TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) recently unveiled a groundbreaking discovery, a new species of head-shield sea slug named Melanochlamys droupadi.

EXPLANATION:

• This unique marine creature has been christened in honor of President Droupadi Murmu and was found along the coasts of West Bengal and Odisha.
• The discovery is highlighted in a scientific paper authored by ZSI researchers.

Taxonomy and Morphological Characteristics:

• Melanochlamys droupadi belongs to the Melanochlamys genus.
• It distinguishes itself with a short, blunt, and cylindrical body.
• Its dorsal surface is smooth and adorned with two shields – the anterior cephalic and posterior shield.
• Notably, the species features a captivating ruby red spot, a characteristic not observed in any other known sea slug.
• The detailed study reveals that Melanochlamys droupadi engages in continuous secretion of transparent mucus, forming a protective sheath to prevent sand grains from entering its parapodial space.

• The discovery sites for Melanochlamys droupadi are Digha of West Bengal coast and Udaipur of Odisha coast.
• The species, measuring up to a maximum length of 7 mm, is characterized by its brownish-black coloration and hermaphroditic nature.
• Notably, it leaves crawl marks on sandy beaches as it moves along the intertidal zone.
• The confirmation of the species has been affirmed through a meticulous examination of morphological, anatomical, and molecular characteristics.

Behavior and Reproduction:

• According to the ZSI statement, Melanochlamys droupadi exhibits intriguing behaviors.
• The sea slug crawls beneath smooth sand, forming a moving capsule where its body is rarely visible.
• Reproduction for this species is noted to occur between November and January, adding to its unique biological characteristics.

Type Specimens and Conservation Status:

• The type specimens of Melanochlamys droupadi have been deposited in the Marine Aquarium and Regional Centre, Digha, and the Estuarine Biology and Regional Centre, Gopalpur.
• This scientific documentation not only contributes to the understanding of marine biodiversity but also aids in conservation efforts for this newly discovered species.

Global Distribution and Comparative Analysis:

• While species of the Melanochlamys genus are generally found in temperate regions of the Indo-Pacific Oceanic realm, Melanochlamys droupadi stands out as one of the truly tropical distributed species.
• This uniqueness is emphasized by the fact that it joins the ranks of only three species within the group that are found in tropical regions.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/zsi-names-a-newly-discovered-head-shield-sea-slug-after-president-droupadi-murmu/article67899807.ece/amp/

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The vibrant streets of Mexico City, known for their annual transformation into a purple spectacle, are witnessing an unprecedented event this year. The iconic jacaranda trees, celebrated for their beauty and ecological significance, have started blooming far earlier than usual, triggering both curiosity and concern among residents and scientists.

EXPLANATION:

• Traditionally, the jacaranda trees in Mexico City begin to bloom towards the end of March, signaling the arrival of spring.
• However, this year, a notable number of jacarandas have started flowering as early as January, a period when they are expected to remain dormant during the winter months.
• This unexpected phenomenon has raised alarm bells, prompting scientists to explore the root causes.
• Local scientists from the Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate Change Research at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), are leading investigations into the extent of this early-bloom phenomenon.
• The need for a comprehensive analysis by comparing blooming patterns year to year has been emphasized.
• He attributes the early blossoms to climate change, pointing out that rising temperatures caused winter in Mexico City to conclude prematurely in mid-January, contrary to the usual late March.
• Utilizing satellite imagery and on-the-ground observations, the aim was to establish a correlation between the rising temperatures and the premature blooming of jacarandas.
• This approach reflects a proactive stance towards understanding and mitigating the impacts of climate change.

Historical Roots: Jacarandas as a Cultural and Environmental Staple

• The jacaranda’s presence in Mexico City has deep historical roots.
• Initially inspired by the Japanese cherry trees, President opted for jacarandas due to their adaptability to the city’s temperate climate.
• Introduced by Japanese landscape architect Tatsugoro Matsumoto in the late 19th century, jacarandas have since become an integral part of the city’s landscape, providing aesthetic beauty and ecological benefits.

• Jacaranda mimosifolia is a sub-tropical tree native to south-central South America that has been widely planted elsewhere because of its attractive and long-lasting violet-colored flowers.
• It is also known as the jacaranda, blue jacaranda, black poui, Nupur or fern tree.
• The tree grows to a height of up to 20 m (66 ft).Its bark is thin and grey-brown, smooth when the tree is young but eventually becoming finely scaly.
• While not native to Mexico, jacarandas play a crucial role in the city’s ecosystem.
• They attract a diverse range of pollinators, including hummingbirds and bees, more than many native trees.
• Any alteration in the flowering pattern could have cascading effects on these populations, emphasizing the interconnectedness of nature and the potential consequences of climate change on urban biodiversity.

Conclusion: A City in Bloom and in Flux

• As Mexico City witnesses the premature blossoming of its beloved jacaranda trees, the spectacle that once symbolized the arrival of spring now serves as a stark reminder of the ecological changes brought about by climate change. The collaborative efforts of scientists, coupled with public awareness, provide a foundation for understanding and addressing the challenges posed by this early-bloom phenomenon, emphasizing the need for sustainable practices to preserve the cultural and environmental significance of the iconic jacarandas.

SOURCE: https://theprint.in/world/early-jacaranda-bloom-sparks-debate-about-climate-change-in-mexico/1978322/

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: The Nagaland government faces a complex challenge in regulating small-scale illegal coal mining activities due to the constitutional provisions outlined in Article 371A.

EXPLANATION:

• The difficulties in implementing regulations have become more apparent after a recent tragedy in a rat-hole mine, prompting calls for stringent measures.
• We will look into the specifics of the issue, addressing the clash between regulatory efforts and constitutional safeguards.

Article 371A and Its Impact:

• Article 371A of the Indian Constitution, tailored for Nagaland, provides special provisions safeguarding land, resources, and Naga customary laws.
• When Nagaland (erstwhile Naga Hills and Tuensang Area) was given the status of a State by the Constitution (13th Amendment) Act 1962 in the Indian Union, Article 371A was inserted into Part XXI of the Constitution.
• Article 371A allows Special Constitutional Provisions to the State and thus reads:
  • Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, no Act of Parliament in respect of
    • Religious or social practices of the Nagas,
    • Naga customary law and procedure,
    • Administration of civil and criminal justice involving decisions according to Naga customary law,
    • Ownership and transfer of land and its resources,
  • Shall apply to the State of Nagaland unless the Legislative Assembly of Nagaland by a resolution so decides.
• However, this constitutional protection poses a significant obstacle for the Nagaland government in its attempts to regulate and bring accountability to small-scale coal mining operations.

Coal Mining Landscape in Nagaland:

• Nagaland has 45 coal mining license holders spread across five districts – Longleng, Mokokchung, Mon, Tuensang, and Wokha.
• These districts have become hotspots for numerous illegal and unscientific coal mining activities, posing threats to human and environmental health.
• A recent incident in a rat-hole mine in Wokha, where six miners lost their lives in an explosion, has intensified the need for effective regulation.
• The coalition government led by Chief Minister Neiphiu Rio has faced public pressure to address the safety and environmental concerns associated with coal mining.

Article 371A as a Hurdle:

• During the Nagaland Assembly session, Chief Minister and Deputy Chief Minister acknowledged that Article 371A complicates efforts to ensure scientific and accountable coal mining practices.
• The constitutional provisions, combined with the prevailing community-based land-holding system, create challenges in holding mines accountable and enforcing responsible mining practices.
• Deputy Chief Minister highlighted the unique land rights conferred by Article 371A, making it more challenging to regulate illegal coal mining activities.
• Residents in coal-bearing areas often depend on such activities for sustenance, and there is a need for education on the adverse effects of these operations.

Rat-Hole Mining Dynamics:

• Nagaland’s coal mining policy allows for rat-hole mining due to the dispersed nature of coal deposits.
• Leases termed “small pocket deposit licenses” are granted to individuals, not companies.
• Despite the regulatory framework, illegal rat-hole mining persists, with individuals operating without proper clearances or adherence to mining plans.
• The Chief Minister emphasized the importance of reclaiming mined areas.
• He urged contractors and businesspersons involved in mining activities to take responsibility for land reclamation, ensuring the filling up of rat-hole mines and planting trees to prevent leaving barren land.
• The government stresses the need to hold violators of mining guidelines accountable.

Rat Hole Mining:

• Rat hole mining is a method of extracting coal from narrow, horizontal seams, prevalent in Meghalaya.
• The term “rat hole” refers to the narrow pits dug into the ground, typically just large enough for one person to descend and extract coal.
• Once the pits are dug, miners descend using ropes or bamboo ladders to reach the coal seams.
• The coal is then manually extracted using primitive tools such as pickaxes, shovels, and baskets.

Conclusion:

• The clash between coal mining regulations and the protective measures outlined in Article 371A creates a complex regulatory landscape in Nagaland. The recent tragedy has underscored the urgency for effective regulation to ensure the safety of miners and mitigate environmental risks. Balancing the constitutional safeguards with the need for sustainable mining practices poses a significant challenge, requiring a nuanced approach and collaborative efforts from various stakeholders.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/coal-mining-regulations-hit-article-371a-wall-in-nagaland/article67894628.ece

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Prime Minister has inaugurated India’s first indigenously developed hydrogen fuel cell ferry on February 28.

