THE CONTEXT: The Model Code of Conduct (MCC) in India represents a significant effort to ensure fair and ethical conduct during elections. Initially established as a simple set of guidelines for the Kerala Assembly election in 1960, the MCC has evolved through consultations with political parties and amendments. It aims to regulate the behavior of political parties and candidates, preventing abuse of power and ensuring a level playing field. Despite its evolution, the MCC faces challenges in enforcement, with increasing instances of violations that exploit the gaps between the letter and spirit of the code.

ISSUES:

• Evolution and Expansion of the MCC: The MCC began as a modest set of guidelines for the Assembly election in Kerala in 1960 and has evolved over the years. It now includes comprehensive rules that govern the conduct of political parties and candidates during elections to ensure fair play.
• Challenges in Enforcement: Despite its comprehensive nature, the MCC’s enforcement faces challenges. Violations have become more common, with political leaders using their influence and resources to circumvent the rules. This has led to a need for stricter enforcement and clearer consequences for violations.
• Need for Stronger Penalties: The current MCC framework does not clearly spell out the consequences for violations, which dilutes its deterrent effect. A proposal to impose more severe penalties for violations, such as bans on campaigning and public appearances and even disqualification from the election process for repeated violations, is being considered.
• Vicarious Liability of Political Parties: A significant shift in approach is the introduction of vicarious liability, where political parties are held accountable for violations committed by their members. This includes serving notices to parties instead of just the individuals, which could lead to punitive actions against the parties.
• Streamlining the Violation Handling Process: There is a call for a more streamlined and efficient process for handling violations. This includes taking punitive action within 72 hours of a breach to maintain the impact and credibility of the enforcement process.
• Public Confidence and Transparency: Enhancing public confidence in the electoral process is crucial. This involves strict enforcement of the MCC and maintaining transparency about the actions taken against violations. Publicly displaying cases of breaches and their status on the EC website could help in building trust among the electorate.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Strengthening Enforcement Mechanisms: Clearly define the punitive measures for violations of the MCC. This could include fines, temporary bans from campaigning, or even longer-term bans for repeated offenses. Establish a protocol for the Election Commission (EC) to take immediate action within a set timeframe (e.g., 72 hours) to address violations. This would help maintain the integrity of the electoral process and enhance public confidence in the EC’s responsiveness.
• Enhancing Transparency and Accountability: Maintain a public database of all reported MCC violations and their resolution status. This transparency would help hold political parties and candidates accountable and educate the public and media on ongoing issues. The EC should provide regular updates about actions taken on violations during the election period, which would help maintain a clean electoral environment.
• Legal and Regulatory Reforms: Work towards legislative backing for the MCC to give it statutory power, allow legal proceedings against violators, and make the code more formidable and respected. Regularly update and revise the MCC guidelines to keep up with new electioneering methods and technologies that may be exploited to skirt existing rules.
• Involving Stakeholders: Continuously engage with political parties to revise and update the MCC, ensuring it reflects a consensus among all stakeholders and is respected by all. Increase efforts to educate voters and the community about the MCC, why it is essential, and how they can report suspected violations. This could involve partnerships with NGOs and civil society organizations.
• Integration with Law Enforcement: Collaboration with Police and Judiciary: Ensure that any MCC violation connected with legal provisions is immediately handed over to law enforcement agencies. This would require a seamless interface between the EC and law enforcement to ensure swift action.
• Leadership and Ethical Campaigning: Launch campaigns to promote ethical campaigning among political parties and candidates. Highlight the importance of integrity and ethics in securing public trust and the successful conduct of elections.

THE CONCLUSION:

The effectiveness of the Model Code of Conduct hinges on its strict enforcement and the introduction of clear, punitive consequences for violations. The Election Commission’s recent approach of holding political parties accountable for individual violations suggests a move towards greater responsibility and accountability. However, the ultimate success of the MCC in fostering fair and ethical election practices depends on the collective will of political leaders to adhere to its principles. Beyond regulations, the character and integrity of political leaders play a crucial role in upholding the spirit of democracy and ensuring the conduct of free and fair elections.

UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTION:

Q. Discuss the role of the Election Commission of India in the light of the evolution of the Model Code of Conduct. 2022

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q. Evaluate the effectiveness of the Model Code of Conduct (MCC) in ensuring free and fair elections in India. Discuss the challenges in its enforcement and suggest measures to enhance its efficacy.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/election-commission-model-code-of-conduct-reform-9293757/

TAG: GS 1:  GEOGRAPHY

THE CONTEXT: The “kallakkadal phenomenon” has emerged as a significant threat to the coastal areas of Kerala and Tamil Nadu, prompting alerts from central agencies and raising concerns among fishermen and coastal residents.

EXPLANATION:

Nature of the “Kallakkadal Phenomenon”

• The “kallakkadal phenomenon” refers to the sudden swell of the seas, leading to rough waves along the coastline.
• This phenomenon is characterized by its unpredictability, as it can occur suddenly without specific indications or warnings.
• Strong winds in the southern part of the Indian Ocean are believed to trigger these sudden surges, earning the term “kallakkadal,” meaning a sea that comes suddenly like a thief.
• The sudden swell of the seas poses various risks to fishermen, coastal residents, and maritime activities.
• Rough waves can endanger fishing vessels and other boats, increasing the risk of collisions and accidents.
• Coastal communities may face disruptions to livelihoods and infrastructure damage due to the impact of rough seas.
• Additionally, activities at sea, such as fishing and recreational boating, become hazardous during this phenomenon, necessitating caution and preventive measures.

Alerts and Precautionary Measures

• Central agencies like the Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) play a crucial role in issuing alerts and advisories to mitigate risks associated with the “kallakkadal phenomenon.”
• Recommendations include staying away from danger zone areas, safely mooring fishing vessels in harbors, and maintaining a safe distance between boats to prevent collisions.
• Coastal residents are advised to avoid trips to the beach and refrain from engaging in activities at sea until the phenomenon subsides.

Response and Preparedness

• Efforts to enhance preparedness and response to the “kallakkadal phenomenon” involve coordination among government agencies, coastal communities, and relevant stakeholders.
• Training programs, awareness campaigns, and the dissemination of timely information help build resilience and minimize the impact of sudden sea swells.
• Additionally, investing in early warning systems and monitoring technologies strengthens the capacity to anticipate and respond to such events effectively.

Future Considerations

• As climate change continues to influence weather patterns and ocean dynamics, the frequency and intensity of extreme events like the “kallakkadal phenomenon” may increase.
• Therefore, there is a need for ongoing research, monitoring, and adaptation strategies to address emerging risks and safeguard coastal communities’ well-being.
• Collaborative efforts at the national and regional levels are essential to build resilience and ensure the sustainable management of coastal ecosystems.

Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS):

• INCOIS was established as an autonomous body in 1999 under the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) and is a unit of the Earth System Science Organisation (ESSO).
• It is mandated to provide the best possible ocean information and advisory services to society, industry, government agencies and the scientific community through sustained ocean observations and constant improvements through systematic and focussed research.
• It provides round-the-clock monitoring and warning services for the coastal population on tsunamis, storm surges, high waves, etc. through the in-house Indian Tsunami Early Warning Centre (ITEWC).
• It provides daily advisories to fisher folk to help them easily locate areas of abundant fish in the ocean while saving on both fuel and time used to search for the same.

SOURCE: https://www.deccanherald.com/india/tamil-nadu/kallakkadal-phenomenon-threatens-kerala-southern-tamil-nadu-coastlines-2999183

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: The recent appointments of A Ganesh Kumar and Debasis Kundu to the National Statistical Commission mark a significant step towards strengthening India’s statistical infrastructure.

EXPLANATION:

• It highlights the importance of the National Statistical Commission, the role of its newly appointed members, and the broader context of reforms in the country’s statistical system.

National Statistical Commission

• The Government of India through a resolution dated 1st June, 2005 set up the National Statistical Commission (NSC).
• It is an autonomous organization which works under Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation.
• The setting up of the NSC followed the decision of the Cabinet to accept the recommendations of the Rangarajan Commission, which reviewed the Indian Statistical System in 2001.
• The NSC was constituted with effect from 12th July 2006 with a mandate to evolve policies, priorities and standards in statistical matters.
• The NSC has four Members besides a Chairperson, each having specialization and experience in specified statistical fields.
• Its mandate includes enhancing the quality of statistical surveys, suggesting standards, and coordinating with various departments to ensure comprehensive data collection and analysis.
• The primary purpose of the National Statistical Commission is to serve as the nodal body for basic statistical activities in India.
• It sets standards for statistical surveys, recommends methodologies for data collection, and fosters coordination among different government departments.
• Over the years, the commission has played a vital role in shaping the country’s statistical policies and practices.

