TAG: GS 1: SOCIETY, GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: Australia is currently in the process of deliberating a groundbreaking “right to disconnect” bill that aims to regulate employers’ ability to contact their employees outside of official working hours.

EXPLANATION:

• This move reflects the changing dynamics of the modern workplace, where technological advancements have blurred the lines between professional and personal life.
• This analysis explores the key aspects of the proposed legislation, global precedents, criticisms, and the potential impact on the work-life balance paradigm.

The ‘Right to Disconnect’ Concept:

• The concept stems from the recognition that the advent of technology, especially with the ability to work remotely, has eroded traditional boundaries of working hours.
• The bill aims to address the challenges posed by the constant connectivity, emphasizing the need to protect employees from being penalized for not being available 24/7.

Australia’s Legislative Move:

• Australia’s proposed legislation is part of broader industrial relations laws known as the Fair Work Legislation Amendment (Closing Loopholes No. 2) Bill, 2023.
• The key provision states that an employee can refuse to engage with employer communication outside of their working hours, with the caveat that such refusal must not be deemed unreasonable.

Defining ‘Unreasonable’ Contact:

• The bill introduces the concept of ‘unreasonable’ contact, acknowledging that certain professions may require occasional after-hours communication.
• Factors determining reasonableness include compensation for overtime, the purpose of contact, and the disruption caused to the employee.
• Disputes are to be initially resolved through workplace discussions and, if necessary, escalated to the Fair Work Commission.

Criticism and Concerns:

• Notably, critics, including Australia’s chambers of commerce, argue that such legislation might impede businesses and create hurdles for economic growth.
• Concerns have been raised about potential impacts on women’s participation in the workforce, suggesting that rigid regulations could discourage flexible working arrangements, particularly for parents.

Global Precedents:

• France, Italy, and Belgium have already implemented the ‘right to disconnect.’
• France, for instance, mandated companies with over 50 employees to establish guidelines prohibiting work-related emails during certain hours.
• The global discussion on this right has also reached India, where a Private Member’s Bill in 2018 proposed the creation of Employees’ Welfare Committees to negotiate terms related to out-of-work hours.

Alternatives and Cultural Shifts:

• While the right to disconnect has faced criticisms, some argue that a cultural shift toward flexible working arrangements and increased autonomy for knowledge workers may be a more effective approach.
• This perspective suggests that fostering trust between employers and employees and promoting a balanced work-life environment could address overwork more directly.

Conclusion:

• Australia’s ‘right to disconnect’ legislation represents a significant step in redefining the dynamics of work in the digital age.
• As countries grapple with the challenges of remote work, this legislation raises questions about finding the right balance between protecting employees’ well-being and supporting economic growth.
• The global context, with examples from Europe and India, adds depth to the ongoing discussion, emphasizing the need for nuanced approaches that consider both business demands and the evolving expectations of the workforce.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-global/pm-modi-inaugurate-baps-temple-in-uae-features-9159741/

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: A clause in a draft free trade agreement text being negotiated between India and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) — Switzerland, Iceland, Lichtenstein and Norway — could delay access to affordable, generic versions of patented drugs in India by a minimum of six years.

EXPLANATION:

• The ongoing negotiations between India and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) – Switzerland, Iceland, Lichtenstein, and Norway – for the Trade and Economic Partnership Agreement (TEPA) have unveiled a potentially thorny clause.
• This clause, related to data exclusivity, could significantly impact India’s thriving generic drug industry, delaying access to affordable alternatives for patented drugs.

Data Exclusivity Clause: A Potential Setback for Generic Drugs

• The leaked draft of TEPA reveals a clause that could extend the exclusivity period for pharmaceutical companies seeking regulatory approval for patented drugs.
• The specific duration mentioned is six years, during which applicants would be restricted from relying on “undisclosed test data.”
• This provision encompasses not only ‘new’ chemical drugs but also ‘biologics drugs,’ such as monoclonal antibodies and vaccine formulations, posing a significant challenge for Indian biotechnology companies.

Concerns Raised by Experts and Organizations:

• The revelation of this clause has raised concerns among experts and organizations working in the pharmaceutical sector.
• Notable among them is the potential delay in access to essential drugs like bedaquiline for tuberculosis patients.
• Legal researchers and organizations, including Medicine Sans Frontiers, have voiced their apprehensions, emphasizing the adverse impact on public health and access to medicines.

India’s Resistance to Monopoly Rights:

• India, with its thriving generics drug industry, has a history of resisting attempts by foreign pharmaceutical companies to extend monopoly rights over patented drugs.
• The generic drug industry in India ranked as the third largest globally.
• It plays a crucial role in producing over 60,000 generic drugs across various therapeutic categories.
• It contributes significantly to the Jan Aushadhi Scheme that provides free drugs to the economically disadvantaged.

Global Negotiations and Intellectual Property Rights (IPR):

• Recent negotiations between India and EFTA have included discussions on balancing concerns related to intellectual property rights.
• Swiss Economy Minister mentioned “balanced solutions” in a recent statement, emphasizing the significance of IPR in the negotiations.
• The details of these solutions remain undisclosed, raising curiosity about how the interests of both parties will be reconciled.

Data Exclusivity Impact on Drug Accessibility:

• The concept of ‘data exclusivity’ is a contentious issue, especially between original drug inventors, often European pharmaceutical giants, and Indian drug manufacturers specializing in reverse engineering.
• Data exclusivity could limit generic drug makers from relying on published clinical trial data.
• It is potentially leading to increased drug prices and delayed availability of generic versions, as witnessed in the case of Colchicine in the United States.

Global Ramifications and Public Health Concerns:

• Experts warn that implementing data exclusivity in India could have broader global ramifications.
• Over the last two decades, India’s absence of data exclusivity in its laws facilitated the affordable entry of new drugs for HIV, tuberculosis, and viral hepatitis.
• Implementing such provisions now may jeopardize access to essential drugs globally, potentially delaying approval for generic versions of crucial medicines.

European Free Trade Association (EFTA):

• It is an intergovernmental organization established in 1960 by the Stockholm Convention.
• It promotes free trade and economic integration between its members within Europe and globally.
• EFTA currently has 4 member countries: Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland.
• The EFTA countries have developed one of the largest networks of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs).
• These FTAs span over 60 countries and territories, including the European Union (EU).
• In contrast to the EU, EFTA is not a customs union. This means that the individual EFTA States are free to set their own customs tariffs and arrange other foreign trade measures vis-à-vis the non-EFTA States.

Conclusion:

• As the negotiations between India and EFTA progress, the data exclusivity clause emerges as a critical point of contention.
• Balancing the interests of the pharmaceutical industry, public health, and global access to essential medicines is crucial.
• The potential impact on India’s generic drug industry raises questions about the delicate equilibrium between promoting innovation and ensuring affordable healthcare solutions for a diverse and economically varied population.
• The final agreement’s details will be closely watched for the resolution of these complex issues.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/thorny-clause-in-ripening-india-efta-deal-may-hit-generic-drug-industry/article67842146.ece

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Mizoram, in collaboration with the Sailam Ecological Conservation Society, has successfully concluded the Chapchar Awllen Sava Chhiarpui 2024 (CASC2024).

EXPLANATION:

• It marked the fourth consecutive year of this bird census.
• The effort was aimed at documenting and preserving the diverse avian species within the region.

Census Highlights:

• The closing ceremony, held at the Sailam Bird Sanctuary, celebrated the tallying and documentation of approximately 200 bird species across various locations in Mizoram.
• Bird counting, conducted from early morning till noon, showcased a remarkable array of species, including the Spot-breasted Laughingthrush, Grey Peacock Pheasant, Mount Victoria Babax, Chin Hills Wren Babbler, Green Cochoa, Himalayan Shrike Babbler, and Oriental Darter.
• The census extended beyond Sailam Bird Sanctuary, encompassing Mount Phawngpui, Mount Chalrang Hill, the Kolasib district wetlands, Lawngtlai, and Pawlrang.
• These diverse locations allowed for a comprehensive understanding of the avian population across Mizoram.

Threats to Sailam Bird Sanctuary:

• Despite its significance as a hub for various bird species, Sailam Bird Sanctuary faces threats from rapid urbanization and population growth.
• The sanctuary, which has documented over 270 bird species in the past, now requires focused conservation efforts to safeguard its unique biodiversity.

Awareness Campaign and Conservation Efforts:

• As part of the initiative, an awareness campaign about biodiversity conservation was launched, reflecting the commitment to educating the public about the importance of preserving Mizoram’s rich natural heritage.
• The event saw the participation of over 50 attendees, with Sailam MLA Baryl Vanneihsangi as the chief guest.

Ongoing Conservation Initiatives:

• Efforts to protect Mizoram’s unique biodiversity are ongoing, with a specific focus on Sailam Bird Sanctuary.
• The documented threat to this sanctuary underscores the urgency of implementing effective conservation strategies, balancing the need for urban development with the preservation of natural habitats.

International Participation:

• The involvement of Mizoram in international platforms, such as the United Nations Environment Programme and the International Conference on Animal Sciences, showcases a commitment to global cooperation in addressing ecological challenges.
• The participation of ornithologists from various regions reflects the global appeal of Sailam as a destination for bird enthusiasts.

