead researcher stumbled upon ‘Sphaerotheca Varshaabhu’ during a routine biodiversity survey within Bengaluru city.
• The findings are considered a significant milestone in biodiversity research, emphasizing the remarkable adaptability of species to urban environments.
• Associate Professor at Jain University describes the discovery as a testament to the need for continued exploration of urban ecosystems and the preservation of biodiversity amidst human-dominated landscapes.

Distinctive Attributes and Behavior:

• ‘Sphaerotheca Varshaabhu’ gets its name from its behavior of emerging from burrows during the early showers, signifying a genus of frog that welcomes rain.
• The newly discovered amphibian exhibits distinct physical attributes and behaviors that set it apart from known frog species.
• Researchers highlight its ability to navigate the challenges posed by urbanization, showcasing the unexpected ways in which wildlife adapts to city life.

Research Methodology:

• The research team employed a comprehensive approach, utilizing advanced genetic analysis, morphological studies, and bioacoustics to confirm the distinctiveness of the newly discovered frog species.
• This interdisciplinary methodology underscores the collaborative efforts of institutions such as Mount Carmel College, Zoological Survey of India (ZSI), JAIN University, Institute of Systematics, Evolution, Biodiversity (ISYEB), and international partners like Sorbonne University, Paris, and Nanjing Forestry University, China.

Urban Ecosystem Resilience:

• The discovery challenges preconceptions about the limits of urban biodiversity, as the frog was found thriving in the heart of Bengaluru city.
• The ability of ‘Sphaerotheca Varshaabhu’ to adapt to its urban surroundings highlights the importance of preserving biodiversity in areas heavily impacted by human activities.
• The study contributes valuable insights into the adaptability of species within urban ecosystems.

Scientific Publication and Collaborations:

• The findings of this groundbreaking discovery have been published in the peer-reviewed scientific journal Zootaxa.
• The multi-institutional collaborations involved in this research include Mount Carmel College, Bengaluru, Zoological Survey of India (ZSI), JAIN University, Sorbonne University, Paris, and Nanjing Forestry University, among others.
• This collaborative effort signifies the global nature of scientific research and the importance of pooling resources for comprehensive studies.

Conclusion:

• ‘Sphaerotheca Varshaabhu’ represents not only a new addition to the biodiversity of Bengaluru but also exemplifies the resilience and adaptability of wildlife in unexpected urban environments.
• The discovery underscores the need for ongoing exploration of urban ecosystems and the imperative to conserve biodiversity amidst the challenges of urbanization.
• It adds a significant chapter to the scientific understanding of species diversity in diverse landscapes, contributing to the global repository of knowledge in the field of biology.

SOURCE: https://www.deccanherald.com/environment/wildlife/new-species-of-burrowing-frog-named-sphaerotheca-varshaabhu-discovered-in-bengaluru-2873389  

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: A recent study by Chennai Rains sheds light on how the recovery of sea otter populations is not just a conservation success story but also a crucial factor in preventing coastal erosion and restoring the delicate balance of the local ecosystem.

EXPLANATION:

• Sea otters, once on the brink of extinction due to hunting for their prized pelts in the 18th and 19th centuries, are making a remarkable comeback.
• Sea otters, known for their incredibly soft pelts, faced near-extinction as European settlers relentlessly hunted them.
• The demand for their fur led to a significant population decline, pushing them to the verge of extinction.
• However, international treaties and conservation acts, such as the Fur Seal Treaty of 1911 and the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972, paved the way for their protection.
• Since the implementation of conservation measures, sea otter populations have rebounded, showcasing a rare success story for a top predator species.
• Their numbers have steadily grown and expanded, defying the odds faced by many other species.
• The research emphasizes how targeted conservation efforts can have a cascading effect on restoring and preserving entire ecosystems.

Sea Otters as Coastal Guardians:

• The study reveals an unexpected role played by sea otters in preventing coastal erosion.
• As sea otter populations recover, they are venturing into new habitats, particularly the salt marshes along the central California coast.
• In these marshes, sea otters are preying on burrowing crabs that, in the absence of their main predator, had been destabilizing the marsh banks, leading to coastal erosion.
• Sea otters’ voracious appetite for these crabs has significantly slowed down erosion, showcasing their unintentional but vital role in ecosystem protection.

Impact on Salt Marshes and Coastal Protection:

• Sea otters’ presence in salt marshes not only addresses the erosion issue but also highlights their adaptability to diverse habitats.
• Unlike the riskier kelp forests where otters had traditionally dwelled, salt marshes provide a more protective environment for hunting.
• This adaptability not only aids in coastal protection but also contributes to the overall resilience of ecosystems.

Long-Term Solutions and Ecosystem Resilience:

• While the conservation of sea otter populations is hailed as a temporary solution to coastal erosion, the study emphasizes the need for addressing broader threats like sea level rise, pollution, and hydrological changes for long-term impact.
• The results of the research underscore the remarkable resilience of ecosystems despite facing various stressors.

Predictions for the Future:

• The researchers hypothesize that sea otters, now reclaiming habitats they may have historically inhabited, could further expand their range.
• Predictions suggest that San Francisco Bay, historically home to a substantial sea otter population, could potentially support a thriving community if the current growth trajectory continues.

Sea Otter:

• There is only one species of otter which is fully aquatic — Enhydra lutris. This is the species known as the sea otter.
• Enhydra lutris has three subspecies that live in geographically separate populations:
  • Enhydra lutris nereis — Southern sea otter or “California” sea otter; ranges in California from San Mateo County in the north to near Santa Barbara County in the south
  • Enhydra lutris kenyoni — northern sea otter; found along the coast of Alaska and Washington
  • Enhydra lutris lutris — Russian sea otters; found in the Pacific ocean off the coasts of Russia and Japan
• It is the largest member of the weasel family, they can grow to be nearly 5 feet long and weigh almost 100 pounds.
• They spend nearly their entire life in the ocean in the temperate coastal waters on the Pacific Coast and have a close relationship with kelp forest habitats along the North American coast.
• Sea otters feed almost exclusively on marine invertebrates such as sea urchins, clams, mussels, and crabs.
• Since shelled prey like this can be difficult to eat, sea otters have devised a special way to break open their meal.
• Otters will dive down to collect a rock which they then strike their prey with repeatedly until it opens.
• Their special taste for sea urchins means that sea otters serve an important ecosystem role in regulating sea urchin populations and preventing overgrazing on giant kelp.
• This in turn helps kelp forests flourish, making sea otters a “keystone species” in the ecosystems where they live.
• Conservation status:
  • IUCN: Endangered

Conclusion:

• Sea otters’ resurgence not only symbolizes a triumph of conservation but also unveils their unintended yet crucial role in coastal protection.
• As these marine mammals play the role of guardians against erosion, the study emphasizes the interconnectedness of species and ecosystems, highlighting the need for continued conservation efforts to ensure the sustained health of our planet’s diverse habitats.

SOURCE: https://abcnews.go.com/US/sea-otters-hunted-extinction-preventing-coastal-erosion-populations/story?id=106805036