Manner of selection of part-time Chairman and Members of the NSC and the Chief Statistician of India:

• The Chairman, Members and Chief Statistician of India will be selected on the basis of the recommendations of a Search Committee duly constituted by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation for the purpose.
• The Search Committee shall recommend names of three persons to the Government of India for selection as Chairperson and one of them would be nominated as the Chairperson.
• The Search Committee shall also recommend the names of two persons from each of the four categories of fields of specialization and names of two persons for Chief Statistician of India.
• The Government of India shall nominate one member from each of the categories and one person as the Chief Statistician of India and appoint them.

Resignation, Removal etc. of a Chairperson or a Member

• The Chairperson and any other member, may, by notice in writing under his hand address to the President, resign his post.
• Notwithstanding this, the President may by order remove from office the Chairperson or a Member if he/she
  • Is adjudged an insolvent or
  • Gets convicted and sentenced to imprisonment for an offence which in the opinion of the President involves moral turpitude or
  • Is, in the opinion of the President, unfit to continue in office by reason of infirmity of mind or body or
  • If in the opinion of the President has so abused his/her position has to render that persons continuance in office detrimental to the interest of the statistical system, or
  • Becomes an un-discharged solvent and
  • Refuses to act or becomes incapable of acting.

Recent Initiatives and Committees

• In the past year, the commission has undertaken several initiatives to improve survey processes and enhance the quality of statistical data.
• This includes the establishment of expert committees to address issues such as the integration of technology into surveys, sampling methodologies, and statistical methods.
• These efforts underscore the commission’s commitment to modernizing India’s statistical infrastructure.

Context of Reforms in Statistical System

• The appointments of new members come at a time when there are calls for reforming India’s statistical system.
• The Prime Minister’s recent meeting to discuss the overhaul of the statistical system reflects the government’s recognition of the need for modernization and strengthening of statistical infrastructure.
• Empowering the National Statistical Commission is seen as a crucial step in this direction.

Future Directions

• As India continues to evolve economically and socially, the role of accurate and reliable statistical data becomes increasingly critical.
• The National Statistical Commission, with its newly appointed members, is poised to lead the country towards a more robust and transparent statistical framework.
• By leveraging expertise, embracing technological advancements, and fostering collaboration, the commission can contribute significantly to evidence-based policymaking and national development.

SOURCE: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/national-statistical-commission-gets-two-more-members/articleshow/109653750.cms?from=mdr

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Looking at the current trends of climate change, Aedes will spread into large parts of southern Europe and the United States, putting another 2bn people at risk of getting dengue.

EXPLANATION:

• Dengue fever, transmitted primarily by the Aedes aegypti mosquito, poses a growing threat to global health as its incidence continues to rise.
• The incidence of dengue fever has seen a dramatic increase in recent years, with the number of cases surpassing 5.9 million in 2024.
• This rise is attributed to various factors, including urbanization, climate change, and the expansion of the Aedes mosquito’s range.

Impacts of Dengue

• Dengue fever inflicts significant suffering on individuals and communities, characterized by severe joint pain, hemorrhage, and in some cases, death.
• Furthermore, the after-effects of the disease, such as fatigue and cognitive impairment, contribute to its burden on public health systems.
• The economic consequences are also notable, with affected countries experiencing decreased productivity and increased healthcare costs.

Factors Contributing to Dengue Spread

• Urbanization plays a significant role in the spread of dengue, as densely populated cities provide ample breeding grounds for Aedes mosquitoes.
• Additionally, climate change exacerbates the problem by expanding the mosquito’s habitat into previously unaffected regions.
• The disease’s emergence in new areas, including California, southern Europe, and subtropical Africa, underscores its global threat.

Challenges in Combatting Dengue

• Combatting dengue poses several challenges, particularly in resource-constrained regions.
• Traditional methods, such as bed nets used for malaria prevention, are ineffective against Aedes mosquitoes, which bite during the day.
• Furthermore, the vast territories and limited resources in some countries hinder efforts to control mosquito breeding grounds effectively.

Innovative Solutions

• Singapore’s approach to dengue prevention serves as a model for innovative solutions.
• By releasing mosquitoes infected with wolbachia bacteria, which prevents the transmission of dengue virus, Singapore has achieved significant reductions in dengue incidents.
• This approach, coupled with the development of new vaccines, offers a promising alternative to traditional control methods.

Way Forward

• As dengue continues to spread, it is essential to adopt a multifaceted approach to combat the disease effectively.
• Investment in innovative technologies, such as wolbachia-infected mosquitoes, alongside traditional mosquito control measures, is crucial.
• Additionally, international collaboration and knowledge-sharing can facilitate the implementation of successful strategies in regions heavily impacted by dengue.

Dengue:

• Dengue fever is a viral infection transmitted by mosquitoes, particularly the Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus species.
• It is a significant global health concern, affecting millions of people each year, with up to 400 million infections annually.
• Dengue can lead to severe illness and even death, with approximately 100 million people falling sick from the infection and around 40,000 deaths attributed to severe dengue.
• The disease is characterized by symptoms such as high fever, severe headache, muscle and joint pain, and in severe cases, symptoms like bleeding gums, fast breathing, and extreme fatigue.
• There is no specific treatment for dengue, and management focuses on alleviating symptoms, with severe cases requiring hospitalization.
• Prevention strategies include mosquito control measures and avoiding mosquito bites through protective clothing, insect repellent, and mosquito nets.
• Dengue is a mosquito-borne disease that poses a significant public health challenge globally, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions.

SOURCE: https://www.livemint.com/science/health/a-mosquito-borne-disease-is-spreading-as-the-planet-warms-11714354732023.html

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: The Election Commission of India (EC), under Sections 58(2) and 58A(2) of the Representation of People Act, 1951 (RPA), declared void the poll on April 19, in 11 polling stations of Manipur, and 8 polling stations of Arunachal Pradesh. Repolls were conducted on April 22 and April 24 respectively.

Elections were also adjourned in Madhya Pradesh’s Betul Lok Sabha constituency due to the death of a candidate on April 9. The polling, originally scheduled on April 26, will now be held on May 7.

EXPLANATION:

• The electoral process forms the cornerstone of democracy, ensuring that the voice of the people is heard through the ballot box.
• However, disruptions to this process can occur due to various factors, including intentional interference, natural disasters, or unforeseen events such as the death of a candidate.
• In such situations, it becomes imperative to understand the mechanisms in place to maintain the integrity and fairness of elections.
• We will look into the provisions outlined in the Indian electoral framework, particularly focusing on the role of the Election Commission of India (EC) in addressing disruptions to the normal polling process.

Disruptions and Provisions: An Overview

• Disruptions to the normal polling process can encompass a wide range of scenarios, from intentional destruction of Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) to natural disasters impeding the voting process.
• Understanding these disruptions and the corresponding provisions within the electoral framework is crucial for upholding the democratic principles of fairness and transparency.

Intentional Destruction of EVMs

• Under Section 58 of the RPA (‘Fresh poll in the case of destruction, etc., of ballot boxes’), the EC can declare the poll at a polling station to be void if:
  1. an unauthorised person has unlawfully taken away any EVM;
  2. any EVM has been accidentally or intentionally destroyed, or lost, or damaged, or tampered with; or
  3. a mechanical failure develops in any EVM during the recording of votes.
• In such cases, the Returning Officer (RO) immediately informs the EC and the Chief Electoral Officer of the state about the relevant facts and material circumstances, after considering which, the EC can declare the poll void and formally fix the date and time for a new poll.
• This provision aims to safeguard the sanctity of the electoral process and ensure that every vote counts.

Booth Capturing

• Booth-capturing, defined in Section135A of the RPA, includes all or any of the following activities by any person or persons:
  1. seizure of a polling station, affecting the conduct of elections;
  2. taking possession of a polling station, allowing only his or their supporters to vote;
  3. intimidating or threatening any elector and preventing him from going to the polling station;
  4. seizure of a counting place affecting the counting of votes;
  5. involvement of any person in government service in any of the above activities.
• Booth capturing is punishable for a term of not less than one year, which may extend to three years for lay people, and not less than three years, extending to five years for government servants.
• Under Section 58A (‘Adjournment of poll or countermanding of election on the ground of booth capturing’) in case booth capturing has taken place at a polling Station, the Presiding Officer of a polling station immediately closes the Control Unit of EVM and detaches the Ballot Unit(s) from the Control Unit under Rule 49X of the Conduct of Election Rules, 1961.