Sailam Bird Sanctuary:

• Sailam Bird Sanctuary is a hotspot for different species of birds located in Sailam village, about 76 kilometers from Aizawl, Mizoram.
• It is remotely snuggled inside a virgin forest and is home to over 270 species of birds.
• Some of the notable species that can be found here are Spot-breasted Laughingthrush, Grey Peacock Pheasant, Mount Victoria Babax, Chin Hills Wren Babbler, Green Cochoa, Himalayan Shrike Babbler, and Oriental Darter.
• The sanctuary is facing threats from rapid urbanization and population growth.
• However, efforts are being made to protect its unique biodiversity.

Conclusion:

• The successful conclusion of the Mizoram Bird Census not only highlights the rich avian diversity within the region but also underscores the need for sustained conservation efforts. As Mizoram strives to balance development with environmental preservation, initiatives like CASC2024 play a crucial role in creating awareness, fostering international collaboration, and ensuring the continued survival of the region’s unique flora and fauna.

SOURCE: https://www.indiatodayne.in/amp/mizoram/story/mizoram-successfully-concludes-bird-census-200-bird-species-tallied-and-documented-869932-2024-02-12

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: The Supreme Court of India, in a recent decision, dismissed a petition challenging the appointment of Deputy Chief Ministers in states.

EXPLANATION:

• The three-judge Bench, led by Chief Justice of India, provided a comprehensive rationale for their decision, emphasizing the constitutionality of such appointments.

Constitutionality of Deputy Chief Ministers

• Chief Justice opined that the appointment of Deputy Chief Ministers does not violate the Constitution.
• He argued that these officials are fundamentally Members of Legislative Assemblies (MLAs) and hold ministerial positions in state governments.
• The nomenclature, according to the Chief Justice, is secondary to their roles and responsibilities.
• The Chief Justice highlighted that Deputy Chief Ministers are essentially ministers in the state government.
• He emphasized that, within a specified period, a person holding the position of Deputy Chief Minister must also be an MLA.
• This requirement, he noted, ensures that the appointments align with constitutional provisions.

Equality and Discrimination Concerns

• Despite the dismissal of the petition, the petitioner, Public Political Party, contended that the appointments of Deputy Chief Ministers were influenced by religious and sectarian considerations.
• The argument posited that such appointments contravene Article 14 (right to equality) and the principles outlined in Article 15, which prohibit discrimination based on religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth.

Court’s Response to Discrimination Allegations

• Chief Justice, in his observations, dismissed the petitioner’s claims of religious and sectarian motivations behind Deputy Chief Minister appointments.
• The court asserted that the appointments did not violate the right to equality and non-discrimination principles enshrined in the Constitution.

Equality in Salary and Status

• Addressing concerns about preferential treatment, the Chief Justice highlighted that Deputy Chief Ministers do not receive a higher salary compared to other ministers.
• He emphasized that their status is akin to any other minister in the state government, possibly with additional seniority but without any constitutional breach.
• Ultimately, the Supreme Court found the petition lacking in substance and dismissed it.
• The decision reinforces the constitutionality of appointing Deputy Chief Ministers, emphasizing their role as legislators and state government ministers.
• The court’s rejection of discrimination claims underscores the need for concrete evidence to challenge such appointments on constitutional grounds.

Deputy Chief Minister

• The post of Deputy Chief Minister in India is not a constitutional one, but a political arrangement to appease allies or factions within a party.
• The Deputy CM is equivalent to a Cabinet Minister in terms of rank and perks but does not have any specific financial or administrative powers.
• The Deputy CM has to report to the Chief Minister and seek his or her approval for any decision related to his or her portfolio.
• The Deputy CM does not have access to the files or matters that are meant for the Chief Minister.
• The appointment and removal of a deputy chief minister is entirely at the discretion of the chief minister.
• The chief minister may appoint more than one deputy chief minister, as is the case in some states like Uttar Pradesh.
• The chief minister may also reshuffle or drop a deputy chief minister at any time, as per their political calculations.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-finds-states-do-not-violate-constitution-in-appointment-of-deputy-chief-ministers/article67837409.ece

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: In a groundbreaking revelation, scientists have shared new insights into a colossal black hole located 53 million light-years away.

EXPLANATION:

• This celestial giant was first captured by the Earth-wide Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) in 2017, marking a historic moment in astrophysics.
• It provided the first visual evidence of the existence of black holes, a phenomenon predicted by Einstein’s general relativity.

• The initial image from the EHT in 2017 showcased the black hole’s ‘shadow,’ a consequence of the gravitational effects near its event horizon.
• This shadow not only confirmed the presence of the black hole but also aligned with the predictions of general relativity regarding its mass, size, and shape.

Enhancements in Telescope Capabilities

• In a recent paper published on January 18, 2024, EHT scientists revealed that subsequent observations, conducted after improving the telescope’s coverage and resolution, reaffirmed the earlier findings.
• The upgrades included increasing data-recording rates, enhancing spatial tracking capabilities, and incorporating the Greenland Telescope into the EHT array, which improved resolution in the north-south direction.

The Global Telescope Network

• The EHT is not a single telescope but a global collaboration of radio telescopes, utilizing very-long baseline interferometry.
• This technique involves correlating data from multiple telescopes worldwide to study a common celestial object.
• The maximum distance between these telescopes defines the network’s resolution.

Insights from Data Correlation

• During the 2018 observation campaign, nine EHT stations collected data over six days, utilizing four frequencies.
• Correlating these datasets revealed significant changes in the closure phase, providing insights into the dynamic configuration or structure of the black hole.

Simulation Models and Gravitational Lensing

• To understand the intricate dynamics near the event horizon, scientists employed general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) simulations.
• These simulations helped create models of the black hole, incorporating gravitational lensing effects predicted by Einstein’s theory of general relativity.

Confirmation of Lensing Effects

• The findings confirmed the presence of an asymmetric ring structure approximately 42 microarcseconds wide, akin to observing a grain of sand from 25 km away.
• This observation matched predictions for a shadow formed by lensed emission around a rotating black hole with a mass of approximately 6.5 billion times that of the Sun.

Shifts in Accretion Disk and Jet

• Observations of the M87 galaxy, housing the black hole, revealed a prominent jet of high-energy particles extending from the black hole into space.
• Shifts in the accretion disk and jet between 2017 and 2018 suggested changes in position or orientation, potentially linked to the black hole’s spin and its magnetic field structure.

Ongoing and Future Endeavors

• The EHT collaboration plans to continue its exploration, with a future ‘movie project’ in 2026 aiming to track the black hole over a month or two.
• This ongoing effort highlights the dedication to understanding the hidden physics governing the relationship between the accretion disk, the jet, and the magnetic environment around the black hole.

Black Hole:

• Black holes are points in space that are so dense they create deep gravity sinks. Beyond a certain region, not even light can escape the powerful tug of a black hole’s gravity.
• In other words, Black holes are regions in space where an enormous amount of mass is packed into a tiny volume.

Conclusion

• The recent findings not only reaffirm the features of the black hole reported in 2019 but also showcase the continuous improvement in observational techniques.
• The EHT’s ability to measure the ring’s diameter more accurately suggests advancements in image-based techniques, bridging the gap with direct modeling methods.
• As humanity delves deeper into the cosmos, these revelations open new avenues for understanding the enigmatic nature of black holes and the universe at large.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/earth-wide-telescope-confirms-black-hole-shadow-is-real/article67828171.ece

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The inaugural UN expert assessment by the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) unveils alarming threats to migratory species globally. The report underscores the perilous situation faced by these species due to human-induced factors, including pollution, invasive species, and climate change.

EXPLANATION:

• The first-ever State of the World’s Migratory Species report was launched by the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS), a UN biodiversity treaty.
• It was launched during the opening of the CMS COP14 wildlife conservation conference in Samarkand on February 12, 2024123.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE REPORT:

• Extent of Threats:
  • Over 20% of migratory species under international protection, as outlined by the CMS, are on the brink of extinction.
  • This includes a concerning trend among nomadic fish, with nearly all facing threats to their survival.
  • The assessment, covering 1,189 CMS-listed species, reveals that 44% are experiencing population declines, attributed to habitat loss and overexploitation.
• High Extinction Risk for Key Species:
  • Of particular concern is the stark reality that 97% of sharks, rays, and sturgeons on the CMS list are at a high risk of extinction, with their populations declining by a staggering 90% since the 1970s.
  • Iconic species like gorillas and nearly half of all turtles covered by the convention also face the imminent threat of disappearing.
• Dramatic Migratory Journeys at Risk:
  • The report highlights the remarkable migratory journeys undertaken by wildlife, from wildebeest in the Serengeti to Pacific salmon in the US.
  • Yet even these awe-inspiring journeys are jeopardized, with species like bar-tailed godwits, straw-coloured fruit bats, and the critically endangered European eel experiencing declines.
• Global Summit and Urgent Conservation Measures:
  • Governments are convening for a summit in Uzbekistan to address the protection of migratory species.
  • The report’s executive secretary emphasizes the urgency of the situation, pointing out that 44% of listed species are in decline globally.
  • Conservation efforts are recommended, focusing on minimizing human infrastructure along migration routes and understanding and protecting critical areas for migrations.
• Drivers of Decline:
  • The assessment identifies key drivers of environmental change as threats to migratory species, including habitat destruction through agriculture, urban sprawl, and infrastructure development.
  • Ecosystem integrity, essential for breeding, feeding, and travel, is compromised when vital sites are inaccessible or disappear.
• Conservation Opportunities:
  • While the report signals a cause for alarm, it also emphasizes that governments can take action to reverse the trend.
  • Concrete conservation measures include minimizing human impact on migration paths and understanding and safeguarding crucial areas.
  • The report identifies 399 threatened migratory species not currently listed under the convention, indicating the need for broader international coordination.
• Call to Action:
  • UN Environment Chief emphasizes the global community’s responsibility to translate scientific findings into concrete conservation actions.
  • The urgency of addressing the drivers of environmental change, such as habitat destruction and urban sprawl, is underscored.
  • With 70 listed species, including the steppe eagle and wild camel, experiencing population decreases over the past 30 years, immediate action is imperative.

Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS):

• CMS is also known as the Bonn Convention. It is the only convention that deals with taking or harvesting of species from the wild.
• It currently protects 173 migratory species from across the globe.
• The Convention came into force on November 1, 1983. The Secretariat that administers the Convention was established in 1984.
• Species Covered: Convention has two Appendices:
• Appendix I lists migratory species that are endangered or threatened with extinction.
• Appendix II lists migratory species which have an unfavourable conservation status and which require international agreements for their conservation and management.

SOURCE: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/feb/12/from-turtles-to-fruit-bats-migratory-species-increasingly-under-threat-says-un

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Odisha, known for its rich biodiversity, has officially designated the Gupteswar Forest as the fourth Biodiversity Heritage Site (BHS) in the state.

EXPLANATION:

• This significant declaration, backed by a government notification, recognizes the area’s ecological importance and aims to enhance conservation efforts.
• It is situated adjacent to the Gupteswar Shiva temple in Koraput district.
• The Gupteswar Forest spans 350 hectares of demarcated land.
• The region is not only revered for its sacred groves, integral to local worship practices, but also for its diverse flora and fauna.
• A comprehensive biodiversity survey conducted by the Odisha Biodiversity Board has revealed an impressive array of fauna in the Gupteswar Forest.
• The site hosts at least 608 faunal species, including 28 mammals, 188 birds, 18 amphibians, 48 reptiles, 45 fishes, 141 butterflies, 43 moths, 41 odonates, 30 spiders, six scorpion species, and 20 lower invertebrates.
• Noteworthy faunal species documented include the mugger crocodile, kanger valley rock gecko, sacred Grove Bush Frog, and diverse avifauna such as black baza, Jerdon’s baza, Malabar trogon, common hill myna, white-bellied woodpecker, and banded bay cuckoo.
• The limestone caves within Gupteswar are a habitat for eight bat species, with two, Hipposideros galeritus and Rhinolophus rouxii, classified as near-threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.
• The Gupteswar Biodiversity Heritage Site boasts a rich floral diversity, encompassing 182 tree species, 76 shrub species, 177 herb species, 69 climbers, 14 orchid species, and threatened medicinal plants like the Indian trumpet tree, Indian snakeroot, Cumbi gum tree, Garlic pear tree, Chinese fever vine, Rohituka tree, Jodpakli, Indian jointfir, and several wild crop relatives of ginger and turmeric.

Micro-organisms and Conservation:

• Beyond plants and animals, the site also harbors agriculturally and industrially important micro-organisms, contributing to the overall biodiversity.
• The declaration of Gupteswar as a Biodiversity Heritage Site aims to strengthen cultural ties and ensure the conservation of this precious ecosystem.

Other Designated BHSs in Odisha:

• With the addition of Gupteswar, Odisha now boasts four Biodiversity Heritage Sites.
• The existing three are Mandasaru BHS in Kandhamala district, Mahendragiri BHS in Gajpati district, and Gandhamardan BHS in Bargarh and Bolangir districts.

Conservation Initiatives and Local Involvement:

• The state government, recognizing the significance of these sites, has tasked the Odisha Biodiversity Board with preparing a long-term conservation and development plan.
• This plan includes active participation from local communities.
• A sum of ₹35 lakh has been allocated for action plans and awareness-building activities in the localities surrounding these BHSs.

Economic Potential Through Eco-tourism:

• The declaration of Gupteswar as a BHS is not only a conservation milestone but also holds promise for local livelihoods.
• Nature lovers, intellectuals, and the local populace anticipate economic benefits through eco-tourism and the sustainable extraction of minor forest produce.

Acknowledgements and Conclusion:

• The achievement of declaring Gupteswar as a Biodiversity Heritage Site is credited to the biodiversity management committee of Haladikunda (Gupteswar) Gram Panchayat, along with the scientists and researchers of the Odisha Biodiversity Board.
• This significant step towards conservation aligns with global efforts to preserve biodiversity and promotes sustainable development in the region.

SOURCE: https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/travel/odisha-gupteswar-forest-declared-as-fourth-biodiversity-heritage-site-in-state-101707740395367.html

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The 14th Conference of Parties (COP14) of the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) commenced on February 12, 2024, in Samarkand, Uzbekistan.

EXPLANATION:

• It was led by the United Nations Environment Programme-World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UN-WCMC).
• The summit focuses on urgent actions for the protection and conservation of migratory species.

Terrestrial Species Proposals:

• Eurasian Lynx:
  • North Macedonia, along with Uzbekistan, Albania, and Bosnia and Herzegovina, proposed the inclusion of Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) in CMS Appendix II, and its subspecies Balkan lynx (Lynx lynx balcanicus) for Appendix I.
• Guanaco and Pallas’s Cat:
  • There are proposals to include guanaco (Lama guanicoe) and Pallas’s cat (Felis manul) in CMS Appendix II.
• Straw-Coloured Fruit Bat:
  • African nations including Ghana, Kenya, Cameroon, Uganda, and Rwanda, are advocating for the listing of the straw-coloured fruit bat (Eidolon helvum) under CMS Appendix II.

Migratory Aquatic Species Proposals:

• Hawksbill Turtle:
  • Southeast Asia and the western Pacific Ocean region have proposed a single species action plan (SSAP) for the Hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata).
• Atlantic Humpback Dolphin and Angelshark:
  • SSAP proposals are anticipated for the Atlantic humpback dolphin (Sousa teuzii) and angelshark (Squatina squatina) in the Mediterranean Sea.
• Amendments to Appendices:
  • Proposals for amending the appendices include species like Lahille’s bottlenose dolphin, harbour porpoise, sand tiger shark, blackchin guitarfish, bull ray, Lusitanian cownose ray, gilded catfish, and Laulao catfish or Piramuta.

Migratory Birds and Landbirds:

• Illegal Killing of Birds:
  • For the 962 migratory bird species listed in CMS, COP14 will deliberate on draft decisions to address the issue of illegal killing of birds.
• African-Eurasian Landbirds:
  • A revised programme of work for the region’s action plan will be discussed during the summit.

Technological Integration:

• Use of Modern Technologies:
  • Discussions will encompass proposals related to the use of modern technologies such as satellite imaging, climate models, and interactive bird atlas tools to prioritize and implement actions for species and their habitats.
• African-Eurasian Region Action Plan:
  • The event will introduce technological tools for the Action Plan for Migratory Landbirds in the African-Eurasian Region range.

Species-Specific Action Plans:

• Sooty Falcon:
  • A Single Species Action Plan (SSAP) for the sooty falcon (Falco concolor) for the period 2024-36 will be introduced.
• Christmas Island Frigatebird:
  • A SSAP for the threatened migratory shorebird, Christmas Island frigatebird (Fregata andrewsi), will also be presented.
• Great Bustard:
  • A new action plan for the great bustard (Otis tarda) is expected to be tabled for adoption.

Appendix Listings:

• Peruvian Pelican, Magellanic Plover, and Bearded Vulture:
  • Proposals for listing species such as Peruvian pelican (Pelecanus thagus), magellanic plover (Pluvianellus socialis), and bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus meridionalis) in CMS appendices will be discussed.
• Conservation Initiatives:
  • Species-specific plans for conservation and regional initiatives, including the Central Asian Mammal Initiative, will be presented.

Conservation Challenges and Urgency:

• Human Activities Impact:
  • CMS Executive Secretary emphasized that many species are facing decline due to human activities, with overexploitation emerging as a significant threat.
• Call for Urgent Action:
  • Head of UNEP-WCMC’s species program stressed the need for urgent actions to conserve and protect the approximately 1,200 listed CMS species and the additional 3,000 species lacking protections.

Conclusion:

• CMS COP14 brings together diverse proposals and initiatives, highlighting the global commitment to the conservation of migratory species across various ecosystems.
• The urgency emphasized by key stakeholders underscores the critical need for immediate and collaborative efforts to safeguard biodiversity.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/world/cms-cop14-expect-listing-of-new-species-action-plans-for-conservation-at-samarkand-summit-94407

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: February 12 marks Darwin Day, a global celebration commemorating the birth of the renowned naturalist Charles Darwin.

EXPLANATION:

• His groundbreaking work, “On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection,” laid the foundation for our understanding of evolution by natural selection.
• This day serves as an occasion for scientists to showcase advancements in evolutionary comprehension and promote public awareness of scientific principles.

Evolutionary Mechanisms: Genetic Diversity and Natural Selection

• Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace proposed that genetic diversity within a population facilitates adaptation to changing environments.
• This concept, known as natural selection, involves the increased survival and reproduction of individuals with advantageous genetic variations.
• Genetic diversity, a result of independent processes, enhances the likelihood of a population adapting to new environments.

Divergence and Biodiversity Over 3.5 Billion Years

• The process of evolution by divergence has operated for nearly 3.5 billion years on Earth, resulting in the breathtaking biodiversity seen in fossil records and the present-day living world.
• Understanding evolution has revealed that fundamental life mechanisms are consistent across diverse organisms, prompting collaborative global studies using model organisms like E. coli and Drosophila for efficient scientific discovery.