EXPLANATION:

• The vessel, constructed by Cochin Shipyard Ltd, represents a significant milestone in India’s pursuit of sustainable and eco-friendly maritime transportation.
• The inauguration ceremony took place virtually from Thoothukudi, underscoring the importance of this pioneering project.
• Cochin Shipyard Ltd, the entity behind the construction, initiated this ambitious mission to design, develop, and build the country’s first fully indigenous hydrogen fuel cell catamaran ferry vessel.
• This initiative serves as a crucial pilot project aimed at showcasing the viability of hydrogen fuel cell technology in the maritime sector.
• India’s commitment to a sustainable future, with a target of achieving net-zero emissions by 2070, is a driving force behind initiatives like the indigenous hydrogen fuel cell ferry.
• The adoption of green hydrogen as a maritime fuel is integral to this commitment, and the project aligns with the larger goal of transitioning towards clean and sustainable energy solutions.

Features and Benefits of Fuel Cell-Powered Vessels:

• Fuel cell-powered vessels, such as the hydrogen fuel cell ferry, boast several environmental advantages.
• They produce zero emissions, create zero noise pollution, and demonstrate high energy efficiency.
• These attributes contribute significantly to mitigating the adverse effects of global warming.
• The use of hydrogen fuel cells in maritime applications aligns with global efforts to transition towards cleaner and greener energy sources.

National Green Hydrogen Mission:

• It is a program to incentivise the commercial production of green hydrogen and make India a net exporter of the fuel.
• The Mission will facilitate demand creation, production, utilization and export of Green Hydrogen.
• The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy is the Nodal Ministry.
• It aims to entail over Rs 8 lakh crore of total investments and is expected to generate six lakh jobs.
• It will also lead to a cumulative reduction in fossil fuel imports by over Rs 1 lakh crore and an abatement of nearly 50 MT of annual greenhouse gas emissions.
• The initiative by Cochin Shipyard Ltd aligns with the National Green Hydrogen Mission, a strategic national effort aimed at promoting the production and usage of green hydrogen.
• The project’s inauguration is expected to catalyze further momentum in the adoption of hydrogen as a clean energy source in the marine sector.

Global Competitive Advantage:

• The early adoption of hydrogen fuel cell technology in the maritime sector is positioned as a strategic move to provide India with a global competitive advantage.
• By embracing sustainable practices and incorporating cutting-edge technology, the nation aims to position itself as a leader in the global pursuit of environmentally friendly transportation solutions.

Hydrogen fuel:

• Hydrogen is a clean fuel that, when consumed in a fuel cell, produces only water. Hydrogen can be produced from a variety of domestic resources, such as natural gas, nuclear power, biomass, and renewable power like solar and wind.
• These qualities make it an attractive fuel option for transportation and electricity generation applications.
• It can be used in cars, in houses, for portable power, and in many more applications.
• Hydrogen is an energy carrier that can be used to store, move, and deliver energy produced from other sources.

Conclusion:

• The inauguration of the indigenous hydrogen fuel cell ferry represents a crucial step in India’s journey towards sustainable and eco-conscious maritime transportation. As Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurates this groundbreaking project, it symbolizes the nation’s commitment to leveraging innovative technologies for a cleaner, greener, and more sustainable future. The project is not just a milestone in Indian maritime history but also a significant contribution to the global effort in combating climate change through the adoption of clean energy solutions.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/pm-to-inaugurate-hydrogen-fuel-cell-ferry-today/article67892257.ece

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: National Science Day in India, celebrated on February 28, marks the commemoration of the “Raman Effect” discovery by physicist Sir CV Raman.

EXPLANATION:

• Designated in 1986 by the Government of India, this day honors Raman’s groundbreaking work that earned him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930.
• The Raman Effect has far-reaching implications in science, particularly in the field of quantum theory and chemical analysis.

Early Life and Academic Achievements:

• CV Raman, born in 1888 in Trichy, emerged as a prodigious scholar. At the age of 16, he secured a BA degree, standing first in his class.
• His pursuit of knowledge led to the publication of his first research paper while pursuing his MA degree.
• Health constraints prevented him from studying abroad, prompting him to engage in after-hours research at the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS) in Calcutta.
• Despite working as a full-time civil servant, Raman’s charisma and award-winning research elevated the profile of IACS.
• Eventually, at the age of 29, he resigned from civil services and assumed a professorship at Presidency College, Calcutta.
• Raman’s journey to England in 1921 marked a turning point.
• While traversing the Mediterranean Sea, he questioned the conventional explanation for the sea’s color and delved into the phenomenon of light scattering.
• This curiosity laid the foundation for his groundbreaking observations on the Raman Effect.

The Raman Effect Explained:

• The Raman Effect, as discovered by Raman, involves the alteration of light color when it passes through a liquid.
• The phenomenon results from the change in wavelength as a light beam encounters molecular deflection.
• In simple terms, a fraction of the light scattered by a liquid assumes a different color.
• Raman and his co-author, KS Krishnan, conducted extensive experiments on 60 different liquids, consistently observing the same outcome.
• The universal nature of this phenomenon was emphasized in their report titled “A New Type of Secondary Radiation” published in Nature.

Quantum Theory Implications:

• Raman’s discovery had profound implications for quantum theory, a dominant paradigm in the scientific community during that time.
• In his Nobel Prize speech, Raman highlighted how the scattered radiations provided insights into the ultimate structure of the scattering substance, contributing significantly to quantum theory.

Evolution of Raman Spectroscopy:

• The Raman Effect birthed a new field known as Raman spectroscopy. Published findings in the Indian Journal of Physics in 1928 further substantiated the observations.
• Raman spectroscopy, evolving over time with advancements such as lasers, became a fundamental analytical tool for non-destructive chemical analysis of both organic and inorganic compounds.

Contemporary Applications:

• Today, Raman spectroscopy finds diverse applications, ranging from non-invasive studies of art and cultural artifacts to detecting concealed drugs in luggage at customs.
• The invention of lasers has augmented the capabilities of Raman spectroscopy, expanding its utility across various scientific domains.

Conclusion:

• The legacy of CV Raman’s discovery continues to resonate in the scientific community. National Science Day serves as a reminder of the transformative power of Raman’s work, shaping quantum theory and influencing a spectrum of applications in modern science and technology.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-sci-tech/national-science-day-cv-raman-9185655/  

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The North Atlantic right whale, a critically endangered species, is facing a new threat as it is discovered to be shrinking in size, leading to severe consequences for its population.

EXPLANATION:

• A recent study published in the Royal Society Open Science reveals a concerning trend among North Atlantic right whales.
• Researchers from the University of St Andrews analyzed data spanning five decades (1970-2020) collected by the North Atlantic right whale consortium.
• The study highlights a correlation between the decreasing body size of female whales and a decline in their ability to give birth.
• Smaller females were found to have fewer calves, suggesting a direct impact of size on reproductive success.
• This phenomenon is linked to climate change and has been identified as a key factor affecting the reproductive abilities of these whales.

Factors Influencing Reproduction:

• The study identified the length cubed of sexually mature female whales as a crucial factor influencing the likelihood of calving.
• Smaller females had a significantly lower probability of giving birth.
• The research emphasized that the length of the whale had a more substantial impact on calving probability than health or other random variables.
• The whales’ ability to accumulate energy reserves, vital for successful reproduction, is compromised as they become smaller.

Climate Change and Nutrient Availability:

• The shrinking size of North Atlantic right whales since 1981 is attributed to stressors, with climate change being a significant contributor.
• While the exact mechanisms are unclear, it is believed that reduced nutrient availability plays a role.
• This phenomenon echoes documented size reductions in both terrestrial and marine species in response to climate change.

Population Status and Urgency for Protection:

• The North Atlantic right whale is the most endangered among its species, with only 356 individuals believed to be alive today.
• The urgency for protection is emphasized by the fact that effective measures are required to prevent their extinction.
• This urgency is further underscored by the low number of calves being born, with only 17 reported in a recent season, far below the 50 needed to halt the species’ decline.

Threats and Conservation Efforts:

• The study aligns with recent events, such as boat strikes and entanglement in fishing gear, contributing to the mortality of North Atlantic right whales.
• Conservation efforts, including speed limits during calving season, have been implemented to protect mothers and calves from boat strikes.
• However, the need for updated rules, especially concerning smaller vessels, is advocated by marine scientists to address the persistent risks these whales face.

North Atlantic right whale:

• These whales are migratory animals, spending the winter in warmer waters and migrating to the poles for cooler waters in late summer.
• These whales inhabit the temperate and subpolar waters of the north Atlantic and north Pacific oceans.
• They are given the conservation status of critically endangered as per IUCN and Appendix I as per CITES.
• Depending on the time of year and which hemisphere they’re found, right whales will spend much of their time near bays and peninsulas and in shallow, coastal waters.
• These are generally restricted to the coastal waters of the East coast of the United States and Canada.

Conclusion:

• The declining size of North Atlantic right whales due to climate change poses a serious threat to their reproductive capabilities and overall survival. Urgent and comprehensive conservation measures are essential to mitigate the impact of human-related threats and ensure the preservation of this critically endangered species. The study underscores the need for ongoing research, adaptive conservation strategies, and international cooperation to address the complex challenges faced by the North Atlantic right whale population.

SOURCE: https://www.livescience.com/animals/whales/critically-endangered-right-whales-are-shrinking-with-drastic-consequences-for-their-population

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Prime Minister recently announced the names of four astronauts for India’s inaugural crewed space mission, Gaganyaan.

EXPLANATION:

• This significant milestone aligns with India’s aspirations to explore human spaceflight.
• All four, from the Indian Air Force, bring extensive test pilot experience and are currently undergoing training, emphasizing the meticulous preparation for the mission. Their training includes continuous sessions on subsystem simulators, contributing to the crew module design’s development.
• The Gaganyaan mission comprises an unmanned test flight (Gaganyaan-1) and a subsequent manned mission, aiming to place a three-member crew into a low earth orbit.