Natural Disasters and Other Disruptions

• The Presiding Officer of a polling station can adjourn the poll at a polling station under section 57(1) of the Representation of the People Act, 1951, in case of:
  • a natural calamity like a flood, a severe storm;
  • non-receipt or loss or damage to essential polling materials like EVM, electoral roll etc;
  • interruption or obstruction due to any riot or, open violence;
  • non-arrival of the polling party due to obstruction or any other serious difficulty; or
  • non-commencement of the poll within two hours from the scheduled time due to malfunctioning of EVM, or any other reason.
• After seeking the EC’s approval on the date and hours, the adjourned poll will recommence from the stage at which it was left immediately before the adjournment.
• Contesting candidates or their agents are informed, and only electors who have not already voted before the poll was adjourned are permitted to vote.

Death of a Candidate

• The unfortunate event of a candidate’s death necessitates specific protocols outlined in Section 52 of the RPA.
• The EC mandates the adjournment of polls in the case of a recognized political party’s candidate, followed by a nomination process for a replacement candidate.
• This provision ensures electoral continuity and upholds the democratic right to representation.

Election Commission of India

• The Election Commission of India (ECI) is an autonomous constitutional authority responsible for administering Union and State election processes in India.
• It was established in accordance with the Constitution on 25th January 1950 (celebrated as national voters’ day). The secretariat of the commission is in New Delhi.
• The body administers elections to the Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, and State Legislative Assemblies in India, and the offices of the President and Vice President in the country.
• It is not concerned with the elections to panchayats and municipalities in the states. For this, the Constitution of India provides for a separate State Election Commission.

Constitutional Provisions:

• Part XV (Article 324-329) of the Indian Constitution: It deals with elections and establishes a commission for these matters.
• Article 324: Superintendence, direction and control of elections to be vested in an Election Commission.
• Article 325: No person to be ineligible for inclusion in, or to claim to be included in a special, electoral roll-on grounds of religion, race, caste or sex.
• Article 326: Elections to the House of the People and to the Legislative Assemblies of States to be based on adult suffrage.
• Article 327: Power of Parliament to make provision with respect to elections to Legislatures.
• Article 328: Power of Legislature of a State to make provision with respect to elections to such Legislature.
• Article 329: Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/repolls-election-commission-polling-process-9294027/

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Geologists from MIT and Oxford University have made a groundbreaking discovery, unearthing ancient rocks in Greenland that provide the oldest evidence yet of Earth’s early magnetic field.

EXPLANATION:

• This finding shed new light on the planet’s evolutionary history and its potential role in creating habitable conditions.
• The study revealed that the ancient magnetic field had a strength of at least 15 microtesla, comparable to Earth’s present-day magnetic field, which measures around 30 microtesla.
  • Microtesla (μT) is a unit of measurement for magnetic field strength, where 1 tesla (T) is equal to 1,000,000 microtesla (μT).
• This indicates that Earth possessed a robust magnetic shield early in its history.

The Significance of Magnetic Fields

• The Earth’s magnetic field acts as a shield, deflecting the solar wind and cosmic radiation that would otherwise strip away the planet’s atmosphere and ozone layer, making it inhospitable for life.
• The Earth’s magnetic field is crucial for the development and sustenance of life on the planet. It has played an important role in the emergence of life in the Earth’s first billion years.
• The Earth’s magnetic field is used for navigation and orientation by many organisms, including humans using compasses, as well as migratory animals like pigeons that use magnetoreception.
• Studying the Earth’s past magnetic field through paleomagnetism provides valuable information about the planet’s history, including the motion of continents and ocean floors, as well as the timing of magnetic field reversals. This information is crucial for understanding the Earth’s geological and climatic evolution.
• Magnetic fields are used extensively in modern technology, particularly in electrical engineering and electromechanics, such as in electric motors, generators, and transformers. The interaction of magnetic fields is conceptualized and investigated as magnetic circuits.
• Magnetic fields can be used for medical imaging and cancer treatment, by combining them with dynamic nuclear polarization techniques.

Unveiling Ancient Rocks

• The researchers focused their efforts on rocks located in the Isua Supracrustal Belt in southwestern Greenland.
• These rocks, specifically banded iron formations, were chosen for their potential to retain unaltered signatures of Earth’s ancient magnetic field.
• Using advanced techniques such as uranium-lead ratio analysis, the team determined that the rocks were approximately 3.7 billion years old.
• This places them among the oldest known remnants of Earth’s magnetic field, extending its documented existence by another 200 million years.

                   Greenland

Implications for Habitability

• The presence of a magnetic field dating back 3.7 billion years suggests that Earth’s early environment may have been more conducive to life than previously thought.
• The magnetic shield would have helped retain a life-sustaining atmosphere and protected the planet from the harsh effects of solar radiation.

Future Implications and Research

• This discovery opens up new avenues for further exploration into Earth’s early geological history and the development of its magnetic field.
• Understanding the evolution of Earth’s magnetic shield can provide valuable insights into the conditions that shaped the planet and its potential for hosting life.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/rocks-with-the-oldest-evidence-of-earths-magnetic-field-discovered/article68110683.ece

THR CONTEXT: The Congress party’s Nyaya Patra election manifesto has sparked a significant debate on inequality and wealth concentration in India. This discussion has been further fueled by Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s remarks about the manifesto’s content, particularly wealth redistribution. The debate is set against rising inequality in India, where the top 1% of the population now holds a disproportionately large share of the nation’s wealth and income.

ISSUES:

• Evidence of Increasing Inequality: The World Inequality Database has highlighted a stark increase in income and wealth inequality in India. In 2022-23, the top 1% of the population received 22.6% of the national income, the highest proportion since 1922. Furthermore, this same demographic holds 40.1% of the nation’s wealth.
• Economic Growth vs. Inequality: The prevailing economic model, which emphasizes growth with the expectation that benefits will trickle down, has repeatedly failed to distribute wealth equitably. This model has been criticized for prioritizing economic growth over addressing the widening wealth gap, a trend not unique to India but observed globally.
• Taxation and Redistribution: India’s tax-GDP ratio stands at 17%, lower than that of other middle-income countries like Brazil, which has a 25% ratio. The tax structure is regressive, with indirect taxes making up two-thirds of tax revenue. Even direct taxes are not progressive, with lower effective tax rates for highly profitable companies than those with smaller profits.
• Welfare Spending Deficiencies: India’s public spending on welfare and social sectors is low. Health spending is around 1.3% of GDP, falling short of the National Health Policy’s target of 2.5% by 2025. Other critical areas, such as employment guarantee schemes, education, and children’s budgets, have also seen a decline in allocation relative to total government expenditure or GDP.
• Job Creation and Employment Quality: Recent economic growth in India has been accompanied by joblessness, with a decline in employment elasticity of output. Profit shares have increased, and real wages have stagnated. The focus should be on creating decent jobs with fair remuneration. Government programs like NREGA and the Public Distribution System and cash transfer schemes like the Mahalakshmi scheme proposed by Congress can help address this issue.
• Addressing Inequality Through Employment-Centered Growth: An employment-centered growth model would involve government policies that support labor-intensive small and medium enterprises, promote skill training, and improve overall human capital. Measures to enable women’s participation in the labor market, such as maternity entitlements, childcare, transportation, and safe accommodation, are also crucial. This approach can help tackle both inequality and employment issues.

The way forward:

• Progressive Taxation: Implementing a more progressive tax system where wealthier individuals and profitable corporations pay a higher rate could help redistribute wealth more effectively.
• Increase Public Spending: Significantly increase public health, education, and welfare investment to improve living standards and support economic equality.
• Direct Job Creation: Fill existing vacancies in public services and create new positions to address the employment gap. Improve the quality of jobs and working conditions for frontline workers.
• Support for SMEs and Labor-Intensive Industries: Promote policies that support small and medium enterprises and other labor-intensive sectors to create more jobs.
• Enhance Social Security Measures: Implement schemes like the proposed Mahalakshmi scheme for direct cash transfers to support the poor and vulnerable, alongside other social security measures.