Genetic Information, Inheritance, and Human Applications

• Scientists have deciphered the patterns of genetic inheritance across organisms, leading to the discovery of DNA’s structure and function.
• This shared genetic information, copied with high fidelity, facilitates a deeper understanding of human physiology and diseases.
• The ability to produce human proteins, like insulin, in microorganisms has made medical treatments more accessible.

Genetic Variations and Human Evolution

• While DNA copying is highly accurate, occasional errors, occurring at a frequency of one in a million letters, introduce genetic variations.
• Human evolution, traced in detail, reveals divergence from a common ancestral great ape species.
• Multiple human species coexisted, as seen in interactions between modern humans and Neanderthals, emphasizing continuous genetic variation and adaptation over time.

Human Diversity: A Natural Phenomenon

• The continual generation of new genetic variations in humans contributes to unique individuality.
• This diversity implies equal status and rights for all individuals, transcending gender, locality, language, skin colour, and sexual orientation.
• Despite geographical divergence over the past 100,000 years, humans remain interconnected, challenging the natural process of genetic isolation.

Human Impact on Genetic Diversity and Conservation Challenges

• Human activities, particularly habitat degradation, are reducing genetic diversity among other living forms, posing challenges for conserving flora and fauna.
• As custodians of knowledge and skills, humans share and integrate information across time and space, fostering the resilience to survive various challenges.

Respecting Diversity: A Unifying Principle

• The intricate tapestry of human genetics, physiology, languages, histories, and cultures contributes to our collective knowledge.
• Acknowledging the invaluable contributions of diverse societies throughout history underscores the need to respect and celebrate diversity in all its forms.
• As we navigate a changing world, the lessons from Darwin Day remind us of our interconnectedness with the evolving, dynamic tapestry of life on Earth.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/this-quote-means-town-square-internet-global-village-9156294/

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: The recently concluded 17th Lok Sabha held 274 sittings, and four previous Lok Sabhas, all of which were dissolved before the stipulated five-year period, had fewer sittings.

EXPLANATION:

• We will look into more detailed analysis of parliament functioning in 17^th Lok Sabha.

Decrease in Annual Sitting Days:

• The 17th Lok Sabha, which recently concluded, exhibited a significant decrease in the average annual sitting days compared to its predecessor.
• While the first Lok Sabha, led by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, averaged 135 days, the 17th Lok Sabha sat for only 55 days on average in a year.

COVID-19 Pandemic Impact:

• The COVID-19 pandemic is identified as a contributing factor to the reduced sitting days, but it doesn’t explain the early adjournments of 11 out of the 15 sessions during the 17th Lok Sabha.
• The pandemic led to the cancellation of 40 scheduled sittings, with varying reasons cited for each cancellation.

Sessions and Sittings:

• The 17th Lok Sabha held a total of 274 sittings, but the cancellation of sessions raises concerns about the efficiency and continuity of parliamentary proceedings.

Absence of Deputy Speaker:

• Notably, the 17th Lok Sabha operated without a Deputy Speaker, a constitutionally mandated position according to Article 93 of the Constitution.
• The absence of this key position raises questions about the adherence to constitutional norms.

Speedy Passage of Bills:

• The Opposition has criticized the government for hastily passing Bills, often in the midst of chaos and without sufficient debate.
• The study indicates that 58% of Bills were passed within two weeks of their introduction.
• Notably, significant legislation like the J&K Reorganisation Bill, 2019, and the Women’s Reservation Bill, 2023, were passed within two days of introduction.

Limited Parliamentary Scrutiny:

• The study by PRS Legislative Research reveals that only 16% of Bills were referred to Standing Committees for parliamentary scrutiny.
• This is notably lower than the corresponding figures for the previous three Lok Sabhas, suggesting a potential lack of in-depth examination of proposed legislation.

Private Members’ Bills (PMB) and Resolutions:

• The 17th Lok Sabha saw an increase in the introduction of Private Members’ Bills (729 in total), surpassing all previous Lok Sabhas except the 16th.
• However, a mere two of these bills were discussed, signalling a significant bottleneck in the legislative process.
• In Rajya Sabha, 705 PMBs were introduced, with 14 discussions.
• However, the broader trend reveals that since 1970, no PMBs have been passed in both Houses.

Opposition Criticisms Validated:

• The statistical analysis seems to validate Opposition claims of bills being rushed through without adequate debate, with 35% of Bills passed with less than an hour of discussion in Lok Sabha and a similar figure (34%) in Rajya Sabha.

Legislative Efficiency and Democratic Processes:

• The findings raise concerns about the overall efficiency of the legislative process, the adherence to democratic norms, and the depth of parliamentary scrutiny exercised during the 17th Lok Sabha.
• Concludingly, the 17th Lok Sabha’s performance, marked by fewer sitting days, absence of a Deputy Speaker, speedy passage of bills, and limited parliamentary scrutiny, warrants a comprehensive review to ensure the effective functioning of the democratic institution.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/parliaments-average-annual-sitting-days-down-to-55-in-the-17th-lok-sabha-from-135-in-the-first/article67835468.ece/amp/

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The Lok Sabha this week passed the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Amendment Bill, 2024. The legislation, which was introduced and passed in the Rajya Sabha on February 5, makes important changes to the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974.

EXPLANATION:

Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Amendment Bill, 2024:

• It amends the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974.
  • The Act establishes the central and state pollution control boards (CPCB and SPCBs) to prevent and control water pollution.
• The Bill decriminalises several violations, and instead imposes penalties.
• It will initially apply to Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, and the union territories.  Other states may pass resolutions to extend its applicability to their state

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/what-are-the-changes-in-the-new-water-act/article67832268.ece

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: In a significant scientific breakthrough, researchers from the Kerala Forest Research Institute (KFRI), Botanical Survey of India, and the University of Hyderabad have unveiled a new fungus species named Trichoglossum syamviswanathii.

EXPLANATION:

• The discovery adds to the rich fungal diversity of the Western Ghats region, particularly Kerala.
• The fungus species is aptly named after the esteemed scientist and former director of KFRI, Syam Viswanath, acknowledging his substantial contributions to the field of forestry in India.
• Trichoglossum syamviswanathii was meticulously collected from the moist soil of the Bambusetum at the KFRI Field Research Centre in Palappilly, Thrissur.

Trichoglossum syamviswanathii

Diversity in Western Ghats:

• The Western Ghats region of Kerala is globally recognized for its abundant fungal diversity, including numerous endemic species.
• The discovery underscores the critical importance of continuous exploration and research in unveiling the diverse flora, fauna, and fungi within the Western Ghats ecosystem.

Genus Trichoglossum:

• Globally, the genus Trichoglossum is known to have 55 records as of December 2023.
• However, the diversity of Trichoglossum species in India is notably underrepresented.
• Trichoglossum colloquially known as “hairy earth tongues” fungus.
• It exhibits distinctive features, including club-shaped apothecia in dark shades of black or brown.

Saprotrophic Behaviour and Ecological Role:

• Trichoglossum species, displaying saprotrophic behaviour, contribute significantly to the decomposition of organic matter.
• They play a crucial role in breaking down dead plant material, aiding in the recycling of nutrients within forest ecosystems.
• The ecological factors influencing the morphology and distribution of these fungi highlight their intricate relationship with the environment.

Global Distribution and Biological Potentiality:

• Trichoglossum species are globally distributed in tropical and temperate forests across five continents.
• While exhibiting saprotrophic behaviour, they can also be found as endophytes in plant roots.
• Despite their ecological importance, the biological potentiality of Trichoglossum syamviswanathii remains largely unexplored.
• The need for further research to delve into the proximate analysis and biological attributes of this newly discovered species has been emphasized.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/scientists-discover-new-fungus-species-in-thrissur/article67826938.ece

TAG: GS 1: GEOGRAPHY

THE CONTEXT: Scientists from the University of Toronto have made a groundbreaking discovery, revealing that tectonic plates under the Pacific Ocean, primarily the Pacific plate, are undergoing significant tearing and deformation.

EXPLANATION:

• This new insight challenges previous understandings of plate dynamics and sheds light on a previously unknown aspect of Earth’s geology.

Understanding Earth’s Outer Shell:

• The Earth’s outer shell, known as the lithosphere, comprises rigid tectonic plates that float atop the semi-fluid asthenosphere.
• The movement of these plates plays a crucial role in shaping the planet’s surface features.
• The research team was surprised to find that large undersea faults, hundreds of kilometers long and thousands of meters deep, are scoring the Pacific plate.
• This phenomenon, previously thought to occur only in continental plate interiors, challenges existing geological paradigms.

In-depth Analysis of Deformation:

• The Pacific plate, covering the majority of the Pacific Ocean floor, moves westwards and descends into the Earth’s mantle along subduction zones from Japan to New Zealand and Australia.
• The researchers observed that as the plate’s western edge is pulled down into the mantle.
• The remaining portion experiences deformation, likened to a tablecloth being pulled from a table.

Plateaus’ Counterintuitive Weakness:

• Contrary to previous assumptions, the study found that sub-oceanic plateaus, including Ontong Java, Shatsky, Hess, and Manihiki, are weaker despite their thickness.
• The researchers utilized seismic data and advanced computer models, challenging the notion that thicker plateaus should be stronger.

Role of Supercomputing in the Study:

• To unravel these mysteries, the scientists employed a supercomputer to create a model based on existing data.
• This computational approach allowed for a more comprehensive understanding of the geological processes occurring beneath the Pacific Ocean.