Unmanned Test Flight – Gaganyaan-1:

• It is a mission of Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and aims to send humans into space on a Low Earth Orbit of 400 km for 3 days and bring them safely back to the Earth.
• The initial phase involves Gaganyaan-1, an unmanned test flight scheduled for the end of 2024.
• This mission aims to assess technology readiness, featuring a crew module without the Environment Control and Life Support System.
• The focus is on testing safe re-entry and module orientation during splashdown in the sea.
• Components – Crew module (CM) and the service module (SM), which together will form the orbital module.
  • Crew Module– It is the habitable space with Earth like environment in space for the crew and is designed for re-entry to ensure safety of the crew during descent till touchdown.
  • Service Module– It is an unpressurized structure that will be used for providing necessary support to CM while in orbit.

Launch Vehicle Preparation:

• India’s LVM3 rocket, known for its reliability, is chosen for the Gaganyaan missions.
• The rocket’s human rating is ensured through rigorous testing, with the cryogenic engine (CE20) passing final tests on February 14.
• The Vikas engine and solid booster have also met mission requirements. This emphasizes the critical role of the launch vehicle in the success of the mission.

Crew Module and Escape System:

• Development of life support systems and emergency escape provisions is integral to human spaceflight.
• Gaganyaan-1 will involve an unpressurized crew module, while a subsequent unmanned flight will test a pressurized module with a complete life support system.
• Experimentation with the Crew Escape System, including drogue chute deployment and module uprighting systems, ensures crew safety during emergencies and re-entry.

Ongoing Challenges and Future Steps:

• ISRO acknowledges the uniqueness of the Gaganyaan mission, requiring continuous adjustments and learning.
• The evolving nature of the project demands flexibility, with each test contributing to refining the mission’s components.
• The completion of Gaganyaan-1 will set the stage for subsequent missions, including a manned three-day orbital flight.
• These missions aim to deepen insights into space technology, enhance diagnostic methods, and contribute to personalized drug development.

Conclusion:

• India’s Gaganyaan mission represents a monumental leap in space exploration, with meticulous planning, testing, and astronaut training shaping its trajectory. PM Modi’s announcement of astronauts underscores the nation’s commitment to advancing its space capabilities. As Gaganyaan progresses, it is poised to contribute significantly to scientific advancements and inspire the next generation of space enthusiasts.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-sci-tech/astronauts-gaganyaan-mission-status-9184079/

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The Department of Biotechnology (DBT) has officially announced the successful completion of the ‘10,000 Genome’ project, a groundbreaking initiative aimed at creating a comprehensive reference database of whole-genome sequences from India’s diverse population.

EXPLANATION:

• This milestone is crucial for understanding genetic variations unique to India and holds the potential to customize drugs and therapies based on this genomic data.

Genome India Project:

• It is a scientific initiative inspired by the Human Genome Project (HGP), an international effort that successfully decoded the entire human genome between 1990 and 2003.
• The project was started in 2020, aiming to better understand the genetic variations and disease-causing mutations specific to the Indian population, which is one of the most genetically diverse in the world.
• By sequencing and analyzing these genomes, researchers hope to gain insights into the underlying genetic causes of diseases and develop more effective personalized therapies.
• The project involves the collaboration of 20 institutions across India and is being led by the Centre for Brain Research at the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore.
• The project involved around 20 institutions across India, with the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru, and the Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Hyderabad, serving as lead institutions.
• The primary goal was to establish a representative genomic database that reflects the genetic diversity of India’s 1.3 billion population, which comprises over 4,600 distinct population groups, many of which are endogamous.

Significance of Genetic Diversity:

• India’s genetic diversity is a result of the numerous population groups and endogamous practices.
• This diversity often leads to distinct genetic variations, and the project aims to identify unique genetic variants within these groups.
• The prevalence of disease-causing mutations in specific endogamous groups highlights the need for a thorough understanding of these genetic variations.
• The revolutionary nature of the initiative and the need for continued efforts to sample thousands more genomes to identify rare mutations have been emphasized.

Project Outcomes:

• The ‘10,000 Genome’ project is expected to yield several outcomes, including
  • deeper understanding of India’s population diversity,
  • improved diagnostic and
  • medical counseling methods,
  • identification of genetic predispositions to diseases,
  • development of personalized drugs,
  • advancements in gene therapy, and
  • insights into individual susceptibility to infectious diseases.
• Y. Narahari from IISc highlighted the establishment of a biobank containing 20,000 blood samples, from which the genomes were sequenced.
• The biobank is located at the Centre for Brain Research, IISc. Data archiving is being carried out at the Indian Biological Data Centre (IBDC), emphasizing transparency, collaboration, and future research endeavors.

Conclusion:

• The successful completion of the ‘10,000 Genome’ project marks a significant achievement in genomics, positioning India to leverage its unique genetic diversity for advancements in medical research, drug development, and personalized healthcare. The project’s commitment to transparency and collaboration, coupled with the establishment of a robust biobank, underscores its potential to drive future research initiatives in genomics and healthcare.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/10000-genome-project-completed-says-govt/article67892472.ece

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: Former Supreme Court judge Justice Ajay Manikrao Khanwilkar has been appointed as the chairperson of Lokpal, as announced recently.

EXPLANATION:

• The Lokpal, a crucial anti-corruption ombudsman institution, has been functioning without a regular chief since Justice Pinaki Chandra Ghose completed his term on May 27, 2022.
• President appointed Justice as the chairperson of Lokpal, in accordance with a communique issued by the Rashtrapati Bhavan.
• Additionally, the notification revealed the appointment of judicial members and non-judicial members.
• The chairperson and members of the Lokpal are appointed by the President based on the recommendations of a Selection Committee.
• The Prime Minister chairs this committee.
• The Lokpal, as per its structure, can have a total of eight members, comprising four judicial and four non-judicial members.

Lokpal:

• The Lokpal is the first institution of its kind in independent India,established under the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act 2013 to inquire and investigate into allegations of corruption against public functionaries who fall within the scope and ambit of the above Act.
• The Lokpal of India is committed to address concerns and aspirations of the citizens of India for clean governance.
• It shall make all efforts within its jurisdiction to serve the public interest and shall endeavor to use the powers vested in it to eradicate corruption in public life.
• India is a signatory to the United Nations Convention against Corruption.
• The commitment of the Government to provide clean and responsive governance is reflected in passing of the legislation and creation of the body of Lokpal, to contain and punish acts of corruption.

Key provisions of the Lokpal and Lokayukta Act 2013:

• Selection Committee: which includes the Prime Minister as Chairperson, Speaker of Lok Sabha, Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha, Chief Justice of India or a Judge nominated by him/her and one eminent jurist appointed by President.
• Jurisdiction includes the Prime Minister, Ministers, Members of Parliament, and group A, B, C, and D of government employees.
• It is composed of a chairperson and a maximum of eight members, with half of them being judicial members. 50% of members belong to Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Other Backward Classes, minorities, and women.
• It has the power of superintendence and directs any investigative agency, including the Central Bureau of Investigation, for cases referred to it by the Lokpal.

Conclusion:

• Justice A M Khanwilkar’s appointment as the chairperson of Lokpal, along with the appointment of other members, signifies a significant step towards strengthening the anti-corruption framework in India. His extensive judicial experience and involvement in landmark cases add weight to his role in leading the Lokpal, contributing to the institution’s effective functioning in combating corruption.

SOURCE: https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/exsc-judge-justice-a-m-khanwilkar-is-now-lokpal-chairperson-101709043679491.html

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: In a groundbreaking development, Google DeepMind introduces Genie, an innovative AI model designed to generate interactive video games from text or image prompts, revolutionizing the landscape of virtual world creation.

EXPLANATION:

• This experimental model holds the promise of allowing users, even those without prior game mechanics knowledge, to craft their own immersive and fantastical environments.

Genesis of Genie:

• The Essence of Video Games:
  • The allure of video games lies in their ability to transport players into alternate realities.
  • Genie, developed by researchers at Google DeepMind, takes this concept a step further by empowering users to create their own fictional worlds.
• Unique Proposition:
  • Genie stands out as a generative AI model that constructs interactive environments solely based on a single text or image prompt, eliminating the need for prior training in game mechanics.

Understanding Genie’s Architecture:

• Foundation World Model:
  • Genie is characterized as a foundation world model, trained on unlabelled internet videos.
  • The model boasts 11 billion parameters and comprises a spatiotemporal video tokenizer, an autoregressive dynamics model, and a scalable latent action model.
• Unsupervised Learning:
  • Genie’s unique feature lies in being the first generative interactive environment trained in an unsupervised manner from diverse internet videos, enabling it to generate playable worlds from synthetic images, photographs, and sketches.

Genie in Action:

• Playable Environments:
  • Genie allows users, including children, to envision and immerse themselves in generated worlds akin to human-designed simulated environments, even without explicit training on game mechanics.
• Prompting with Images:
  • The model can be prompted with a single image, be it real-world photographs or sketches, breathing life into still images and creating a dynamic, interactive virtual space.

Training and Scalability:

• Versatile Training:
  • While the focus of Genie’s training involves 2D platformer games and robotics videos, its design ensures scalability to larger internet datasets, providing adaptability across diverse domains.
• Internet Video Learning:
  • A standout feature is Genie’s ability to learn and replicate controls for in-game characters solely from internet videos, overcoming the absence of labels or specific information about actions in the video.

Significance and Implications:

• Control Reproduction:
  • Genie’s capacity to reproduce controls exclusively from internet videos represents a significant breakthrough, as it infers latent actions consistent across various generated environments.
• Creating Interactive Environments:
  • The most distinctive aspect of Genie is its capability to craft entire interactive environments from a single image or text prompt, unlocking new possibilities for virtual world creation.

Towards General AI Agents:

• Leap towards General AI:
  • Genie’s ability to learn and develop new world models from diverse prompts signifies a significant stride towards the development of general AI agents.
  • These agents interact with environments independently, perceiving their surroundings through sensors.