THE CONCLUSION:

Addressing inequality in India requires a multifaceted approach that includes redistribution through progressive taxation, enhanced public spending, and a reorientation of economic policies towards inclusive growth and employment generation. The discussion around these issues, especially in the context of the upcoming elections, is a positive step towards acknowledging and tackling the deep-seated economic disparities in the country.

UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTIONS:

Q.1 Development and welfare schemes for the vulnerable, by its nature, are discriminatory in approach. Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. 2023

Q.2 Skill development programs have succeeded in increasing human resources supply to various sectors. In the context of the statement, analyze the linkages between education, skill, and employment. 2023

Q.3 Do the government’s schemes for uplifting vulnerable and backward communities by protecting required social resources for them lead to their exclusion in establishing businesses in urban economics? 2014

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q.1 Critically analyze the implications of rising income and wealth inequality in India on the nation’s socio-economic fabric. Considering the recent debates triggered by political manifestos and government policies, discuss the effectiveness of direct redistribution measures in addressing these inequalities.

SOURCE:

https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/inequality-can-no-longer-be-ignored/article68118448.ece

THE CONTEXT: There is a complex interplay between global warming and local weather patterns, particularly focusing on the formation and impact of heat waves in India. It highlights the role of anticyclonic circulations and the influence of phenomena like El Niño in exacerbating heat conditions. It also emphasizes the importance of accurate weather predictions and early warning systems to mitigate the effects of heat waves, especially in the context of India’s general elections and the broader implications for public health and safety.

ISSUES:

• Global Warming and Local Weather Patterns: Global warming is not just a uniform increase in temperature; it modifies local weather patterns in complex ways. For instance, while the global average temperature increases, specific areas like India experience unique local effects such as intensified heat waves due to persistent anticyclonic conditions. These conditions are exacerbated by global warming but manifest distinctly in regional areas.
• Role of Anticyclones in Heat Waves: Anticyclones, weather systems with high atmospheric pressure where air moves away from a high central area, contribute significantly to heat waves in India. During the pre-monsoon season, forming a strong anticyclone over the Indian subcontinent leads to dry and hot weather, intensifying local heat waves. The strength and persistence of these anticyclones, influenced by global warming, are crucial in determining the severity of heat waves.
• Impact of El Niño: The El Niño phenomenon, particularly its waning phase, has contributed to warmer temperatures globally and more intense heat waves in India. El Niño typically leads to temporary warming of the Pacific Ocean waters, which affects global weather patterns. In 2023, this effect was powerful, adding to the heat intensity experienced during India’s pre-monsoon season.
• Early Warning Systems and Predictions: Effective early warning systems are essential for mitigating the impact of heat waves. India’s involvement in the Sub-seasonal-to-seasonal Predictions project aims to improve the accuracy of weather predictions on a sub-seasonal-to-seasonal basis. This initiative is crucial for preparing for and responding to extreme weather events, including heat waves.
• Challenges in Weather Prediction: Despite advancements in meteorological technology and early warning systems, predicting heat waves’ exact nature and impact remains challenging. This is due to the complex interplay of global warming, local atmospheric conditions, and transient phenomena like El Niño. Prediction models need continuous improvement to enhance preparedness and response strategies.
• Preparedness and Recovery: India’s readiness to handle the adverse effects of heat waves involves a multi-tiered approach, from national to local levels. The ‘ready-set-go’ system outlines steps from long-term preparedness to immediate response mechanisms. This comprehensive approach is vital for minimizing health and economic impacts of heat waves, particularly in densely populated and vulnerable regions like India.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Enhanced Modeling and Localized Predictions: Develop and refine global climate models incorporating local geographical and meteorological data. This will improve the accuracy of local weather predictions, particularly for heat waves, which are influenced by global climate patterns and local atmospheric conditions.
• Strengthening Early Warning Systems: Implement a robust ‘ready-set-go’ system for the sub-seasonal-to-seasonal Predictions project. This involves improving the seasonal outlook (‘ready’), enhancing resource allocation based on sub-seasonal predictions (‘set’), and optimizing short- to medium-range forecasts for immediate actions (‘go’).
• Infrastructure Adaptation and Urban Planning: Focus on urban planning that mitigates the urban heat island effect. This includes increasing green spaces, enhancing building materials to reflect rather than absorb heat, and designing cities to facilitate airflow.
• Public Health Initiatives and Heat Action Plans: Roll out comprehensive heat action plans that include public education on heat risks, establishing cooling centers, and ensuring that vulnerable populations (like the elderly and outdoor workers) receive targeted warnings and support during heat waves.
• Research on Anticyclonic Patterns and Their Impacts: Conduct targeted research to understand the role of anticyclonic patterns in exacerbating heat waves, particularly in regions like India. This research should aim to predict the occurrence and intensity of these patterns more accurately, aiding in better preparation and response strategies.
• International Collaboration and Data Sharing: Enhance international cooperation in climate research, especially in data sharing and joint modeling efforts. This collaboration could lead to a better understanding and forecasting of complex meteorological phenomena contributing to extreme weather events like heat waves.

THE CONCLUSION:

There is a critical need for improved prediction systems and early warning mechanisms to handle the increasing frequency and intensity of heat waves due to global warming. It underscores the importance of these systems in safeguarding public health, ensuring political stability during events like elections, and supporting sustainable development. The ongoing efforts to enhance weather prediction capabilities in India at both local and national levels are portrayed as essential steps toward building resilience against future climate-related challenges.

UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTIONS:

Q.1 Tropical cyclones are largely confined to the South China Sea, the Bay of Bengal, and the Gulf of Mexico. Why? 2014

Q.2 How far do you agree that the behavior of the Indian monsoon has been changing due to humanizing landscapes? Discuss. 2015

Q.3 Explain the factors responsible for the origin of ocean currents. How do they influence regional climates, fishing, and navigation? 2015

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q.1 Examine the role of anticyclonic patterns in exacerbating heat waves in the Indian subcontinent. Discuss the importance of sub-seasonal to seasonal predictions in mitigating the adverse effects of heat waves.

SOURCE:

https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/anticyclones-hanging-even-now-over-india-link-warming-to-heat/article

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The Tamil Nadu government has launched a concerted effort to assess and potentially uplift the population of the Nilgiri Tahr, a species listed as endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

EXPLANATION:

• This comprehensive survey aims to provide vital data for conservation efforts and potentially remove the species from its endangered status.

Nilgiri Tahr

• The Nilgiri Tahr, scientifically known as Nilgiritragus hylocrius, is native to the Anamalai and Nilgiris landscape in Tamil Nadu.
• Once abundant in the region, the species has dwindled in numbers due to habitat loss, poaching, and other human-induced factors.
• The Nilgiri Tahr is the only mountain ungulate in southern India amongst the 12 species present in India.
• It is the state animal of Tamil Nadu.
• The Nilgiri Tahr, which used to be found along the entire stretch of Western Ghats, is presently found only in small fragmented pockets.
• The Eravikulam National Park has the highest density and largest surviving population of Nilgiri tahr.
• October 7 is celebrated as ‘Niligiri Tahr Day’ in honour of E.R.C. Davidar, who was responsible for pioneering one of the first studies of the species in 1975.
• It is protected under Schedule-I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, and Endangered as per the IUCN Red List.

Nilgiri Tahr

Highlights of the Survey:

• The primary objective of the three-day survey is to estimate the current population of Nilgiri Tahrs in Tamil Nadu.
• The data gathered will serve as a baseline for conservation initiatives and inform future management strategies.
• The survey is a collaborative effort involving various stakeholders, including the World Wide Fund for Nature, the Wildlife Institute of India, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
• The IUCN will be represented by its country director as an observer during the survey, highlighting the international significance of the conservation endeavor.
• The survey employs advanced techniques such as the bounded-count method and the double observer method to ensure accuracy in population estimation.
• Emphasis is placed on areas along the Kerala border, where significant populations of Nilgiri Tahrs are known to inhabit.

Significance of Population Estimation

• The survey’s results will provide crucial baseline data for Project Nilgiri Tahr, a conservation initiative aimed at stabilizing the species’ population.
• Conservation efforts will focus on addressing the threats faced by Nilgiri Tahrs, including habitat degradation and human-wildlife conflict.

Future Conservation Strategies

• Based on the survey findings, Project Nilgiri Tahr will implement targeted interventions to safeguard the species’ habitat and promote its population growth.
• The possibility of reintroducing Nilgiri Tahrs into suitable habitats, such as the Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve, will be explored to bolster population numbers.