Geographical Scope of the Study:

• The research focused on four plateaus in the western Pacific Ocean, covering an extensive area bordered by New Zealand, Hawaii, Japan, and Australia.
• This geographical scope provided a holistic view of the tectonic activities in the region.

Publication and Implications:

• The study’s findings, published in the journal Geophysical Research Letters, have profound implications for our understanding of Earth’s dynamic processes.
• The discovery challenges established theories and underscores the existence of radical mysteries in the planet’s evolution.
• The research from the University of Toronto reveals a previously unknown aspect of tectonic plate dynamics beneath the Pacific Ocean.
• The findings not only challenge existing geological models but also emphasize the need for continued exploration and investigation to unravel the complexities of our ever-evolving planet.

SOURCE: https://www.wionews.com/science/scientists-say-tectonic-plate-tearing-apart-under-pacific-ocean-from-japan-to-new-zealand-688973

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT, GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: The proposed 236-kilometer broad-gauge railway line connecting Nilambur in Kerala to Nanjangudi in Karnataka through Bandipur National Park has sparked controversy, with environmentalists expressing concerns about its potential ecological impact.

EXPLANATION:

• The project, aiming to enhance interstate connectivity and reduce travel time, has become a focal point for conservationists advocating for the preservation of the protected area.

Project Rationale and Environmental Concerns

• Interstate Connectivity vs. Ecological Impact
  • The Kerala government, the proponent of the project, underscores its potential to improve interstate connectivity and alleviate traffic congestion on National Highway-766.
  • However, the proposed railway line’s route through the ecologically sensitive Bandipur National Park has raised alarms among wildlife experts and conservationists.
  • The project’s perceived benefits in terms of connectivity and reduced travel distance are being weighed against the potential harm to wildlife habitats and the environment.
• Opposition from Environmentalists
  • Environmentalists argue that a 19.7-kilometer stretch of the existing National Highway-766 already traverses Bandipur National Park, and the railway line could exacerbate ecological disruptions.
  • Concerns are particularly focused on the potential lifting of the night traffic ban in Bandipur, a move that conservationists fear could lead to accidents and negatively impact wildlife.

Protests and Advocacy: ‘Save Bandipur’ Movement

• Unifying Environmental Advocacy
  • In response to the proposed railway project, environmentalists have coalesced under the banner ‘Save Bandipur.’
  • Over the last week, protests and awareness campaigns have been organized to highlight the potential adverse impacts on Bandipur and Nagarahole national parks.
  • The movement aims to bring attention to the ecological significance of these protected areas and garner public support for their preservation.
• Protests in Mysuru
  • A significant protest was staged in Mysuru on February 4, led by the Gandhada Gudi Foundation, urging authorities to safeguard Bandipur forest.
  • Demonstrators voiced their opposition to the railway line’s construction within the forest area, emphasizing the need for stringent measures to protect wildlife habitats.

Government Responses and Future Implications

• Government’s Stance and Forest Minister’s Assurance
  • Karnataka Forest Minister’s recent visit to Bandipur Tiger Reserve raised concerns about the potential lifting of the night traffic ban.
  • However, the minister assured that the ban would remain in place, prioritizing the preservation of wildlife and forests.
  • This assertion aligns with the government’s commitment to maintaining the ecological balance in the region.
• Political Perspectives and Karnataka’s Position
  • MP representing Mysuru-Kodagu in Parliament has urged the government to prioritize forest conservation efforts.
  • However, there is a disparity in perspectives between Kerala and Karnataka, with Karnataka forest authorities stating they have not been informed about the proposed projects.
  • The lack of communication raises questions about the coordination between the involved states in addressing ecological concerns.

Project Status and Future Developments

• Survey Initiatives and Lack of Information
  • Despite resistance and protests, the Kerala government has initiated a survey for the railway line’s construction, according to local reports.
  • However, the South Western Railway (SWR) for Mysuru claims to lack information about the project and any associated surveys.
  • The ambiguity surrounding the project’s status and the absence of a unified stance between the involved states raise questions about the transparency and collaborative decision-making process.
• Historical Approval and Current Relevance
  • The Planning Commission initially approved the project cost in 2010, envisioning a shortcut from Kerala to Bengaluru.
  • Despite the historical approval, concerns about ecological impact persist, and the current controversy surrounding the project reflects evolving environmental sensitivities.

Conclusion: Balancing Development and Conservation

• The proposed Nilambur-Nanjangud railway line through Bandipur National Park stands at the intersection of development aspirations and environmental conservation.
• As the ‘Save Bandipur’ movement gains momentum, the balancing act between improving interstate connectivity and preserving ecologically sensitive areas becomes paramount.
• The responses from both Kerala and Karnataka, the coordination between the states, and the government’s commitment to sustainable development will shape the future trajectory of this contentious railway project.
• The Nilambur-Nanjangud line exemplifies the ongoing challenges in achieving harmony between progress and the protection of invaluable natural ecosystems.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/environment/plan-for-nilambur-nanjangud-railway-line-through-bandipur-national-park-evokes-protests-over-ecological-impact-94373

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: The Indian Parliament recently achieved significant milestones by passing crucial bills aimed at expanding the Scheduled Tribes (ST) and Scheduled Castes (SC) lists in Jammu and Kashmir.

EXPLANATION:

• The move is a pivotal step towards addressing historical demands and enhancing social inclusivity in the region.
• The bills, including the Constitution (Jammu and Kashmir) Scheduled Tribes Order (Amendment) Bill, 2024, and the Constitution (Jammu and Kashmir) Scheduled Castes Order (Amendment) Bill, 2024, reflect a commitment to recognizing and empowering marginalized communities.

Expansion of Scheduled Tribes List: Addressing Long-standing Demands

• The Constitution (Jammu and Kashmir) Scheduled Tribes Order (Amendment) Bill, 2024, successfully cleared both houses of Parliament, ushering in a momentous change by adding four communities to the Scheduled Tribes list.
• The inclusion of Paddari, Pahari, Gadda Brahmin, and Koli communities responds to the protracted demands for ST status, demonstrating a commitment to redressing historical grievances.
• The Minister of Tribal Affairs underscored the significance of the bill, emphasizing its role in delivering justice to communities that have long sought ST status.
• Minister attributed the legislative progress to the abrogation of Article 370, highlighting how this constitutional change facilitated the enactment of laws addressing the aspirations of marginalized communities.

OBC Reservations in Local Bodies: A Step Towards Inclusive Governance

• Parallelly, the Jammu and Kashmir Local Bodies Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2024, received approval from the Upper House.
• This bill aims to introduce reservations for Other Backward Classes (OBCs) in panchayats and municipalities in Jammu and Kashmir.
• Minister of State for Home Affairs elaborated on the key amendments, emphasizing the provision for OBC reservations and the crucial role of the state election commission in conducting local body elections.
• Minister of State for Home Affairs reiterated the government’s commitment to the welfare of OBCs in the region.
• He highlighted the series of measures undertaken by the government, stating, “The government has taken several steps for the welfare of the OBCs in the Union territory, and this amendment is another step in that direction.”
• The move aligns with broader efforts to ensure inclusive governance and representation at the grassroots level.

Valmiki Community Inclusion in SC List: Broadening Access to Benefits

Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order (Amendment) Bill, 2024

• The Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order (Amendment) Bill, 2024, completes the legislative triad by adding the Valmiki community to the Scheduled Castes list.
• This strategic inclusion aims to extend the scope of benefits and schemes available to the Valmiki community, marking a significant stride towards social justice and empowerment.

Commitment to Weaker Sections

• The Minister for Social Justice and Empowerment reaffirmed the government’s commitment to uplift weaker sections of society.
• The tangible benefits that these communities would accrue through the passage of the bills has been highlighted.
• The government’s focus on strengthening the socio-economic fabric without succumbing to vote bank politics has also been emphasised.

Conclusion: A Transformative Legislative Landscape for Jammu and Kashmir

• The legislative approvals of bills related to Scheduled Tribes, Scheduled Castes, and Other Backward Classes underscore a transformative phase for Jammu and Kashmir.
• These decisions reflect a commitment to social justice, recognizing historical grievances, and fostering inclusivity.
• The inclusion of new communities in the ST list, OBC reservations in local bodies, and the Valmiki community’s addition to the SC list collectively contribute to a more equitable and representative governance structure.
• As Jammu and Kashmir witnesses these progressive legislative changes, it marks a significant step towards building a more inclusive and harmonious society.

SOURCE: https://news.abplive.com/news/india/parliament-clears-jammu-kashmir-bills-scheduled-tribes-scheduled-castes-lists-valmiki-obc-local-bodies-1663246

TAG: PRELIMS SPECIFIC

THE CONTEXT: In a significant announcement, Prime Minister revealed that three distinguished individuals – former Prime Ministers PV Narasimha Rao and Chaudhary Charan Singh, along with renowned agriculture scientist MS Swaminathan – are to be conferred with the Bharat Ratna, India’s highest civilian award.

EXPLANATION:

• This prestigious recognition underscores their exceptional contributions to the nation in diverse fields.
• The Centre had earlier announced the Bharat Ratna for Bharatiya Janata Party veteran Lal Krishna Advani and former Bihar chief minister Karpoori Thakur.