Deepmind:

• DeepMind is a division of Alphabet, Inc. responsible for developing general-purpose artificial intelligence (AGI) technology. That technology is also known as Google DeepMind.
• DeepMind uses raw pixel data as input and learns from experience. The AI uses deep learning on a convolutional neural network, with a model-free reinforcement learning technique called Q-learning.
• While the idea of general purpose AI is controversial, Google set out to establish and improve their AI property on a wide variety of grounds. DeepMind technology has been challenged to learn games on its own.
• For example, when it was tasked to beat the library of Atari games, it learned to understand the games without changing the code. After a time, the AI could play the games better and with more efficiency than humans.

Conclusion:

• Genie emerges as a game-changer in the realm of artificial intelligence, promising users the ability to shape their own virtual realities with minimal constraints. Its capacity to bridge the gap between imagination and creation, coupled with its unsupervised learning from internet videos, positions Genie as a revolutionary step towards achieving more advanced and generalized AI capabilities. The potential for users to create entirely imagined virtual worlds heralds a new era in interactive digital experiences.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-sci-tech/google-deepmind-genie-ai-9184347/

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Recently, scientists at Stanford University have introduced a novel life form, ‘obelisks,’ discovered during the analysis of genetic material from bacteria in the human gut.

EXPLANATION:

• The boundaries between the living and non-living realms have long been defined by viruses and viroids, challenging traditional notions of life.
• This discovery further blurs the lines between the living and non-living, adding a new layer of complexity to our understanding of life.

Viruses, Viroids and obelisks:

• Historical Context:
  • Since 1898, viruses have been the primary entities bridging the gap between living and non-living, characterized by host dependence and small genome sizes.
• Viroids Emergence (1971):
  • Viroids, discovered by Theodor Diener, showcased a simpler form of life with naked RNA, lacking protein coats and lipid layers. Viroids presented an intriguing departure from traditional definitions of life.
• Stanford’s Revelation:
  • Using next-generation sequencing (NGS), researchers at Stanford identified a new life form, ‘obelisks,’ in the genetic material of bacteria from the human gut.
• NGS Technique:
  • The power of NGS is likened to assembling scattered pages in a library, allowing the reconstruction of genome sequences from bits and pieces obtained from different organisms.

Obelisks:

• The Stanford team developed a software script to identify obelisks by looking for circular RNA genomes in bacterial RNA fragments.
• Analysis of 5.4 million publicly available datasets revealed approximately 30,000 distinct obelisks in the human gut.
• Further exploration found obelisks in oral bacteria on a global scale.
• RNA Length and Coding:
  • Obelisk RNA, unlike viroids, is longer (around a thousand base pairs) and appears to code for two unique proteins, with no resemblance to known proteins from other life forms.
• Comparative Analysis:
  • Despite circular RNA similarities with viroids, obelisks exhibit distinctive features, raising questions about their origin and function.

Challenges and Limitations:

• The study faces challenges in attributing specific obelisks to their bacterial hosts due to analyzing RNA data collectively.
• However, a link to Streptococcus sanguini was established through individual bacterial analysis.
• Key questions arise about obelisks’ reproduction, transmission, potential pathogenicity, evolutionary history, and their role in human health and disease.
• Proof of Concept: The connection of a specific obelisk to Streptococcus sanguini in laboratory-grown bacteria suggests a potential avenue for further exploration.

Viruses:

• Viruses are microscopic organisms that can infect hosts, like humans, plants or animals. They’re a small piece of genetic information (DNA or RNA) inside of a protective shell (capsid). Some viruses also have an envelope. Viruses can’t reproduce without a host. Some common diseases caused by viruses include the flu, the common cold and COVID-19.

Viroids:

• Viroids are non-coding circular RNA molecules with rod-like or branched structures.
• They are often ribozymes, characterized by catalytic RNA. They can perform many basic functions of life and may have played a role in evolution since the beginning of life on Earth.
• They can cleave, join, replicate, and undergo Darwinian evolution. Furthermore, ribozymes are the essential elements for protein synthesis of cellular organisms as parts of ribosomes.
• Thus, they must have preceded DNA and proteins during evolution.

Conclusion:

• The discovery of obelisks opens a new chapter in the exploration of life’s complexity, challenging preconceived notions and prompting further research. As scientists delve deeper into the mysteries of obelisks, a clearer understanding of their role in the intricate web of life may emerge, pushing the boundaries of our comprehension of living organisms. The distinction between the living and non-living at the far reaches of life continues to evolve, leaving the scientific community with a captivating and challenging frontier to explore.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/rna-obelisk-next-generation-sequencing/article67891037.ece

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: Hungary’s parliamentary ratification of Sweden’s North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) bid marks a historic milestone in European security dynamics, ending over a year of delays that garnered international attention.

EXPLANATION:

• We will explore the geopolitical context, the significance of Hungary’s approval, and the broader implications for NATO, Sweden, and the European security landscape.

Geopolitical Context

• The backdrop of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 triggered a significant shift in the geopolitical landscape.
• Sweden and Finland, traditionally non-aligned, sought NATO membership as a response to heightened regional security concerns.
• The urgency to join the alliance reflected the evolving threat perceptions in Northern Europe.

Delays and Diplomatic Strains

• While Finland swiftly became the 31st NATO member in April 2023, Sweden faced prolonged delays, primarily due to Hungary’s reluctance.
• The diplomatic tensions and delays strained relations between NATO partners and left Ukraine in a precarious position amid the ongoing conflict with Russia.

Hungary’s Strategic Move

• Hungary’s approval of Sweden’s NATO bid is portrayed as a strategic move with multifaceted objectives.
• Prime Minister of Hungary emphasis on strengthening military cooperation with Sweden suggests a nuanced approach to regional security dynamics. The acquisition of Swedish-made fighter jets further underscores Hungary’s commitment to enhancing its defense capabilities.

Diplomatic Maneuvering and Concessions

• The diplomatic maneuvering between Hungarian Prime Minister of Hungary and his Swedish counterpart played a crucial role in securing Hungary’s approval.
• Accusations of Sweden vilifying Hungary and the subsequent agreement on mutual intentions highlight the complexities of NATO accession and the importance of bilateral relations in such processes.

Domestic Politics and International Image

• Analysts view Hungary’s delayed approval as a domestic political strategy, emphasizing Hungary president’s intent to showcase Hungary as a formidable player while maintaining popularity domestically.
• The confrontational stance may not have yielded tangible concessions, but it could have bolstered his image within Hungary, where anti-European sentiments are carefully navigated.

Broader Implications for NATO

• Hungary’s approval of Sweden’s NATO bid signifies a unified front within the alliance, reinforcing the collective commitment to regional security.
• The resolution of delays enhances NATO’s cohesion and demonstrates its adaptability amid evolving geopolitical challenges.
• The accession of Sweden further expands NATO’s reach and influence in Northern Europe.

(North Atlantic Treaty Organization) NATO:

• Formed in 1949 with the signing of the Washington Treaty, NATO is a security alliance of 30 countries from North America and Europe.
• NATO’s fundamental goal is to safeguard the Allies’ freedom and security by political and military means.
• NATO remains the principal security instrument of the transatlantic community and expression of its common democratic values.
• Article 4 of the treaty ensures consultations among Allies on security matters of common interest, which have expanded from a narrowly defined Soviet threat to the critical mission in Afghanistan, as well as peacekeeping in Kosovo and new threats to security, such as cyber attacks, and global threats such as terrorism and piracy that affect the Alliance and its global network of partners.
• Article 5 of the Washington Treaty — that an attack against one Ally is an attack against all — is at the core of the Alliance, a promise of collective defense.
• It also conducts extensive training exercises and offers security support to partners around the globe, including the European Union in particular, but also the United Nations and the African Union.

Conclusion: Strengthening European Security

• Hungary’s ratification of Sweden’s NATO bid is a pivotal moment in shaping the security landscape of Northern Europe. The collaborative efforts, diplomatic negotiations, and strategic considerations underscore the evolving dynamics within NATO and the imperative of collective security in the face of geopolitical uncertainties. As Sweden inches closer to formal NATO membership, the alliance solidifies its role as a key player in maintaining peace and stability in the region.

SOURCE: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/last-holdout-hungary-ratifies-swedens-nato-bid/articleshow/108020443.cms?from=mdr

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The alarming phenomenon of mass deaths among Olive Ridley sea turtles along the Odisha coast has raised concerns about the non-compliance with a crucial two-decade-old order issued by the Central Empowered Committee (CEC), constituted by the Supreme Court.

EXPLANATION:

• We will delve into the primary causes behind the distressing turtle deaths and shed light on the environmental and regulatory factors contributing to this crisis.

CEC’s Directive and State Compliance

• A pivotal report has been submitted by CEC in 2004 following an SC order, with the aim of safeguarding Olive Ridley sea turtles.
• The directive mandated a fishing ban within a 20-kilometer radius from the high tide line at specific mass nesting sites.
• However, the state government’s partial implementation of the fishing ban, particularly in Rushikulya and Devi, points towards non-compliance.
• The failure to enforce the fishing ban within the specified radius has allowed the use of prohibited fishing nets, posing a grave threat to Olive Ridley sea turtles.
• Approximately 200,000 turtle deaths since 2000 underscore the severity of the issue.
• The impact on the adult population and recruitment of smaller size classes could lead to a decline in the overall turtle population.
• The CEC report identifies multiple sources of pollution, including the discharge of toxic pesticides and sediments from paddy fields, pollutants from a fertiliser factory in Paradip, and pollution from vessels near the Gahirmatha Marine Sanctuary.
• The Paradip port, labeled as one of the most polluted, raises concerns about the untreated waste from nearby factories and its detrimental effects on the marine ecosystem.