International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN):

• The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is an international organization working in the field of nature conservation and sustainable use of natural resources.
• Founded in 1948, IUCN has become the global authority on the status of the natural world and the measures needed to safeguard it.
• IUCN’s mission is to “influence, encourage and assist societies throughout the world to conserve nature and to ensure that any use of natural resources is equitable and ecologically sustainable.”
• It is involved in data gathering and analysis, research, field projects, advocacy, and education.
• IUCN has a membership of over 1,400 governmental and non-governmental organizations from over 170 countries, and around 16,000 scientists and experts participate in its work on a voluntary basis.
• Its headquarters is in Gland, Switzerland.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/iucn-representative-to-be-an-observer-in-nilgiri-tahr-survey/article68110838.ece

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: The United Nations Security Council recently witnessed the rejection of a draft resolution aimed at promoting the peaceful use of outer space and preventing an arms race beyond Earth’s atmosphere.

EXPLANATION:

• Russia’s veto, supported by China, underscores the challenges in reaching consensus on crucial issues related to space security.

Draft Resolution

• Introduced by Japan and the United States, the draft resolution called on all states, particularly those with significant space capabilities, to actively contribute to the peaceful utilization of outer space.
• It aimed to prevent the militarization of space and uphold existing treaties to safeguard international peace and security while fostering cooperation in space exploration.
• The draft resolution faced opposition from Russia, resulting in its rejection by a vote of 13 in favor to one against, with one abstention from China.
• Despite overwhelming support from the majority of Security Council members, Russia’s veto prevented the resolution from passing.

Amendment Proposed by China and Russia

• China and Russia proposed an amendment to the draft resolution, emphasizing urgent measures to prevent the placement of weapons in outer space and the use of force targeting celestial bodies.
• The amendment sought to establish legally binding multilateral agreements to ensure the peaceful exploration and utilization of outer space.

Vote on the Amendment

• The proposed amendment failed to garner the necessary support, with seven members voting in favor, seven against, and one abstention.
• The inability to secure the required nine votes for adoption highlights the contentious nature of discussions surrounding space security and arms control.

Implications and Challenges

• Russia’s veto reflects divergent perspectives among Security Council members regarding the militarization of space and the regulation of space-based activities.
• The lack of consensus poses challenges to addressing emerging threats to space security, including the proliferation of anti-satellite weapons and the potential for conflict in orbit.
• The failure to pass the resolution underscores the need for continued diplomatic efforts to promote responsible behavior in outer space and prevent destabilizing actions that could escalate into conflict.

United Nations Security Council (UNSC):

• The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the principal organs of the United Nations (UN), established to maintain international peace and security.
• It plays a critical role in addressing global conflicts, crises, and threats to international peace.
• Composition:The UNSC is composed of 15 member states, with five permanent members (P5) and ten non-permanent members. The P5, (United States, Russia, China, France & UK) also known as the “Great Powers,” have veto power, which allows them to block any substantive resolution, making their decisions particularly influential.
• Membership Rotation:Non-permanent members are elected for two-year terms, with five seats opening up each year. This rotation ensures that different regions of the world are represented over time.
• Criteria for Membership:To become a member of the UNSC, a country must meet the following criteria:
  • UN Membership:A nation must first be a member of the United Nations to be eligible for UNSC membership.
• Election:Non-permanent members are elected by the UN General Assembly through a two-thirds majority vote. The geographical distribution of seats is a key consideration, ensuring fair representation across regions.
• Rotation:Members serve two-year terms and can be re-elected, but there is a limit on consecutive terms. This rotation helps maintain diversity and a balance of interests.

Frameworks to Prevent Space Weaponization

• Outer Space Treaty -It was conceptualized by the United Nations in 1967. It emphasizes that the use of outer space should be peaceful and beneficial to all mankind. It claims that one nation cannot claim national sovereignty in outer space.
• Prevention of an outer space arms race-It stresses the use of space for peaceful purposes. Further, it calls for the importance of avoiding an arms race.

SOURCE: https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/04/1148951

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Researchers have made a groundbreaking discovery of microbial life thriving beneath the parched surface of Chile’s Atacama Desert, uncovering a rich biosphere buried 13 feet below ground.

EXPLANATION:

• This finding not only expands our understanding of extreme microbial habitats but also holds implications for astrobiology, particularly in the search for life on Mars.

Depth of Discovery

• Previous studies had identified microbial life in the Atacama Desert down to depths of 2.6 feet, but the recent discovery marks the deepest finding to date, reaching 13 feet underground.
• This newly found microbial community resides in the bone-dry Yungay Valley and is completely isolated from the surface environment, indicating a unique and unexplored ecosystem.

Composition and Characteristics

• Dominated by Actinobacteria, the microbial community at depths of 6.6 to 13 feet parallels other extreme environments like the Arctic and hot springs.
• Actinobacteria are known for their resilience and adaptability to harsh conditions, suggesting their suitability for survival in the extreme environment of the Atacama Desert.
• Additionally, Firmicutes bacteria, capable of withstanding high salt concentrations and anaerobic conditions, were discovered between 0.8 and 2 inches deep.

Methodology and DNA Analysis

• Researchers employed a novel method to differentiate between intracellular DNA from living microbes and extracellular DNA from dead cells, providing more accurate insights into microbial diversity.
• Soil samples were extracted from the Yungay Valley, and DNA fragments were analyzed to identify microbial species and understand their distribution across different depths.

Environmental Factors Influencing Microbial Life

• The transition zone from clay-rich playa deposits to ancient river deposits coincided with the emergence of a stable microbial community.
• Actinobacteria likely colonized river deposits around 19,000 years ago and became buried beneath playa sediments over millennia.
• Microbes at depth may sustain themselves by extracting water from gypsum, a process reversible at high temperatures, suggesting a mechanism for survival in the arid environment.

Astrobiological Implications

• The Atacama Desert serves as an analog for studying Martian conditions, where the surface is barren but may conceal subsurface microbial life.
• Gypsum deposits on Mars, similar to those in the Atacama Desert, could potentially serve as a water source for microbial communities, informing future Mars exploration missions.

Atacama Desert:

• The Atacama Desert is a desert plateau located on the Pacific coast of South America, in the north of Chile.
• Stretching over a 1,600 km (990 mi) strip of land west of the Andes Mountains, it covers an area of 105,000 km2 (41,000 sq mi), which increases to 128,000 km2 (49,000 sq mi) if the barren lower slopes of the Andes are included.
• The Atacama Desert is the driest nonpolar desert in the world, and the second driest overall, behind some specific spots within the McMurdo Dry Valleys.
• It is the only hot true desert to receive less precipitation than polar deserts, and the largest fog desert in the world.
• The area has been used as an experimentation site for Mars expedition simulations due to its similarities to the Martian environment.

      Atacama Desert

SOURCE: https://www.livescience.com/planet-earth/microbiology/hidden-biosphere-of-extreme-microbes-discovered-13-feet-below-atacama-desert-is-deepest-found-there-to-date

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The recent viral video depicting a child in distress after consuming a ‘smoking’ biscuit has prompted food safety officials to take action regarding the use of liquid nitrogen in food preparation.

EXPLANATION:

• We will look into the implications of such practices and the response from food safety departments across various regions.

Concerns Raised by Food Safety Officials

• Food safety authorities have expressed alarm over the misuse of liquid nitrogen in food items such as biscuits and ice creams, leading to potential health hazards.
• The Food Safety and Standards Act 2006 empowers designated officers to take enforcement action against any food business operator found using liquid nitrogen for direct consumption without proper precautions.

Incidents of Misuse and Regulatory Measures

• Previous incidents, such as the arrest of a vendor in Tiruchi and enforcement actions taken at Chennai’s trade fair, highlight the dangers associated with ‘smoking’ biscuits.
• Liquid nitrogen, with its extremely low boiling point, can cause severe injuries upon contact with body parts, including the lips, tongue, throat, lungs, and stomach.
• Vendors infusing food with liquid nitrogen for novelty effects risk endangering consumers’ health and violating food safety regulations.

Health Risks and Safety Guidelines

• Food safety officers emphasize that liquid nitrogen can cause frostbite-like injuries, tissue damage, organ perforation, unconsciousness, and even fatalities if mishandled or consumed.
• The necessity for complete evaporation of liquid nitrogen from food or beverages before consumption is stressed to mitigate health risks.
• Only trained professionals, such as doctors, are permitted to handle liquid nitrogen safely in medical settings, underscoring its hazardous nature.