PV Narasimha Rao: Architect of Economic Reforms

• Legacy of Leadership
  • Prime Minister extolled the accomplishments of PV Narasimha Rao, highlighting his multifaceted legacy as a scholar and statesman.
  • Narasimha Rao’s extensive service to India, encompassing roles as Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, Union Minister, and a prominent Member of Parliament and Legislative Assembly, is acknowledged.
  • His visionary leadership, particularly during his tenure as Prime Minister, played a pivotal role in ushering in economic reforms that opened India to global markets.
• Economic Advancement and Global Integration
  • Underlining the transformative measures enacted during Narasimha Rao’s leadership, PM emphasized their instrumental role in making India economically advanced.
  • These reforms laid a robust foundation for the country’s prosperity and growth.
  • The former Prime Minister’s contributions extended beyond economic realms to India’s foreign policy, language, and education sectors, leaving an indelible mark on the nation’s cultural and intellectual heritage.

Chaudhary Charan Singh: Champion of Farmers’ Rights

• Incomparable Contribution to the Nation
  • PM expressed the government’s good fortune in honouring Chaudhary Charan Singh with the Bharat Ratna, dedicating this recognition to Singh’s unparalleled contribution to the nation.
  • He served as the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, Home Minister of the country, and as an MLA, devoted his life to championing the rights and welfare of farmers.
• Defender of Democracy
  • The tribute extended to Chaudhary Charan Singh encompasses his role as a staunch defender of democracy during challenging times, particularly the Emergency.
  • PM highlighted Singh’s steadfast commitment to nation-building and his unwavering support for farmers, emphasizing the enduring inspiration Singh’s legacy provides to the entire nation.

MS Swaminathan: Trailblazer in Agriculture

• Monumental Contributions to Agriculture
  • Prime Minister lauded the monumental contributions of Dr. MS Swaminathan to Indian agriculture and farmers’ welfare.
  • Recognizing Swaminathan’s pivotal role in achieving self-reliance in agriculture during challenging periods, PM emphasized his outstanding efforts towards modernizing Indian agriculture.
• Visionary Leadership and Food Security
  • Swaminathan’s visionary leadership not only transformed Indian agriculture but also ensured the nation’s food security and prosperity.
  • The Bharat Ratna is a testament to Swaminathan’s invaluable work as an innovator, mentor, and advocate for learning and research in the field of agriculture.

Conclusion: A Triumphant Acknowledgment of Excellence

• The announcement of Bharat Ratna for PV Narasimha Rao, Chaudhary Charan Singh, and MS Swaminathan signifies the recognition of their exceptional contributions that have left an indelible impact on India’s economic, political, and agricultural landscapes.
• This honour is not only a celebration of individual achievements but also a collective acknowledgment of their enduring legacies, each playing a crucial role in shaping the trajectory of the nation.
• As India bestows its highest civilian honour upon these visionaries, it reflects a triumphant acknowledgment of excellence and a commitment to preserving and promoting their impactful contributions for generations to come.

Bharat Ratna:

• Bharat Ratna is the highest civilian award of the country.
• It is awarded in recognition of exceptional service/performance of the highest order in any field of human endeavour.
• It is treated on a different footing from Padma Award.
• The recommendations for Bharat Ratna are made by the Prime Minister to the President of India.
• The number of Bharat Ratna Awards is restricted to a maximum of three in a particular year.

SOURCE: https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/former-pms-narasimha-rao-chaudhary-charan-singh-and-ms-swaminathan-to-get-bharat-ratna-pm-modi-101707462720479.html

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Recently, Conservationists have obtained the first-ever video of a baby spider monkey birth in the wild as the critically endangered species struggles to repopulate amid continued habitat loss.

EXPLANATION:

• Conservationists have achieved a groundbreaking milestone by capturing the first-ever video of a baby spider monkey being born in the wild.
• The event unfolded in the Chocó, a tropical forest region in northwest Ecuador.
• It shedded light on the challenges faced by the critically endangered brown-headed spider monkey as it strives to repopulate amidst continuous habitat loss.

The Dramatic Birth of Anku: A Precarious Moment

• Unique Circumstances of the Birth
  • The newborn, named Anku, entered the world on January 22, bringing hope to conservation efforts.
  • However, the documentation of this rare event took an unexpected turn.
  • Anku was found suspended about 50 feet above the ground in one of the tallest tree canopies, held only by his umbilical cord.
  • The researchers, initially terrified, watched as Anku defied the odds, not falling to the ground, concluding the dramatic moment with relief and amazement.

Challenges in Documenting Spider Monkey Births: Nighttime Rarity

• Elusiveness of Spider Monkey Births
  • Spider monkey births in the wild are notoriously challenging to document due to their nocturnal nature.
  • The researchers, who have dedicated over a decade to studying this elusive species, faced the unique opportunity of witnessing a birth for the first time.
  • The rarity of these occurrences adds a layer of complexity to the understanding of spider monkey reproductive behaviour.

Conservation Status and Threats: A Critical Perspective

• Critical Endangerment and Habitat Loss
  • Brown-headed spider monkeys are categorized as critically endangered on the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s Red List of Threatened Species.
  • Their population continues to dwindle as they grapple with the overarching threat of habitat loss.
  • The species, dependent on trees for survival, faces the dire consequences of deforestation driven by activities such as cattle ranching and large-scale plantations, particularly those cultivating crops like palm oil.
• Competition with Humans and Boreal Nature
  • Spider monkeys, integral to the ecosystem, compete with humans for space.
  • The boreal nature of these primates, avoiding the ground where predators like jaguars roam, contributes to their vulnerability.
  • The ongoing struggle for territory underscores the urgency of addressing the root causes of habitat destruction.

Birth Dynamics and Conservation Efforts: A Delicate Balance

• Longevity and Reproduction Challenges
  • The brown-headed spider monkeys live relatively long lives, spanning 15 to 20 years.
  • The birthing process itself is a lengthy one, with gestation periods exceeding seven months and nursing lasting up to four years.
  • This extended reproductive cycle poses challenges to maintaining a stable population, emphasizing the importance of each birth, such as Anku’s, in the conservation narrative.
• Conservation Initiatives and Community-Based Success
  • The birth of Anku is hailed as a landmark achievement for the brown-headed spider monkey, showcasing the effectiveness of community-based conservation efforts.
  • Organizations like Proyecto Washu play a pivotal role in addressing complex conservation issues, ranging from climate change impacts to habitat restoration.
  • CEO of the Wildlife Conservation Network emphasized the significance of these local initiatives in tackling global challenges.

Cultural Sensitivity in Conservation: A Necessary Paradigm Shift

• Poaching and Cultural Practices
  • While habitat loss poses a significant threat, poaching and the illegal wildlife trade further compound the challenges faced by spider monkeys.
  • Indigenous communities, with cultural ties to hunting spider monkeys, contribute to the complexity of conservation efforts.
  • Striking a balance between protecting the species and respecting cultural practices becomes imperative for sustainable conservation strategies.

Global Collaboration and Hope for the Future: The Way Forward

• International Collaboration and Conservation Dilemmas
  • As conservationists navigate the intricate web of challenges, international collaboration becomes essential.
  • The case of spider monkeys exemplifies the need for culturally sensitive conservation programs that allow communities to coexist with wildlife while ensuring sustainable resource use.
  • Vice president of wildlife care for the San Diego Zoo emphasized the importance of developing such programs to address the conservation dilemmas faced globally.
• Rescued Spider Monkey Babies: A Tale of Resilience
  • In a parallel narrative, the San Diego Zoo’s efforts in rescuing and caring for illegally brought spider monkey babies showcase the resilience of these creatures despite challenging beginnings.
  • The commitment to ensuring a bright future for these animals becomes a beacon of hope amid the broader conservation landscape.

Conclusion: Balancing Act for Spider Monkeys and Conservation

• The documentation of Anku’s birth offers a rare glimpse into the delicate balance between the challenges faced by spider monkeys and the ongoing efforts to conserve this critically endangered species.
• As conservationists grapple with habitat loss, cultural nuances, and the intricate dynamics of spider monkey reproduction, the need for global collaboration, community engagement, and adaptive conservation strategies becomes increasingly evident.
• Anku’s birth, against the odds, serves as a poignant reminder of the resilience of nature and the collective responsibility to protect our planet’s biodiversity.

SOURCE: https://abcnews.go.com/US/spider-monkey-birth-documented-wild-1st-time-exclusive/story?id=106956303

TAG: GS 1: WORLD GEOGRAPHY

THE CONTEXT: The Aral Sea, an endorheic lake located between Kazakhstan in the north and Uzbekistan in the south, has nearly disappeared.

EXPLANATION:

• The Aral Sea, once a thriving endorheic lake situated between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, began its tragic journey towards near extinction in the early 1960s.
• The Soviet Union initiated a colossal water diversion project in 1960, redirecting the vital Syr Darya and Amu Darya rivers to foster agricultural development in the surrounding desert region.
• This ambitious endeavor aimed to transform the arid landscape but, unbeknownst at the time, set in motion a catastrophic sequence of events leading to the steady demise of the Aral Sea.

An image of the shrinking Aral Sea by NASA

Human Engineering and Agricultural Projects Gone Awry

• The Soviet water diversion project, while successful in making the desert bloom, inadvertently sowed the seeds of destruction for the Aral Sea.
• By diverting the lifeblood of the lake for irrigation purposes, the water body, once renowned for its abundance of fish and pristine blue waters, began a relentless decline.
• Today, the Aral Sea is a mere fraction of its former size, symbolizing the unintended consequences of large-scale human engineering and agricultural projects.