Odisha’s Fishing Industry and TED Non-compliance

• The fishing industry, comprising 21,000 vessels, including 2,000 trawlers, is under scrutiny for its non-compliance with Turtle Excluder Devices (TEDs).
• While TEDs significantly reduce turtle capture, none of the trawlers along the Odisha coast are utilizing these devices.
• The Fisheries Department’s failure to withhold license renewals for non-compliant trawlers exacerbates the issue.

Human Activities and Cargo Ship Risks

• The extensive human population along the coastline, heavily reliant on marine resources, contributes to ecological stress on marine flora and fauna.
• Large cargo ships’ proximity to turtle rookeries raises concerns about potential collisions and turtle fatalities.
• The Paradip Trawler Owners Association’s resistance to using TEDs for fear of reduced catches further exacerbates the challenges.

Government Initiatives and Patrolling

• The Odisha Forest Department, in collaboration with the fisheries department, marine police, and coast guard, has initiated patrolling exercises to safeguard Olive Ridley sea turtles.
• However, the inefficiency of patrolling and the non-operational status of high-speed boats acquired for this purpose indicate gaps in the execution of conservation efforts.

Olive Ridley turtles:

• The Olive ridley turtles are the smallest and most abundant of all sea turtles found in the world.
• They are found to be inhabiting the warm waters of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian oceans.
• They are carnivores and feed mainly on jellyfish, shrimp, snails, crabs, molluscs, and a variety of fish and their eggs.
• The males and females grow to the same size.
• These turtles, along with their cousin the Kemps ridley turtle, are best known for their unique mass nesting called Arribada, where thousands of females come together on the same beach to lay eggs.
• The coast of Orissa in India is the largest mass nesting site for the Olive-ridley, followed by the coasts of Mexico and Costa Rica.
• The species is recognized as Vulnerable by the IUCN Red list.
• They lie in Scheduled 1 of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972
• They are in Appendix I of the CITES.

Central Empowered Committee (CEC):

• The Central Empowered Committee (CEC) is a committee established in India to address environmental and conservation-related issues.
• It was created by the Supreme Court of India to ensure compliance with its orders and directives concerning environmental conservation.
• The CEC was initially set up in 2002 and reconstituted in 2008 to enhance its effectiveness in safeguarding the environment.
• The jurisdiction of the committee extends to the whole of India.
• The CEC is typically composed of a group of experts and officials with expertise in various aspects of environmental conservation.
• This includes retired Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officers, retired Forest Service officers, legal experts, and environmentalists. The committee is usually chaired by a senior retired IAS officer.

Conclusion: Urgent Need for Action

• The plight of Olive Ridley sea turtles on Odisha’s coast demands immediate attention and comprehensive action. The non-compliance with long-standing directives, coupled with pollution and inadequate conservation measures, poses a severe threat to these endangered species. A holistic approach, incorporating stringent enforcement of regulations, technological interventions like TEDs, and sustained awareness campaigns, is imperative to mitigate the crisis and ensure the survival of Olive Ridley sea turtles.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/why-are-olive-ridley-sea-turtles-dying-in-large-numbers-on-odisha-s-coast–94656

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: As the cryptocurrency community eagerly anticipates the upcoming Bitcoin Halving scheduled for April, it is crucial to understand the intricacies of this quadrennial event and its implications for investors.

EXPLANATION:

• Much like the Olympics for the sporting world, the Bitcoin Halving holds a special place in the crypto calendar, affecting miners, traders, and the overall cryptocurrency market.
• The Bitcoin Halving involves a 50% reduction in the reward granted to miners for successfully processing cryptocurrency transactions.
• Miners, utilizing advanced computer equipment for ‘Proof of Work,’ play a pivotal role in expanding Bitcoin’s blockchain.
• The reduction in rewards, occurring approximately every four years, impacts the dynamics of the cryptocurrency ecosystem.

An Analogy: Grocery Store Cashiers and Gold Coins

• A helpful analogy compares Bitcoin mining to a contest among grocery store cashiers.
• The analogy illustrates the diminishing reward (gold coins) for miners over time.
• This reduction raises questions about the worthiness of the effort invested, mirroring the sentiments of Bitcoin miners facing a reduced reward post-halving.

Bitcoin Mining and Scarcity

• Bitcoin mining contributes to the circulation of BTC, while the Halving event reduces the rate of coin release, enhancing the asset’s scarcity.
• This scarcity factor is often linked to an increase in Bitcoin prices, drawing parallels with precious metals like gold. With over 19 million BTC already mined, the Halving slows down the process, potentially influencing market dynamics.

Bitcoin Prices and Market Dynamics

• The Halving’s impact on Bitcoin prices is a topic of considerable interest. The reduction in mining rewards from 50 BTC in 2009 to 3.125 BTC post-halving in 2020 reflects a shift in the landscape.
• However, the actual value of the reward depends on Bitcoin prices in the market.
• The current price of 1 BTC, around $49,528, underscores the significant potential value of the mining reward.

Global Reach of Bitcoin Miners

• Bitcoin miners, both corporate and independent, span the globe, seeking optimal conditions such as cheap electricity.
• The decentralization of mining operations, prompted by government crackdowns in China, showcases the industry’s resilience and adaptability.

Investor Perspectives and Responses

• The impact of the Bitcoin Halving varies for different investors. Corporate miners, heavily invested in equipment and electricity, may intensify efforts to capitalize on the higher pre-halving rewards.
• New traders might remain indifferent, while experienced ones could strategically adjust their Bitcoin investments, either anticipating a price surge or preparing for a potential crash.

The Unpredictable Nature of Bitcoin

• Despite attempts to predict Bitcoin’s trajectory based on historical halving cycles, the reality remains unpredictable.
• Numerous factors, including regulatory changes, global events, and investor sentiments, contribute to Bitcoin’s price fluctuations.
• While halving is a notable event, investors are advised to rely on thorough research and personal judgment.

Bitcoin:

• Bitcoin (BTC) is a cryptocurrency, a virtual currency designed to act as money and a form of payment outside the control of any one person, group, or entity, thus removing the need for third-party involvement in financial transactions.
  • Cryptocurrency, sometimes called crypto-currency or crypto, is any form of currency that exists digitally or virtually and uses cryptography to secure transactions.
  • Cryptocurrencies don’t have central issuing or regulating authority, instead using a decentralized system to record transactions and issue new units.
• It is rewarded to blockchain miners for verifying transactions and can be purchased on several exchanges.
• Bitcoin was introduced to the public in 2009 by an anonymous developer or group of developers using the name Satoshi Nakamoto.
• It has since become the most well-known cryptocurrency in the world. Its popularity has inspired the development of many other cryptocurrencies.

Conclusion

• The Bitcoin Halving is a significant event in the cryptocurrency world, influencing mining rewards, market dynamics, and investor strategies. As the crypto community gears up for the upcoming halving, the long-term impact on Bitcoin prices and market behavior remains uncertain. Navigating through the unpredictable nature of Bitcoin, investors are encouraged to stay informed, conduct thorough research, and make decisions aligned with their individual perspectives and goals.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/what-is-bitcoin-halving-and-what-it-means-to-the-crypto-community-explainer/article67881278.ece

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: In a groundbreaking move, Ericsson, the Swedish telecommunications giant, has successfully deployed 100,000 ‘Massive MIMO 5G radios’ for Bharti Airtel across 12 circles in India.

EXPLANATION:

• This marks a significant step towards enhancing Airtel’s 5G capabilities and expanding its network infrastructure.
• ‘Massive MIMO’ (Multiple Input, Multiple Output) technology is at the forefront of advanced radio technologies, revolutionizing data capacity in narrowband networks without the need for additional spectrum.
  • Massive MIMO is a key enabler for the New Radio (NR) technology used in 5G networks.
  • It significantly enhances both network capacity and coverage.
  • Here are some of its benefits:
    • Spectral Efficiency: It allows more data to be transmitted simultaneously, improving overall efficiency.
    • Higher Throughput: Massive MIMO enables faster data rates for users.
    • Lower Interference: It minimizes interference between devices.
    • Extended Range: It can cover larger areas effectively.
  • Ericsson’s deployment of these cutting-edge radios aims to boost Airtel’s network capacity and deliver an enhanced 5G experience to its customers.
  • The deployment by Ericsson goes beyond Massive MIMO radios, encompassing energy-efficient Radio System products and solutions for the 5G Radio Access Network.
  • Additionally, Ericsson provides MINI-LINK (microwave) mobile transport portfolios, offering a holistic approach to optimizing Airtel’s network infrastructure.

Implications for Airtel’s Network

• Airtel’s Chief Technology Officer emphasizes the positive impact of the Massive MIMO deployment, stating that over 65 million Airtel customers are already experiencing high-speed unlimited 5G data without incurring additional costs.
• This development positions Airtel as a frontrunner in providing advanced 5G services to its widespread user base.

Airtel’s 5G Plus Service Expansion

• The deployment aligns with Airtel’s commitment to extending its 5G Plus service across the entire country.
• The service is already available in districts nationwide, with plans to cover the entire country by March 2024.
• This ambitious timeline underscores Airtel’s determination to establish itself as a comprehensive 5G service provider.

Collaboration and Technological Advancements

• In October 2023, Airtel and Ericsson collaborated to successfully test Ericsson’s pre-commercial Reduced Capability (RedCap) software on Airtel’s 5G network.
• This collaboration involved Qualcomm Technologies, Inc., and was a crucial step in validating RedCap in the Indian context.
• Such collaborations showcase the commitment of telecom giants to push the boundaries of technology and introduce innovations to their networks.