Legal Action and Enforcement Measures

• Instances of vendors endangering consumers’ health by incorporating liquid nitrogen into food have resulted in immediate closures of stalls and subsequent arrests.
• Food safety departments have issued bans on the use of liquid nitrogen in food preparation, except for specific purposes like storing food items.

Regional Variations in Usage and Trend Observations

• While ‘smoking’ food items like panipuri and paan have gained popularity in certain regions, such as Tiruchi, they remain rare in regular eateries.
• Local culinary experts note a shift in the trend towards larger cities, indicating changing consumer preferences and culinary practices.
• Food safety officers in regions like Thoothukudi have issued detailed guidelines on the safe use of liquid nitrogen for food storage purposes, highlighting its potential benefits when utilized appropriately.

Liquid Nitrogen:

• It is a colorless, odorless, non-flammable, non-corrosive and extremely cold element.
• It is an inert cryogenic fluid with a temperature of −196 °C produced by compressing and cooling nitrogen gas below its evaporation point.
• Applications: Freezing and transporting of food products, Cryotherapy, etc.
• Harmful Effects: It can rapidly freeze skin tissue and eye fluid, resulting in cold burns, frostbite, etc.

Food Safety and Standards Act 2006:

• The Food Safety and Standards (FSS) Act, 2006 consolidates various acts & orders that had earlier handled food-related issues in various Ministries and Departments.
• The acts that were repealed after commencement of FSS Act, 2006 are as follows:
  • Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954
  • Fruit Products Order, 1955
  • Meat Food Products Order, 1973
  • Vegetable Oil Products (Control) Order, 1947
  • Edible Oils Packaging (Regulation) Order 1988
  • Milk and Milk Products Order, 1992
• Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) is an autonomous statutory body established under the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006.
• The Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India is the Administrative Ministry for the implementation of FSSAI.
• Before the formation of FSSAI, from 1954 onwards Prevention of Food Adulteration was part of the Directorate General of Health Services.
• After having detached from the direct administrative control of the Health Ministry, this authority is holding independent authority and has attained a special status.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/liquid-nitrogen-can-be-used-only-to-preserve-food-stress-food-safety-officials/article68106601.ece

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The state of Tamil Nadu has launched a significant initiative targeting the prevention of cervical cancer through the administration of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines to girls aged nine to 14 years.

EXPLANATION:

• This comprehensive program aims to address the prevalence of cervical cancer, the second most common cancer among women in India.

Current Status of Cervical Cancer in India

• Cervical cancer ranks as the second most prevalent cancer among women in India.
• Diagnosis often occurs at advanced stages due to the lack of symptoms, leading to limited treatment options and poor prognosis.
• The Crude Incidence Rate (CIR) of cervical cancer in Tamil Nadu, according to the Tamil Nadu Cancer Registry Project report 2018, was 17.7 per one lakh population.
• Variations in CIR across different regions of Tamil Nadu highlight the need for targeted interventions.
• Despite a decreasing trend in Chennai over the last decade, cervical cancer remains a significant health concern in urban areas.

Significance of HPV Vaccination

• The HPV vaccine aims to raise immunity against the Human Papillomavirus, a known cause of cervical cancer.
• By targeting girls aged nine to 14 years, the initiative aims to provide long-term protection against HPV infection, reducing the risk of malignancy in adulthood.
• Vaccination is a key strategy endorsed by the International Papillomavirus Society, emphasizing the slogan “One less worry” to promote awareness and uptake of the vaccine.

National and International Efforts

• Sikkim led the way in 2018 by introducing the HPV vaccine, achieving impressive coverage.
• India’s National Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation (NTAGI) recommended incorporating the vaccine into the Universal Immunisation Programme, targeting 9 to 14-year-old girls.
• Despite reports suggesting a rollout in 2023, uncertainty persists, with the Union Health Ministry yet to confirm plans.
• Globally, 100 countries have introduced the HPV vaccine, covering 30% of the target population.
• Pediatricians now advocate routine HPV vaccination for girls aged nine to 15, emphasizing early dosing for optimal efficacy and protection.
• Addressing vaccine hesitancy is crucial, with effective communication playing a key role in dispelling anxieties and misinformation.

Implementation and Progress of the Initiative

• The HPV vaccination initiative was launched at Villupuram Government Hospital in early March.
• Despite logistical challenges, nearly 150 girls have received the first dose of the vaccine, indicating positive uptake within the community.
• The vaccination schedule involves administering two doses six months apart, ensuring comprehensive protection.
• The initiative coincides with summer vacation, providing an opportunity to raise awareness at the community level about the importance of HPV vaccination.
• Importantly, the vaccine is provided free of cost, ensuring accessibility for all eligible individuals.

Cervical Cancer:

• It is a type of cancer that occurs in the cells of the cervix – the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina.
• Various strains of the Human papillomavirus (HPV) play a role in causing most cervical cancer.
• When exposed to HPV, the body’s immune system typically prevents the virus from doing harm. In a small percentage of people, however, the virus survives for years, contributing to the process that causes some cervical cells to become cancer cells.
• The HPV vaccine (Cervarix) protects against two of the cancer-causing strains, which are HPV 16 and 18.

Human papillomavirus:

• Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common viral infection of the reproductive tract.
• There are more than 100 types of HPV.
• More than 40 types of HPV are spread through direct sexual contact.
• Out of these 40, two cause genital warts, while about a dozen of HPV cause different types of cancer including cervical, anal, oropharyngeal, penile, vulvar and vaginal.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/nearly-150-girls-receive-first-dose-against-hpv-vaccine-against-cervical-cancer/article68110618.ece

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: On April 23, a rare celestial event occurred with four solar flares erupting simultaneously.

EXPLANATION:

• These flares, captured by NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory, originated from three sunspots and a large magnetic filament, demonstrating complex magnetic interactions.
• As the Sun nears or reaches the peak of its 11-year solar cycle, known as solar maximum, it exhibits heightened activity.

Sympathetic Flares

• Sympathetic flares are caused by multiple eruptions across the Sun’s magnetic field, linked by massive magnetic field loops that lie above the solar surface. When one spot detonates, others follow suit.
• This leads to coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and massive bursts of plasma.
• Such solar activity is likely an indication of the Sun reaching the peak of its 11-year solar cycle known as solar maximum.
• The peak is marked by increased solar events like flares and CMEs.
• As scientists continue to monitor the event and its aftermath, the event offers a peek into understanding the Sun’s complex life cycle.
• This is the third sympathetic solar flare this year, following a pair of explosions in January and a duo of X-class flares in March.
• While sympathetic flares typically involve two linked flares, the emission of four flares in unison makes this event “super-sympathetic.”
• This rarity underscores the dynamic and unpredictable nature of solar activity, challenging our understanding of solar phenomena.

Potential Impact on Earth

• Disruption of Technology:
  • Solar flares and CMEs, if directed towards Earth, have the potential to disrupt power grids, telecommunication networks, and orbiting satellites.
  • The influx of charged particles can interfere with electronics and communication systems, posing challenges for technological infrastructure.
• Radiation Exposure:
  • Astronauts in space may be exposed to dangerous doses of radiation during solar events, highlighting the risks associated with space exploration.
• Geomagnetic Storms and Auroras:
  • Minor class G1 geomagnetic storms, expected around April 25 and April 26, could result in auroras visible at lower latitudes.
  • While these phenomena are visually stunning, they also indicate disturbances in Earth’s magnetic field caused by solar activity.

Solar flares:

• A solar flare is a tremendous explosion on the Sun that happens when energy stored in ‘twisted’ magnetic fields (usually above sunspots) is suddenly released.
• In a matter of just a few minutes they heat material to many millions of degrees and produce a burst of radiation across the electromagnetic spectrum, from radio waves to X-rays and gamma rays.
• Scientists classify solar flares according to their peak brightness in X-ray wavelengths. There are five categories, listed here in order from most intense to least intense:
• X-class flares are the biggest; they are major events that can trigger radio blackouts around the whole world and long-lasting radiation storms in the upper atmosphere.
• M-class flares are medium-sized; they generally cause brief radio blackouts that affect Earth’s polar regions. Minor radiation storms sometimes follow an M-class flare.
• C-class flares are small with few noticeable consequences here on Earth. At its peak, a C-class flare is ten times less powerful than an M-class flare.
• B-class flares are ten times smaller or weaker than C-class flares.
• A-class flares are at least ten times less intense than B-class flares, with no noticeable consequences on Earth.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/quadruple-flares-sun-rare-celestial-event-earth-9289056/

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: Introduction SJVN Limited, a leading hydropower company, has inaugurated India’s first multipurpose green hydrogen pilot project at its Nathpa Jhakri Hydro Power Station (NJHPS) in Himachal Pradesh.