The Aral Sea Crisis: A Modern Environmental Catastrophe

• Climate Change Exacerbating the Desolation
  • In recent times, the plight of the Aral Sea has been further aggravated by the impacts of climate change.
  • Rising temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and increased evaporation are compounding the challenges faced by this already beleaguered water body.
  • Experts predict that climate change will accelerate the disappearance of the Aral Sea, intensifying the suffering of the communities residing in its vicinity.
• UN’s Stark Assessment
  • The United Nations Development Program has labeled the destruction of the Aral Sea as “the most staggering disaster of the 20th century.”
  • The repercussions of this environmental catastrophe are far-reaching, manifesting as land degradation, desertification, drinking water shortages, malnutrition, and deteriorating health conditions in the surrounding areas.
  • The far-reaching consequences underscore the urgency of addressing this crisis comprehensively.

International Efforts and Ongoing Struggle

• Attempts at Restoration
  • International aid organizations, national governments, and local groups have rallied together in an attempt to mitigate the damage inflicted upon the Aral Sea.
  • Various restoration initiatives have been undertaken, ranging from water management projects to community-led efforts.
  • However, despite these endeavors, the relentless pace of climate change threatens to outpace these mitigation measures, making the restoration of the Aral Sea an uphill battle.
• Impact on Local Communities
  • The suffering of the residents around the Aral Sea is a poignant aspect of this crisis.
  • Drinking water shortages, agricultural challenges, and health issues have become pervasive, eroding the livelihoods and well-being of those dependent on the lake.
  • The precarious balance between human needs and environmental sustainability is at the forefront of the struggle to save the Aral Sea.

Conclusion: A Race Against Time

• The tragic decline of the Aral Sea stands as a stark reminder of the interconnectedness of human activities and environmental well-being.
• While efforts persist to reverse the damage wrought by human engineering and agricultural mismanagement, the accelerating impact of climate change poses an ominous threat.
• The plight of the Aral Sea serves as a clarion call for global collaboration, emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and climate resilience to prevent the irreversible loss of vital ecosystems.
• Time is of the essence as the Aral Sea races against the forces that conspire to erase it from the map.

SOURCE: https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/how-climate-change-is-accelerating-the-decades-long-demise-of-the-aral-sea-101707472028728.html

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The recent resurgence of Olive Ridley turtles on the beaches of Mangaluru, Karnataka, after a hiatus of 29 years, is a significant environmental milestone.

EXPLANATION:

• The return of these turtles, categorized as Schedule 1 animals under the Wildlife Act of 1972, underscores positive changes in the beach ecosystem.
• The successful nesting on Tannirbhavi and Sasihithlu beaches on February 5, 2024, is attributed to concerted conservation efforts, including beach cleaning, night patrolling, and protective measures.

Environmental Factors Leading to the Hiatus:

• The absence of nesting sites since 1985 was linked to environmental factors such as increased salinity and beach pollution due to human activities.
• The recent resurgence indicates a positive shift, potentially due to reduced pollution and limited human interference, making these beaches suitable habitats for the sensitive Olive Ridley turtles.

Conservation Activities and Local Involvement:

• The nesting sites are under vigilant protection through a ‘clipper movement’ involving barricading and constant patrolling by both forest officials and local fisherfolk.
• The involvement of the community, including youth from nearby fishing villages, showcases a collaborative effort to protect the eggs from natural predators like dogs, birds, and jackals.

Conservation Challenges and Measures:

• The forest minister of Karnataka emphasizes the need for incentives and awareness among fisherfolk assisting in conservation.
• The conservation efforts extend beyond protection, with the forest department ensuring a 40-day guarding period for the nesting sites until the hatchlings safely reach the sea.

Olive Ridley Turtles: Sensitivity and Importance:

• Olive Ridley turtles, equivalent in conservation importance to tigers and elephants, are extremely sensitive to human activity.
• Their choice to nest in uninhabited parts of Tannirbhavi and Sasihithlu highlights the need for undisturbed environments for successful nesting.

Ecosystem Impact and Conservation Significance:

• Experts from the Karnataka Veterinary, Animal, Fisheries and Animal Sciences University emphasize the ecological significance of Olive Ridley turtles.
• They feed on jellyfish, known for their ability to control fish populations and pose threats to fisherfolk.
• The return of nesting in southern Karnataka prompts further research into the reasons behind this migration from established sites like Kundapur and Byndoor.

Decline in Olive Ridley Population:

• The Olive Ridley turtles are classified as endangered in the IUCN Red List, facing threats such as degradation of nesting beaches, directed harvest, and by-catch in fisheries.
• Despite increased conservation efforts, there has been a 50% reduction in population size since the 1960s, necessitating ongoing protection.

Global Context and Conservation Challenges:

• While the numbers arriving on Karnataka beaches may not surpass those at Gahirmatha beach in Odisha, the revival in southern Karnataka signifies a positive trend.
• Conservationists raise concerns about the lack of regulatory measures on the western front compared to the eastern coast, where more stringent regulations are in place.

Why Conserve Olive Ridley Turtles:

• Conservation specialists stress the importance of protecting Olive Ridley turtles globally, given their status as the most exploited sea turtle species.
• The 50% reduction in population size since the 1960s underlines the urgency of conservation efforts to ensure the natural progression of hatchlings into the sea and prevent poaching.

Olive Ridley turtles:

• The Olive ridley turtles are the smallest and most abundant of all sea turtles found in the world.
• They are found to be inhabiting the warm waters of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian oceans.
• They are carnivores and feed mainly on jellyfish, shrimp, snails, crabs, molluscs, and a variety of fish and their eggs.
• The males and females grow to the same size.
• These turtles, along with their cousin the Kemps ridley turtle, are best known for their unique mass nesting called Arribada, where thousands of females come together on the same beach to lay eggs.
• The coast of Orissa in India is the largest mass nesting site for the Olive-ridley, followed by the coasts of Mexico and Costa Rica.
• The species is recognized as Vulnerable by the IUCN Red list.
• They lie in Scheduled 1 of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972
• They are in Appendix I of the CITES.

Conclusion:

• The return of Olive Ridley turtles to Mangaluru beaches marks a significant environmental achievement.
• It reflects the success of conservation measures, local involvement, and a shift towards cleaner and less human-impacted beach environments.
• The ongoing protection of nesting sites and collaboration between communities, government, and conservationists demonstrate a collective commitment to preserving these endangered marine species.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/olive-ridley-turtles-are-back-on-mangaluru-beaches–94345

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: A recent report, published on February 6, 2024, in Nature Communications, sheds light on the impending water crisis, exacerbated by nitrogen pollution in rivers.

EXPLANATION:

• The study introduces the term “clean-water scarcity” to encompass both water quantity and quality concerns.
• The findings reveal a more alarming scenario than previously estimated, with the number of sub-basins facing water scarcity anticipated to triple by 2050.
• We will explore the key aspects of the report, emphasizing the global impact, the role of nitrogen pollution, and the urgent need for mitigation strategies.

Global Clean-Water Scarcity Scenario:

• The study’s comprehensive assessment introduces the concept of “clean-water scarcity,” considering both water quantity and quality.
• The global impact reveals that an additional 40 million square kilometers of river basin area and three billion more people may face water scarcity in 2050 than previously estimated.

Nitrogen Pollution’s Role:

• Nitrogen pollution in rivers emerges as a significant contributor to clean-water scarcity.
• The worst-case scenario projects sewage as the dominant source of nitrogen pollution due to rapid urbanization and inadequate wastewater treatment infrastructure.
• In India and Africa, for instance, sewage is expected to surpass agriculture as the primary source of nitrogen pollution.

Projection for 2050:

• Comparing clean-water scarcity assessments to traditional quantity-based assessments, the number of sub-basins facing severe scarcity is projected to potentially triple by 2050.
• The global area and population affected by severe water scarcity may more than double, indicating a critical escalation of the crisis.

Water Scarcity and Quality Linkage:

• In 2010, traditional quantity-based assessments identified 984 sub-basins as water scarce, while assessments incorporating quality factors revealed 2,517 sub-basins facing scarcity.
• By 2050, this number is expected to increase to 3,061 sub-basins in the worst-case scenario, indicating the pivotal role of water pollution, especially nitrogen pollution, in exacerbating water scarcity.

Clean-Water Scarcity Hotspots:

• Future clean-water scarcity hotspots are identified in China, India, Europe, North America, and potentially Central Africa.
• Each region presents unique challenges requiring targeted solutions.
• Urgent attention is needed to address water quality in future water management policies, aligning with Sustainable Development Goals (SDG).

Urgency for Mitigation Strategies:

• Mitigation strategies must prioritize addressing water pollution, particularly nitrogen pollution.
• The study emphasizes the urgency of proactive measures to control nitrogen pollution as a challenging yet imperative aspect of future water management strategies.
• This aligns with the global commitment to SDG 6, focusing on clean water and sanitation.

India’s Concerns and SDG Deviation:

• In India, the State of India’s Environment Report 2023 indicates a concerning deviation from SDG 6 in 15 states.
• The impact of climate change scenarios further accentuates the need for robust and immediate measures, emphasizing the critical linkage between water quality and scarcity.