Conclusion

• Ericsson’s deployment of Massive MIMO 5G radios for Airtel signifies a major milestone in the evolution of India’s telecommunications infrastructure. As Airtel continues its ambitious journey towards nationwide 5G coverage, the collaboration with Ericsson exemplifies the industry’s commitment to harnessing cutting-edge technologies for the benefit of consumers. The successful deployment positions Airtel as a frontrunner in the race to establish a robust and expansive 5G network in the country.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/business/ericsson-deploys-massive-mimo-5g-radios-for-airtel-across-12-telecom-circles/article67889244.ece/amp/

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Researchers are actively exploring alternatives for room-temperature quantum computing, and a recent collaborative study in Japan presents a promising breakthrough involving metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and ‘colour molecules’ known as chromophores.

EXPLANATION:

• Quantum computing has emerged as a revolutionary field, promising unparalleled computational power.
• However, the majority of quantum systems require extremely low temperatures to maintain their quantum states, making them costly and complex.
• Traditional quantum systems, such as superconducting junctions, trapped ions, and quantum dots, operate at very low temperatures or in high vacuum conditions.
• The need for these extreme environments increases the complexity and cost of quantum computers, limiting their commercial viability.

The Role of Qubits in Quantum Computing

• Qubits, the fundamental units of quantum information, exhibit unique properties like superposition, allowing them to exist in multiple states simultaneously.
• However, maintaining superposed states, crucial for quantum information processing, becomes challenging due to interactions with external systems, leading to decoherence.

Requirements for Quantum Devices

• Building a quantum device requires a collection of identical qubits that can be operated controllably.
• Achieving identical qubits poses challenges due to manufacturing imperfections, and controllability involves addressing individual qubits and enabling qubit-qubit interactions.

Breakthrough: Room-Temperature Qubits in Metal-Organic Frameworks

• The recent study in Japan introduces a novel approach by utilizing metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) for room-temperature qubits.
• In this system, zirconium acts as the metal component, and an organic molecule with the chromophore pentacene bridges the metal atoms.
• Chromophores are organic molecules responsible for absorbing specific colors of light.

Understanding Chromophores and Singlet Fission

• Chromophores, often referred to as ‘colour molecules,’ absorb light and move to higher energy levels.
• The study focuses on singlet fission, a process where an excited chromophore in a singlet state transfers energy to another chromophore, causing it to enter a triplet state.
• This phenomenon is crucial for the creation of qubits in the MOF system.

Mechanism in Metal-Organic Frameworks

• The MOF networks, resembling sponges in their porosity, enable chromophores to rotate slightly.
• This rotation alters the interaction strength between adjacent chromophores, facilitating singlet fission.
• The interaction between chromophores results in a long-lived superposition of triplet states, even at room temperature, a notable achievement compared to other qubit systems requiring extremely low temperatures.

Implications and Future Directions

• While the study successfully demonstrates the generation of room-temperature qubits, challenges remain in achieving quantum gate operations, assembling multiple qubits, and ensuring controllability.
• Nevertheless, this breakthrough opens avenues for further exploration by research groups and holds promise for more economically viable quantum computing technologies.

Quantum Computing:

• Quantum computing is a multidisciplinary field comprising aspects of computer science, physics, and mathematics that utilizes quantum mechanics to solve complex problems faster than on classical computers.
• The field of quantum computing includes hardware research and application development.
• Quantum computers are able to solve certain types of problems faster than classical computers by taking advantage of quantum mechanical effects, such as superposition and quantum interference.
• Some applications where quantum computers can provide such a speed boost include machine learning (ML), optimization, and simulation of physical systems.

Conclusion

• The quest for room-temperature quantum computing takes a significant stride with the utilization of metal-organic frameworks and chromophores. This innovative approach not only addresses cost concerns associated with quantum technologies but also invites extensive research to unlock the full potential of room-temperature qubits.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/room-temperature-qubits-chromophores/article67887637.ece/amp/

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: On February 25, Prime Minister inaugurated the Sudarshan Setu, colloquially known as the Signature Bridge, marking a significant milestone in Gujarat’s infrastructure development.

EXPLANATION:

• The bridge, serving as a sea link, connects the mainland Gujarat to Bet Dwarka island, presenting a key advancement in the region’s connectivity.

Key Features of Sudarshan Setu

• Length: The Sudarshan Setu spans a total length of 4,772 meters, making it Gujarat’s longest cable-stayed bridge.
• Cable-Stayed Section: Featuring a 900-meter-long cable-stayed section, the bridge showcases cutting-edge engineering.
• Four-Lane Structure: Built at a cost of Rs 978 crore, the four-lane bridge aims to enhance transportation efficiency.
• Funding: The Union government provided the financial backing for this ambitious project.

Connecting Bet Dwarka to Mainland Gujarat

• Geographic Significance
  • Location: Sudarshan Setu links the Okha town in Devbhumi Dwarka district to Bet Dwarka, an island situated 3 km off Okha.
  • Geographical Area: Bet Dwarka, the second-largest island off the Gujarat coast after Diu, spans 36 sq km.
  • Transportation: The bridge eliminates the reliance on ferry services, providing all-weather road connectivity between Bet Dwarka and mainland Gujarat.

Religious Tourism Hub

• Cultural and Economic Impact
  • Shree Dwarkadhish Mukhya Mandir: Bet Dwarka hosts the prominent Shree Dwarkadhish Mukhya Mandir, a revered shrine dedicated to Lord Krishna.
  • Tourism Attractions: The island is home to various Hindu temples, a gurudwara, and mosques, making it a pilgrimage destination.
  • Economic Activities: Fishing, tourism, and some agricultural pursuits constitute the primary sources of livelihood on the island.

Unique Design and Features

• Architectural Elements
  • Pier Support: The bridge is supported by 32 piers, facilitating seven cable-stayed spans of 900 meters each.
  • Navigation Section: The structure includes a navigation section allowing the movement of fishing boats to and from the Dalda Bandar harbor.
  • Aesthetic Touch: Pillars adorned with verses from the Bhagavad Gita and images of Krishna add a cultural and aesthetic dimension.
  • Sustainability: Solar panels form the roof of walkways, showcasing a commitment to sustainable energy.

Contractor Controversy

• Construction Details
  • Contractor: The bridge was constructed by S P Singla Constructions Private Limited, based in Panchkula.
  • Controversy: The contractor was under scrutiny due to its involvement in the collapse of the Aguwani-Sultanganj Ganga bridge in Bihar. Despite concerns, the Signature Bridge was completed.

Demolitions and Concerns

• Social and Economic Ramifications
  • Structural Demolitions: In October 2022, over 100 structures, including homes and religious sites, were demolished on the shoreline of Bet Dwarka for perceived national security threats.
  • Impact on Livelihood: Concerns were raised about the impact on ferry boat operators, with predictions of reduced passenger traffic affecting their livelihoods.

Future Developments

• Mitigating Economic Impact
  • Fare Regulation: The Gujarat Maritime Board regulates ferry boat fares, and discussions indicate a possible fare increase to Rs 50 to offset the impact on boat operators.
  • Diversification: Boat operators exploring alternatives, such as converting boats for dolphin viewing, showcase adaptive strategies in the face of changing circumstances.

Conclusion

• The inauguration of Sudarshan Setu not only marks a significant engineering achievement but also underscores the socio-economic impact on the region. As Gujarat’s longest cable-stayed bridge, it symbolizes progress, connectivity, and cultural significance, paving the way for future developments in the state’s infrastructure landscape. The challenges and controversies surrounding its construction highlight the complexities involved in such transformative projects.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/narendra-modi-inaugurate-gujarat-sudarshan-setu-signature-bridge-9179281/

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The advent of conversational AI, exemplified by OpenAI’s ChatGPT and other AI chatbots like Gemini, has marked a paradigm shift in human-computer interactions.

EXPLANATION:

• At the heart of these innovations lies the Large Language Model (LLM), a crucial element enabling machines to learn, think, and engage in conversations.
• We will delve into the intricacies of LLMs, exploring their features, types, working mechanisms, applications, and advantages.

Defining Large Language Models (LLMs)

• Key Characteristics
  • LLMs, according to Google, are expansive general-purpose language models that undergo pre-training and subsequent fine-tuning for specific tasks.
  • They excel in solving diverse language-related problems, from text classification and question answering to document summarization.
  • The term “large” refers to both the extensive training data and the parameter count, with parameters embodying the acquired knowledge during training.
• Features of LLMs
  • Enormous Size: Refers to both the extensive training data and parameter count.
  • General Purpose: LLMs are designed to address general language problems, transcending specific tasks and resource constraints.

Types of LLMs

• Based on Architecture
  • LLMs can be categorized into three types:
    • Autoregressive: Exemplified by GPT-3, these models predict the next word in a sequence based on previous words.
    • Transformer-based: Models like Gemini (formerly Bard) utilize a specific neural network architecture known as transformers for language processing.
    • Encoder-Decoder: These models encode input text into a representation and then decode it into another language or format.
  • Based on Training Data
    • LLMs can be classified into three types:
      • Pretrained and Fine-tuned: Tailored for specific purposes using relatively small field datasets.
      • Multilingual: Capable of understanding and generating text in multiple languages.
      • Domain-specific: Trained on data related to specific domains such as legal, finance, or healthcare.

Working Mechanism of LLMs

• At the core of LLMs is “deep learning,” involving the training of artificial neural networks inspired by the human brain.
• LLMs learn to predict the probability of a word or sequence of words given the preceding words in a sentence.
• This is achieved by analyzing patterns and relationships within the training dataset.
• The learning process is analogous to how a baby learns language—by exposure and understanding without explicit instructions.