EXPLANATION:

• This groundbreaking initiative signifies a significant step towards sustainable energy production and aligns with the government’s National Green Hydrogen Mission.

Project Details

• Location: The project is located at the 1,500 MW Nathpa Jhakri Hydro Power Station in Jhakri, Himachal Pradesh.
• Objectives: The primary objective of the project is to produce green hydrogen, a clean and renewable form of energy. It aims to generate 14 kg of green hydrogen daily during eight hours of operation.
• Utilization of Surplus: Any surplus green hydrogen produced will be utilized to create electricity through a 25 kW capacity fuel cell, thereby maximizing the project’s efficiency and contributing to the overall energy transition.
• Generation Process: The green hydrogen generation plant employs an alkaline electrolyzer with a capacity of 20 Nm/hour, powered by renewable energy sourced from a 1.31 MW solar power plant located at SJVN’s Wadhal site in Shimla.
• Application: The project will produce high-velocity oxygen fuel coating material for the fuel cell at NJHPS, highlighting its multifaceted utility beyond hydrogen production alone.

Significance and Implications

• Environmental Impact: By harnessing renewable energy sources for hydrogen production, the project significantly reduces carbon emissions and environmental pollution, contributing to India’s efforts to combat climate change.
• Technology Advancement: The adoption of green hydrogen technology represents a leap forward in India’s energy landscape, showcasing the nation’s commitment to innovation and sustainable development.
• Infrastructure Development: The project accelerates the establishment of a green hydrogen production infrastructure within the power sector, laying the foundation for broader adoption of green hydrogen as a viable clean energy solution.
• Alignment with National Initiatives: The project’s alignment with the National Green Hydrogen Mission underscores the government’s strategic focus on promoting renewable energy technologies and achieving energy security and sustainability goals.

National Green Hydrogen Mission:

• It is a program to incentivise the commercial production of green hydrogen and make India a net exporter of the fuel.
• The Mission will facilitate demand creation, production, utilization and export of Green Hydrogen.
• Its sub schemes are:
  • Strategic Interventions for Green Hydrogen Transition Programme (SIGHT): It will fund the domestic manufacturing of electrolysers and produce green hydrogen.
  • Green Hydrogen Hubs: States and regions capable of supporting large scale production and/or utilization of hydrogen will be identified and developed as Green Hydrogen Hubs.
• Its comes under the Nodal Ministry: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy.
• It aims at developing green hydrogen production capacity of at least 5 MMT (Million Metric Tonne) per annum, alongside adding renewable energy capacity of about 125 GW (gigawatt) in India by 2030.
• It aims to entail over Rs 8 lakh crore of total investments and is expected to generate six lakh jobs.
• It will also lead to a cumulative reduction in fossil fuel imports by over Rs 1 lakh crore and an abatement of nearly 50 MT of annual greenhouse gas emissions.

SOURCE: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/renewables/indias-first-multi-purpose-green-hydrogen-pilot-project-inaugurated/articleshow/109570402.cms

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: The United States has confirmed providing long-range Army Tactical Missile Systems (ATACMS) to Ukraine, responding to a request made by Ukrainian President.

EXPLANATION:

• This development comes amidst ongoing conflict between Ukraine and Russia, with the latter’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022.
• The recent confirmation follows the passage of a $61 billion funding bill for Ukraine by the US Congress.

ATACMS System:

• The ATACMS is a conventional surface-to-surface artillery weapon system capable of striking targets well beyond the range of existing Army cannons, rockets and other missiles.”
• Manufactured by Lockheed Martin, its maximum range is 300km.
• Notably, this is not the first time that the ATACMS system has been delivered, although the earlier systems had much shorter ranges of around 160 km.
• For instance, in October 2023, the US provided missiles with cluster munitions.
• When fired, they would open in the air and release hundreds of “bomblets” rather than a single warhead, the Associated Press reported at the time.
• ATACMS missiles are fired from the High Mobility Artillery Rocket System (HIMARS) and Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS) M270 platforms, which have the US and the United Kingdom earlier provided to Ukraine.

ATACMS missiles are fired from the HIMARS and MLRS M270 platforms, which have been provided earlier to Ukraine by the US and the United Kingdom respectively

Significance of Transfer to Ukraine

• The transfer of ATACMS missiles to Ukraine significantly enhances its long-range capabilities, artillery firepower, and air defense systems.
• These capabilities are deemed crucial by President for achieving a just peace sooner in the ongoing conflict with Russia.
• The decision to send the ATACMS system now is attributed to Russia’s intensified attacks on civilian infrastructure in Ukraine.
• The US has cited readiness concerns and the need to maintain its own supply of the system as reasons for delaying the transfer until now.
• Reports indicate that Ukraine has already utilized the ATACMS missiles, targeting Russian troops in the port city of Berdiansk.
• This underscores the immediate operational significance of the system in bolstering Ukraine’s defense capabilities and deterring further aggression from Russia.
• The transfer of ATACMS missiles also reflects broader geopolitical dynamics, including concerns over North Korea’s recent provision of ballistic missiles to Russia.
• The US perceives the need to counter such developments and support Ukraine’s defense efforts in the face of external threats.

Status of the Ukraine-Russia War and Funding Issues

• The conflict between Ukraine and Russia continues, with Russia’s military forces maintaining a numerical advantage over Ukraine.
• Ukraine President has consistently appealed for aid from the US and Europe to bolster Ukraine’s defense capabilities.
• Russia President has been vocal in his support for providing aid to Ukraine, emphasizing its role in promoting global security.
• The passage of the aid bill by the US Congress reflects bipartisan efforts to support Ukraine’s defense against Russian aggression.
• However, some Republican leaders, including former President Donald Trump, have opposed further aid to Ukraine, calling for increased contributions from Europe.
• Despite differing opinions within US political circles, the provision of ATACMS missiles underscores America’s commitment to supporting Ukraine’s sovereignty and territorial integrity.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/everyday-explainers/army-tactical-missile-systems-us-ukraine-9290863/

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: The Election Commission’s first ever notices to political parties for alleged Model Code of Conduct (MCC) violations by their star campaigners marks a significant shift in the institution’s response to such complaints.

EXPLANATION:

• The Election Commission of India (EC) has historically sent notices to individuals rather than political parties in response to complaints regarding violations of the Model Code of Conduct (MCC).
• However, a recent development marks a significant shift in the EC’s approach, as it has issued notices directly to political parties for alleged MCC violations by their star campaigners.

Past Practice vs. Current Approach

• Previously, the EC issued general advisories to political parties regarding MCC compliance.
• When individual complaints arose, notices were directed at the specific individual rather than the party.
• This traditional practice aimed at holding individuals accountable for their actions during election campaigns.

Recent Notices to Political Parties

• In a departure from past practices, the EC has issued notices to the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and the Indian National Congress (INC) regarding complaints against Prime Minister and Opposition leader, respectively.
• The notices emphasize that individual star campaigners bear responsibility for their speeches, and parties may be held accountable for MCC violations on a case-by-case basis.

Challenges and Concerns

• Some observers view the EC’s move as fraught with challenges.
• Questions arise regarding the extent of action the EC can take against individual leaders if notices are issued to their respective parties.
• Additionally, concerns exist regarding the clarity of intent behind this shift in approach and the potential consequences if parties’ responses to notices are deemed unsatisfactory.
• While high-profile political leaders have previously received notices directly from the EC for MCC breaches, no sitting Prime Minister has been issued a notice for MCC violation to date.

Calibrated Approach

• The issuance of notices to political parties reflects a calibrated approach announced by the Chief Election Commissioner during a press conference on Lok Sabha elections.
• This approach entails tougher actions against repeat offenders among campaigners, with increased responsibility linked legally to the political parties to whom the star campaigners belong.

Legal Implications and Reminders

• The EC’s decision to hold political parties accountable for MCC violations aligns with the legal framework surrounding party registration and commitment to constitutional ideals.
• This reminder serves to underscore the gravity of adhering to MCC guidelines and reinforces the EC’s commitment to upholding electoral integrity.