Conclusion:

• The study underscores the looming global water crisis, with nitrogen pollution playing a pivotal role in exacerbating clean-water scarcity.
• Urgent, targeted, and comprehensive mitigation strategies are imperative to address water quality concerns and align with global sustainability goals.
• As the world faces this complex challenge, proactive measures become paramount to secure a sustainable and resilient water future.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/water/clean-water-crisis-nitrogen-pollution-to-triple-scarcity-in-river-sub-basins-worldwide-94356

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: The presentation of a white paper on the Indian economy by Finance Minister has ignited a comparison between the economic performances of the UPA governments (2004-05 to 2013-14) and the NDA governments (2014-15 to 2023-24).

EXPLANATION:

• We will delve into the objectives, content, and implications of the white paper, shedding light on the government’s perspective on economic governance.

Understanding a White Paper:

• A white paper traditionally provides information on a specific issue, aiming to create awareness and propose solutions.
• In this instance, the document is unique as it compares the economic records of two different governments over a decade, making it more of a retrospective analysis than a conventional white paper.

Timing and Objectives:

• Timing of Presentation:
  • The white paper is presented at the conclusion of 10 years, offering a retrospective evaluation.
  • The government refrained from a negative portrayal earlier to instill confidence in investors and prioritize optimism during its initial years.
• Objectives:
  • Informing about Past Challenges: One objective is to inform stakeholders about the economic, fiscal, and governance challenges inherited by the NDA government in 2014.
  • Showcasing Reforms and Policies: The paper details the policies and measures implemented by the NDA to rejuvenate the economy since 2014.
  • Encouraging Informed Debate: Aiming for a wider, more informed debate on national interest and fiscal responsibility over political expediency.
  • Aligning with National Development Goals: Reflecting the commitment to national development, aligning with Prime Minister Narendra vision for the country.

Key Content and Claims:

• The 58-page white paper is structured into three main parts, each addressing different aspects of the economic landscape:
  • Macroeconomic Situation (UPA Rule): Highlights from this section include accusations of the UPA inheriting a healthy economy but neglecting reforms, causing economic stagnation and policy misadventures.
  • Corruption Scams under UPA: Part two outlines various corruption scandals during the UPA era, emphasizing how these issues impacted the economy negatively.
  • NDA’s Economic Turnaround: The final part focuses on the steps taken by the NDA to revitalize the economy, citing improvements in inflation rates and the success of key schemes during their governance.

Selective Use of Data:

• UPA Era Critique: The white paper accuses the UPA of abandoning reforms, undermining macroeconomic foundations, and misadventures in policy and scams.
• NDA Achievements: The document claims improvements under the NDA, citing lower average headline inflation and successful implementation of schemes.

Critique and Missing Elements:

• Incomplete Economic Picture:
  • While the white paper highlights certain achievements of the NDA, it fails to acknowledge issues such as unemployment, the absence of formal poverty measures, and the delay in conducting the decadal Census.
• Omission of Economic Indicators:
  • Surprisingly, the document lacks essential economic indicators like a chart on GDP growth over the period, limiting the comprehensiveness of the analysis.

Conclusion:

• The white paper on the Indian economy serves as a tool for the government to present its version of economic performance over the past two decades.
• However, critics argue that the selective use of data and the omission of key economic indicators raise questions about the document’s objectivity and completeness.
• As the nation navigates complex economic challenges, a nuanced and transparent analysis becomes imperative for informed decision-making and public discourse.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-economics/what-the-white-paper-on-economy-says-and-doesnt-9151991/

TAG: GS 3: AGRICULTURE

THE CONTEXT: In a significant move to boost the micro and small enterprises in the fisheries sector, the Union Cabinet has given its nod to the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Kisan Samridhi Sah-Yojana (PM-MKSSY).

EXPLANATION:

• This sub-scheme, falling under the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana, is set to infuse an estimated investment of ₹6,000 crore over the next four years.
• The decision reflects the government’s commitment to the growth and development of the fisheries industry.

Extension of Fisheries and Aquaculture Infrastructure Development Fund (FIDF):

• Simultaneously, the Cabinet also approved the extension of the Fisheries and Aquaculture Infrastructure Development Fund (FIDF) for an additional three years, extending up to 2025-26.
• The FIDF, with an approved fund size of ₹7,522.48 crore and a budgetary support of ₹939.48 crore, has already sanctioned 121 fisheries infrastructure projects with a total investment cost of ₹5,588.63 crore.
• This extension aims to bolster the development of critical infrastructure such as fishing harbours, fish landing centres, ice plants, cold storage, and fish transport facilities.

Financial Implications and Investment Sources:

• The PM-MKSSY sub-scheme will operate on a 50-50 financial model, with 50% of the funding sourced from public finance, including external financing from entities like the World Bank and the Agence Française de Développement (AFD).
• The remaining 50% is anticipated to be generated from the private sector, showcasing a collaborative effort to drive growth in the fisheries sector.
• The expected investment of ₹6,000 crore over the next four years underlines the government’s commitment to fostering a robust and sustainable fisheries industry.

Implementation Timeline and Target Beneficiaries:

• The PM-MKSSY is scheduled for implementation from 2023-24 to 2026-27, covering all States and union territories.
• The beneficiaries of this sub-scheme encompass fishers, aquaculture farmers, fish workers, and fish vendors.
• Its overarching goals include the gradual formalization of the fisheries sector and improved access to institutional credit.

Key Objectives and Outcomes:

• Formalization of Fisheries Sector:
  • The PM-MKSSY aims to drive the formalization of the fisheries sector, bringing it under the institutional credit framework.
• Job Creation and Business Growth:
  • The scheme is projected to create 1.7 lakh new jobs, with a particular emphasis on employing 75,000 women.
  • Additionally, it envisions the generation of 5.4 lakh continued employment opportunities in the micro and small enterprises value chain.
• Support for Micro-Enterprises and Fisheries Cooperatives:
  • The initiative is expected to benefit 6.4 lakh micro-enterprises and 5,500 fisheries cooperatives, providing them with access to institutional credit.

Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana

• Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY) is an initiative for the fisheries sector launched by the Government of India in September 2020.
• It brings about ecologically healthy, economically viable, and socially inclusive development of India’s fisheries sector.
• The PMMSY scheme has been implemented by the Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry, and Dairying, Government of India, since September 2020.
• The PMMSY scheme aims to bring about the Blue Revolution in India through sustainable and responsible development of the fisheries sector, with an estimated investment of Rs. 20050 crores for holistic fisheries development, including fisher welfare.
• The PMMSY scheme is being implemented in all the states and union territories for a period of five years from the financial year 2020-21 to the financial year 2024-25.
• PMMSY aims to eliminate critical gaps in the value chain of fisheries, such as
  • Fish production
  • productivity, and quality
  • Technology
  • Post-harvest infrastructural facilities, and

Conclusion:

• The Cabinet’s approval of the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Kisan Samridhi Sah-Yojana and the extension of the Fisheries and Aquaculture Infrastructure Development Fund reflects a strategic and comprehensive approach towards strengthening the fisheries sector.
• This move is poised to not only enhance the infrastructure but also generate employment, foster business growth, and elevate the overall economic contribution of the fisheries industry.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cabinet-approves-new-scheme-for-msmes-in-fisheries-sector/article67826665.ece/amp/

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: As per the latest reports, Karnataka has seen 49 positive cases, leading to two fatalities – an 18-year-old girl and a 79-year-old man. This highlights the seriousness of the disease and the need for understanding its symptoms.

EXPLANATION:

• Monkey Fever scientifically known as Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD).
• It is a viral infection transmitted through ticks.
• It was originating in India’s Kyasanur Forest in 1957.
• The disease has spread to regions such as Maharashtra, Goa, and Kerala.
• While monkeys are the primary victims, humans can also contract the virus through contact with infected ticks.
• Monkey Fever exhibits a range of symptoms, making early diagnosis challenging.
• Initial signs include fever, headache, muscle soreness, and fatigue, resembling other illnesses like dengue and chikungunya.

However, unique warning signs include:

• Rash: Red or purple spots on the trunk and limbs, often accompanied by itchiness or pain.
• Swollen Lymph Nodes: Inflammation and tenderness in neck, armpits, or groin, indicating an immune response.
• Comprehensive List of Symptoms:
  • Fever
  • Chills
  • Headache
  • Severe exhaustion
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Stomach pain
  • Diarrhea
  • Meningitis
  • Confusion
  • Hemorrhagic signs (nose bleeds, bleeding gums)
• In severe cases, Monkey Fever can progress to life-threatening symptoms like bleeding and organ failure, especially in older individuals or those with compromised immunity.

Diagnosis, Prevention, and Management:

Diagnosis:

• Due to symptom similarities with other diseases, diagnosis can be challenging.
• Timely medical consultation is crucial, especially when unique signs like rash and swollen lymph nodes are present.

Prevention:

• Prevention plays a pivotal role. Residents or visitors to Monkey Fever-prone areas should:
  • Avoid tick-infested locations.
  • Limit contact with monkeys.
  • Wear full-length clothing.
  • Use bug repellents.

Management Tips:

• Immediate medical attention is necessary for suspicious symptoms.
• Personal hygiene and adherence to preventive measures significantly reduce the risk of Monkey Fever.

Conclusion:

• Monkey Fever, although primarily affecting monkeys, poses a substantial threat to human health.
• Recognizing the symptoms, understanding preventive measures, and seeking prompt medical care are crucial aspects of managing this viral infection.
• Public awareness and adherence to hygiene practices are essential in minimizing the risk of Monkey Fever in affected regions.

SOURCE: https://www.thehealthsite.com/diseases-conditions/monkey-fever-symptoms-top-7-warning-signs-that-says-you-are-infected-with-kyasanur-forest-disease-virus-1060795/