Applications of LLMs

• LLMs showcase a wide array of applications across domains:
  • Text Generation: Creating human-like content, including stories, articles, poetry, and songs.
  • Conversational AI: Engaging in conversations, providing information, answering questions, and maintaining context.
  • Language Understanding Tasks: Proficiency in sentiment analysis, language translation, and summarization of dense texts.
  • Content Creation and Personalization: Aiding in marketing strategies, offering personalized product recommendations, and tailoring content to specific target audiences.

Advantages of LLMs

• Versatility
  • LLMs stand out for their versatility, as a single model can be applied to a variety of tasks.
  • Their ability to generalize patterns learned from large datasets enables them to tackle different problems.
• Performance Improvement
  • The continuous infusion of data and parameters into LLMs leads to a continuous improvement in performance.
  • Their adaptability and learning capabilities contribute to their sustained evolution.

Conclusion

• In conclusion, LLMs serve as the backbone of AI chatbots, empowering them to understand, generate, and converse in human-like language. Their versatility, coupled with continuous improvement capabilities, positions LLMs as pivotal components in the ongoing evolution of artificial intelligence. As these models continue to develop, their impact on diverse domains and applications is set to expand, making them a key area to watch in the dynamic field of AI.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-sci-tech/what-is-an-llm-the-backbone-of-ai-chatbots-like-chatgpt-gemini-9180776/

TAG: GS 1: ART AND CULTURE

THE CONTEXT: The Indira Gandhi National Centre for Arts (IGNCA), an autonomous body under the Union Culture Ministry, is set to embark on a comprehensive linguistic survey across India.

EXPLANATION:

• The primary objective is to create a ‘Language Atlas’ that will shed light on the extensive linguistic diversity existing in the country.
• As India emphasizes education in mother tongues, particularly at the primary level, the actual number of “active” languages in the country remains a pivotal question.
• The linguistic survey proposed by IGNCA aims to fill this knowledge gap by providing a detailed account of languages spoken and their distribution across states and regions.
• India officially recognizes 22 languages, as outlined in Schedule 8 of the Indian Constitution.
• Census data indicates that 97% of the population speaks one of these officially recognized languages.
• However, an additional 99 non-scheduled languages, identified by around 37.8 million people as their mother tongue, are not included in the official count due to the exclusion of languages with fewer than 10,000 speakers since 1971.
• The decision to exclude languages with fewer than 10,000 speakers has left the native languages of 1.2 million people unaccounted for, with many of these languages being spoken by tribal communities.
• The linguistic survey seeks to address this gap in data, providing a more inclusive representation of India’s linguistic landscape.

Urgent Need for a Comprehensive Linguistic Survey

• The last comprehensive linguistic survey was conducted during the 1961 Census, which recorded a staggering 1,554 languages spoken in India.
• The proposed Language Atlas aims to replicate such exhaustive data collection, offering a comprehensive view of the linguistic tapestry of the nation.

Database for Future Policy Decisions

• Experts highlight the significance of the linguistic survey as a potential database for future policy decisions.
• The detailed insights into language distribution and the number of speakers can inform educational, cultural, and social policies catering to the diverse linguistic needs of the population.
• The Detailed Project Report (DPR) outlines the involvement of various ministries, including Culture, Education, Tribal Affairs, Home, Social Justice and Empowerment, and Development of North East Region, as key stakeholders in the survey.
• Collaborators include the Central Institute of Indian Languages, National Museum, Centres for Endangered Languages, and Linguistic Departments of universities.

Survey Methodology and Phases

• The survey proposes a phased approach, starting with State-wise data collection followed by region-wise analysis.
• Additionally, there is an emphasis on digital archiving of audio recordings for all languages, including those that are endangered or extinct.
• This approach ensures a holistic and technologically advanced documentation of linguistic diversity.

Beyond Communication: Preserving Wisdom and Culture

• It underscores the broader importance of languages beyond communication, emphasizing their role in preserving local wisdom, knowledge, stories, and culture.
• Indigenous medicinal practices, for example, often rely on local languages to pass down traditional knowledge, highlighting the cultural richness intertwined with linguistic diversity.

Historical Context: The Linguistic Survey of India (LSI)

• The initiative by IGNCA draws parallels with the historical context of linguistic surveys, notably the Linguistic Survey of India (LSI) conducted by Sir George Abraham Grierson in 1928.
• The evolving Indian map post-Independence necessitates a contemporary survey that aligns with the current state boundaries and linguistic dynamics.

Indira Gandhi National Centre for Arts (IGNCA) :

• The Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA) was established in 1987
• It is established as an autonomous institution under the Ministry of Culture, as a centre for research, academic pursuit and dissemination in the field of the arts.
• The IGNCA has a trust (i.e. Board of Trustees), which meets regularly to give general direction about the Centre’s work.
• The Executive Committee, drawn from among the Trustees, functions under a Chairman.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ignca-proposes-survey-on-the-languages-of-india/article67882244.ece/amp/

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Researchers have recently reported groundbreaking findings in the realm of ancient genetics, discovering chromosomal disorders in prehistoric skeletal remains dating back approximately 5,500 years.

EXPLANATION:

• Notably, this includes instances of both Down syndrome and Edwards syndrome, shedding light on the prevalence and recognition of these conditions in ancient societies.
• A team from the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology conducted a meticulous analysis, screening nearly 10,000 genomes from ancient human skeletal remains across Ireland, Bulgaria, Greece, Spain, and Finland.
• The researchers identified six cases of Down syndrome and a remarkable first-ever instance of Edwards syndrome from historic or prehistoric remains.

Trisomy and its Impact

• Trisomies are characterized by the presence of three copies of a chromosome instead of the typical two.
• It result in conditions like Down syndrome (trisomy 21) and Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18).
• The difficulty in identifying genetic disorders in ancient individuals without modern DNA analysis techniques has limited our understanding of how ancient societies dealt with such conditions.
• The discovered cases span various time periods and regions, with two cases dating back to the Bronze Age (approximately 2,700 BCE) and one from the Neolithic period (around 3,500 BCE).
• The temporal and geographic diversity of these cases provides valuable insights into the prevalence of trisomies across different ancient societies.

Concentration of Cases in Early Iron Age Spain

• Intriguingly, the study reveals a concentration of trisomy cases in early Iron Age Spain (800-400 BCE), suggesting a potentially higher frequency of burials for trisomy carriers in this particular society.
• This insight prompts further questions about the societal responses and perceptions surrounding individuals with chromosomal disorders during that era.

Ritualistic Treatment of Afflicted Individuals

• The researchers note that, regardless of the specific temporal or geographic context, all individuals with trisomies appear to have been cared for after death through various rituals.
• This indicates a recognition of these individuals as integral members of their communities.
• In some instances, individuals received exceptional burials or were accompanied by elaborate grave goods, underscoring the societal acknowledgment of their uniqueness.

Community Recognition and Care

• The inclusion of bronze rings, Mediterranean seashells, and even animal remains in the burials signifies a level of care and recognition extended to those with chromosomal disorders.
• These findings offer a unique perspective on how ancient communities perceived and integrated individuals with such conditions, emphasizing a sense of communal inclusivity.
• This groundbreaking research not only expands our understanding of the prevalence of chromosomal disorders in ancient populations but also provides valuable insights into how these societies responded to and recognized individuals with such conditions.
• The care and ritualistic treatment observed in the burials challenge assumptions about societal attitudes towards diversity and disability in the distant past.

Down Syndrome:

• Down syndrome is a condition in which a person has an extra chromosome. Chromosomes are small “packages” of genes in the body.
• They determine how a baby’s body forms and functions as it grows during pregnancy and after birth.
• Typically, a baby is born with 46 chromosomes. Babies with Down syndrome have an extra copy of one of these chromosomes, chromosome 21. A medical term for having an extra copy of a chromosome is ‘trisomy.’
• Down syndrome is also referred to as Trisomy 21. This extra copy changes how the baby’s body and brain develop, which can cause both mental and physical challenges for the baby.

Edwards’ syndrome (trisomy 18):

• Edwards’ syndrome, also known as trisomy 18, is a rare but serious condition.
• Edwards’ syndrome affects how long a baby may survive. Sadly, most babies with Edwards’ syndrome will die before or shortly after being born.
• A small number (about 13 in 100) babies born alive with Edwards’ syndrome will live past their 1st birthday.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/down-syndrome-edwards-syndrome-found-in-ancient-individuals/article67878795.ece

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: The Indian government has, after an 11-year hiatus, disclosed the findings of the All-India Household Consumption Expenditure Survey conducted between August 2022 and July 2023.

EXPLANATION:

• This survey typically conducted every five years by the National Statistical Office (NSO).
• It is designed to collect information on the consumption spending patterns of households across the country, both urban and rural.
• The data gathered in this exercise reveals the average expenditure on goods (food and non-food) and services.
• It helps generate estimates of household Monthly Per Capita Consumer Expenditure (MPCE) as well as the distribution of households and persons over the MPCE classes.
• It plays a crucial role in assessing key economic indicators like Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Consumer Price Inflation (CPI), and poverty levels.
• The last survey in 2017-18 faced delays in release, attributed to “data quality” issues.
• The current disclosure marks the first comprehensive data release since then, providing insights into consumption patterns.

Average Monthly Per Capita Consumption Expenditure (MPCE) Trends

• Urban and Rural Disparities:
  • Urban households witnessed a 33.5% rise in MPCE since 2011-12, reaching ₹3,510.
  • Rural India experienced a 40.42% increase, reaching ₹2,008 over the same period.
• Spending Composition Shift:
  • Notably, spending on food decreased:
    • Rural households: from 52.9% in 2011-12 to 46.4%.
    • Urban households: from 42.6% to 39.2%.
  • This shift may impact the calculation of retail inflation.
• The MPCE figures exclude imputed values of items received through social welfare schemes like PM Garib Kalyan Ann Yojana.
• When these are considered, the average MPCE at 2011-12 prices rises, excluding free education and healthcare sops.

Bottom 5% and Top 5% Population Analysis

• Income Disparities:
  • Bottom 5% in rural areas have an average MPCE of ₹1,373, while in urban areas, it is ₹2,001.
  • Top 5% in rural and urban areas have significantly higher MPCE, at ₹10,501 and ₹20,824, respectively.

Regional Disparities in MPCE

• Sikkim stands out with the highest MPCE in both rural (₹7,731) and urban (₹12,105) areas.
• Chhattisgarh reports the lowest MPCE, with ₹2,466 for rural households and ₹4,483 for urban households.

Methodology and Data Collection

• The survey involved 2,61,746 households, with 1,55,014 in rural areas, covering all States and Union Territories.
• The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation released a factsheet summarizing the survey, promising a detailed report later.

National Statistical Office (NSO):

• The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) is a ministry of Government of Indiaconcerned with coverage and quality aspects of statistics released. The surveys conducted by the Ministry are based on scientific sampling methods.
• The Ministry has two wings, one relating to Statistics and the other Programme Implementation. The Statistics Wing called the National Statistical Office (NSO) consists of the Central Statistical Office (CSO), the Computer center and the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO).
• On 23rd May 2019, the government merged the NSSO with the Central Statistics Office (CSO) to form the National Statistical Office (NSO).

Conclusion and Implications

• The disclosed data will be instrumental in revising economic indicators like GDP, CPI, and poverty levels. The shift in spending patterns, particularly the decrease in food spending, has potential implications for inflation calculations. The socio-economic disparities highlighted in income distribution underscore the need for targeted policy interventions in specific regions.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/after-11-years-household-consumption-expenditure-survey-findings-released/article67882939.ece

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: In a groundbreaking discovery, scientists utilizing the James Webb Space Telescope have identified evidence of a neutron star at the heart of a young supernova remnant.

EXPLANATION:

• This marks the first time that the effects of high-energy emissions from a potential young neutron star have been observed, shedding light on the aftermath of the core-collapse supernova SN 1987A.

SN 1987A: A Core-Collapse Supernova:

• SN 1987A, situated 160,000 light-years away in the Large Magellanic Cloud, captivated astronomers as a core-collapse supernova.
• The spectacular event, visible from Earth in 1987, presented a unique opportunity to study the remnants that would form either a neutron star or a black hole at its core.

Historical Significance of SN 1987A:

• The supernova SN 1987A holds historical significance as the first supernova visible to the naked eye since Kepler’s Supernova in 1604.
• Detected in February 1987, its brightness peaked in May of the same year.
• Notably, just hours before the initial visible-light observation, three observatories globally recorded a burst of neutrinos linked to the same supernova event.
• This provided crucial evidence supporting theories about the mechanisms behind core-collapse supernovae.
• While astronomers had been searching for evidence of a compact object, potentially a neutron star, within the remnants of SN 1987A, confirmation has been elusive until now.
• The recent discovery, announced by NASA, not only confirms the presence of a neutron star but also marks the first detection of the high-energy emissions associated with it.

Importance of Neutron Star Detection:

• The identification of a neutron star within the remnants of SN 1987A provides valuable insights into the aftermath of core-collapse supernovae.
• Neutron stars are dense remnants that result from the gravitational collapse of massive stars.
• This discovery not only validates existing theories but also opens new avenues for studying the properties and behavior of neutron stars in the specific context of supernova remnants.

Role of James Webb Space Telescope:

• The James Webb Space Telescope played a crucial role in this discovery, showcasing its capabilities in unraveling cosmic mysteries.
• As the scientific community eagerly anticipates the full operational deployment of the telescope, this achievement underscores its potential to revolutionize our understanding of the universe.
• The James Webb Space Telescope is the largest, most powerful space telescope ever built.
• The telescope will be able to capture images of some of the first galaxies ever formed.
• It will also be able to observe objects in our solar system from Mars outward, look inside dust clouds to see where new stars and planets are forming and examine the atmospheres of planets orbiting other stars.
• The Webb telescope’s cameras are sensitive to heat from the Sun. Webb has a sunshield to protect its instruments and mirrors.
• The James Webb Space Telescope sees the universe in light that is invisible to human eyes. This light is called infrared radiation. The James Webb Space Telescope will use its infrared cameras to see through dust in the universe.
• It took deep field images of Pandora’s cluster in 2022.

Neutron star:

• A neutron star is a dense and compact stellar object that forms from the remnants of a massive star’s core after a supernova explosion.
• These stars are among the densest objects known in the universe, packing an immense mass into a relatively small size.
• The discovery of pulsars in 1967 provided the first evidence of the existence of neutron stars.
• Pulsars are neutron stars that emit pulses of radiation once per rotation.

Supernova:

• A supernova is a cataclysmic explosion of a massive star, releasing an enormous amount of energy and radiation.
• It occurs when a star exhausts its nuclear fuel, leading to a sudden gravitational collapse and a violent explosion.
• Supernovas are often seen in other galaxies. But supernovas are difficult to see in our own Milky Way galaxy because dust blocks our view.

Conclusion:

• The detection of a neutron star within the remnants of SN 1987A represents a triumph in astronomical research, offering a glimpse into the aftermath of a core-collapse supernova. As the James Webb Space Telescope continues to unveil cosmic secrets, this discovery marks a milestone in our quest to comprehend the complexities of stellar evolution and the cosmic processes that shape our universe.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/neutron-star-supernova-9177038/

TAG: GS 1: SOCIAL ISSUES

THE CONTEXT: The Central government in India has made significant amendments to the Surrogacy (Regulation) Rules, 2022, addressing concerns and complexities surrounding surrogacy procedures.

EXPLANATION:

• The modifications, notified by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, offer new provisions that impact both married couples with medical conditions and single women (widow or divorcee) undergoing surrogacy.

Amendments for Couples with Medical Conditions:

• The latest amendment allows flexibility in the origin of gametes for couples certified as suffering from a medical condition.
• Unlike the previous rule, both gametes need not necessarily come from the intending couple.
• Instead, if either the husband or wife constituting the intending couple has a certified medical condition necessitating the use of donor gametes, surrogacy with donor gametes is now permitted.
• This amendment aims to provide an avenue for couples facing medical challenges to still pursue surrogacy.

Specifics on Single Women Undergoing Surrogacy:

• The notification emphasizes that single women, whether widowed or divorced, opting for surrogacy must use their own eggs and donor sperm.
• This directive reinforces the requirement for self-eggs from the intending mother, offering clarity on the genetic components involved in surrogacy procedures for single women.

Legal Context and Supreme Court’s Involvement:

• The amendment comes in response to the Supreme Court’s involvement in the matter.
• The Apex Court had questioned the delay in decision-making by the Central government, particularly concerning women petitioners seeking surrogacy options.
• The Court had received petitions from women across the country, challenging the previous rule that prohibited the use of donor gametes for couples undergoing surrogacy.

Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021:

• Regulation of surrogacy:
  • The Bill prohibits commercial surrogacy, but allows altruistic surrogacy. Altruistic surrogacy involves no monetary compensation to the surrogate mother other than the medical expenses and insurance coverage during the pregnancy.
  • Commercial surrogacy includes surrogacy or its related procedures undertaken for a monetary benefit or reward (in cash or kind) exceeding the basic medical expenses and insurance coverage.
• Purposes for which surrogacy is permitted:
  • Surrogacy is permitted when it is: (i) for intending couples who suffer from proven infertility; (ii) altruistic; (iii) not for commercial purposes; (iv) not for producing children for sale, prostitution or other forms of exploitation; and (v) for any condition or disease specified through regulations.
• Eligibility criteria for intending couple:
  • The intending couple should have a ‘certificate of essentiality’ and a ‘certificate of eligibility’ issued by the appropriate authority.
• Appropriate authority:
  • The central and state governments shall appoint one or more appropriate authorities within 90 days of the Bill becoming an Act.
  • The functions of the appropriate authority include; (i) granting, suspending or cancelling registration of surrogacy clinics; (ii) enforcing standards for surrogacy clinics; (iii) investigating and taking action against breach of the provisions of the Bill; (iv) recommending modifications to the rules and regulations.
• Registration of surrogacy clinics:
  • Surrogacy clinics cannot undertake surrogacy related procedures unless they are registered by the appropriate authority.
  • Clinics must apply for registration within a period of 60 days from the date of appointment of the appropriate authority.
• National and State Surrogacy Boards:
  • The central and the state governments shall constitute the National Surrogacy Board (NSB) and the State Surrogacy Boards (SSB), respectively. Functions of the NSB include, (i) advising the central government on policy matters relating to surrogacy; (ii) laying down the code of conduct of surrogacy clinics; and (iii) supervising the functioning of SSBs.
• Offences and penalties:
  • The offences under the Bill include: (i) undertaking or advertising commercial surrogacy; (ii) exploiting the surrogate mother; (iii) abandoning, exploiting or disowning a surrogate child; and (iv) selling or importing human embryo or gametes for surrogacy.
  • The penalty for such offences is imprisonment up to 10 years and a fine up to 10 lakh rupees. The Bill specifies a range of offences and penalties for other contraventions of the provisions of the Bill.

Conclusion:

• The amended surrogacy rules in India reflect a balancing act between legal regulations, medical considerations, and individual rights. The changes bring a nuanced approach to accommodate couples facing medical challenges while ensuring clarity for single women opting for surrogacy. The ongoing legal discourse demonstrates the importance of adapting regulations to meet the evolving needs and perspectives in the realm of assisted reproductive technologies.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/centre-amends-surrogacy-rules-allows-couples-with-medical-conditions-to-use-donor-gametes/article67878622.ece