Model code of conduct:

• The Model Code of Conduct (MCC) is a set of guidelines established by the Election Commission of India (ECI) to regulate the behavior of political parties and candidates during elections.
• It serves to ensure fair and ethical practices in electoral processes and prevent the misuse of government resources for partisan gains.
• The MCC becomes operational from the moment the election schedule is announced and remains in force until the declaration of election results.
• This period marks a crucial phase in the electoral cycle, where political parties and candidates are bound by the provisions outlined in the MCC.
• The MCC comprises a comprehensive set of provisions covering various aspects of electioneering:
  • General Conduct:Political parties and candidates are expected to conduct themselves in a manner that upholds the integrity of the electoral process and fosters a fair and level playing field.
  • Campaign Activities:Restrictions are imposed on activities such as rallies, processions, and public meetings to maintain order and prevent disruptions.
  • Use of Government Resources:The MCC prohibits the use of official government machinery, resources, and media for election campaigning to prevent undue advantage to the ruling party.
  • Advertisement and Publicity:Parties are barred from advertising at the expense of public funds and using government-sponsored advertisements to influence voter behavior.
  • Equitable Treatment:The MCC mandates equitable treatment of political parties in terms of access to public facilities and resources for campaign purposes.
  • Content of Campaigns:Campaigns should focus on the performance and record of political parties and candidates, without resorting to divisive tactics based on caste, religion, or other communal sentiments.
  • Election Silence:A 48-hour ‘election silence’ period is enforced before polling day to allow voters a campaign-free environment for reflection.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/model-code-of-conduct-violations-sending-notice-to-party-not-candidate-marks-shift-in-ec-response-9291258/

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: In a significant development, the Supreme Court on April 26 rejected the plea seeking 100% cross-verification of Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) data with Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT) records.

EXPLANATION:

• The EVM-VVPAT case, adjudicated by a bench of Justices Sanjiv Khanna and Dipankar Datta, addressed various pleas concerning the integrity and transparency of India’s electoral process.
• These included demands for 100% cross-verification of votes cast using Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) with Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT), as well as a request to revert to the traditional ballot paper system.
• The Supreme Court rendered two concurring verdicts, dismissing all pleas presented before it, emphasizing the importance of balanced scrutiny over unwarranted scepticism towards the electoral system.

Directives Issued by the Supreme Court

• Sealing and Storage of EVM Units: Justice Khanna directed the Election Commission of India (ECI) to seal and securely store units responsible for loading symbols onto EVMs in strong rooms for a duration of 45 days after the symbols have been loaded.
• Verification of Microcontrollers: The Supreme Court permitted engineers of EVM manufacturers to verify the microcontroller of the machines post the declaration of results. This verification can be initiated upon the request of candidates securing second and third positions. Candidates must make this request within seven days of result declaration, and payment of fees is required for this verification.
• Verification of Burnt Memory Semicontroller: Candidates securing the second and third positions in the election results are entitled to request verification of burnt memory semicontrollers in 5% of EVMs per assembly segment in a Parliamentary constituency. This request must be made within seven days of result declaration, specifying the serial numbers of the EVMs to be checked. Candidates and their representatives can be present during this verification process.
• Notification of Authenticity: Following the verification process, the district electoral officer should notify the authenticity of the burnt memory.
• Expense Bearings: Candidates initiating the verification process are liable to bear the expenses associated with it, as notified by the Election Commission of India (ECI).
• Refund in Case of Tampering: If any tampering is detected during the verification process, the fees paid by the candidates will be refunded.

Supreme Court’s Assertion

• The bench emphasized that while maintaining a balanced perspective is crucial, blindly distrusting any aspect of the system can lead to unwarranted scepticism.
• This underlines the importance of critical evaluation without fostering undue mistrust.

Petitioners and Their Demands

• NGO Association for Democratic Reforms was one of the petitioners, seeking reversal of the poll panel’s 2017 decision regarding the replacement of transparent glass on VVPAT machines with opaque glass.
• Additionally, petitioners called for a return to the traditional ballot paper system.

Electronic Voting Machine:

• EVM is a device used to record votes electronically.
• They were first used in the Paravur Assembly Constituency of Kerala in the year 1982.
• Since 1998, the Election Commission has increasingly used EMVs instead of ballot boxes.
• In 2003, all state elections and by-elections were held using EVMs.
• Encouraged by this, in 2004, the Commission took a historic decision to use only EVMs for the Lok Sabha elections.
• EVMs eliminate the occurrence of ‘Invalid Votes’ seen frequently with paper ballots, ensuring a more accurate reflection of voter choice and reducing complaints and legal disputes.
• EVMs streamline the voting process, making it faster and more efficient. They eliminate the need for manual counting, reducing the time required to declare election results.

Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT):

• A VVPAT was first used in Noksen (Assembly Constituency) of Nagaland in September 2013.
• On a large scale, VVPAT along with EVMs, used for the first time in India in the 2013 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election, in 10 assembly seats out of 40.
• By using a ballotless voting system it provides feedback to voters.
• It is an independent verification system for voting machines as it allows voters to verify whether their vote was cast correctly or not.
• It also detects malfunction or possible election fraud and acts as a means of an audit tool for the stored electronic results by enabling electronic voting machines to record each vote cast by generating the EVM slip.

SOURCE: https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/-supreme-court-rejects-pleas-seeking-100-evm-vvpat-cross-verification-issues-directions-to-seal-symbol-loading-unit-256174?infinitescroll=1

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: A recent study by Harrison B. Smith and Lana Sinapayen, published in LiveScience, delves into the feasibility of detecting alien organisms that may be arriving on Earth via meteorites.

EXPLANATION:

• This research highlights the potential implications of panspermia and its relevance to the search for extraterrestrial life.

Panspermia:

• The concept of panspermia, a fringe theory in astrobiology, proposes that life may exist throughout the universe and can be distributed via meteoroids, asteroids, comets, or even spacecraft.
• This theory suggests that alien organisms could potentially hitch rides on meteors, traveling between planets, including Earth.
• Humans have long been intrigued by the possibility of extraterrestrial life. With over 5,000 confirmed exoplanets considered potential hosts for life, the theory of panspermia offers a novel perspective on the exploration of life beyond Earth.

Alien Colonization and Atmospheric Alterations:

• The report suggests that these alien organisms may be seeking to colonize Earth.
• As they traverse between planets, they could inadvertently alter atmospheric conditions, potentially impacting the environment of their destination planet.
• While panspermia presents intriguing possibilities, identifying these alien life forms remains a significant challenge.
• Scientists lack a clear understanding of what to look for, complicating efforts to detect extraterrestrial organisms.
• The study posits that characteristic changes in atmospheric composition could serve as clues in the search for extraterrestrial existence.
• On Earth, the presence of abundant oxygen in the atmosphere, a byproduct of photosynthesis by terrestrial life forms, serves as an example of how life can influence planetary conditions.

Limitations and Future Directions:

• The researchers acknowledge the limitations of their work, including the untested nature of panspermia as a hypothesis.
• Additionally, their methodology relies on the availability of sufficient data about exoplanets, which may pose challenges in practical implementation.

SOURCE: https://www.livemint.com/science/news/aliens-hitching-rides-on-meteors-to-colonise-earth-study-says/amp-11713964116320.html

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: The 2024 Global Report on Food Crisis (GRFC) reveals alarming statistics regarding acute food insecurity worldwide.

EXPLANATION:

• Over 282 million people in 59 countries faced high levels of acute food insecurity in 2023, marking the fifth consecutive year of rising numbers.
• This figure represents approximately 22% of the analyzed population, surpassing pre-COVID-19 levels.

Drivers of Food Crisis:

• Conflict and insecurity emerged as the primary driver of food crisis in 20 countries, directly impacting 135 million people.
• Notably, regions like Palestine (Gaza Strip) and Sudan experienced severe crises, with Sudan facing one of the worst food crises globally.
• The conflict in Sudan expanded to its southeastern regions, crucial for national cereal production.
• Extreme weather events were another significant driver, affecting 18 countries and over 72 million people.
• The El Nino event and climate change-induced phenomena led to record-high temperatures, exacerbating droughts and floods worldwide, including in India.
• Economic shocks also contributed to the crisis, affecting 21 countries, particularly low-income and import-dependent nations.
• Despite decreasing global food prices, economic shocks left over 75 million people facing acute food insecurity.

Impact of Displacement:

• The report highlights the correlation between displacement and acute food insecurity, with 90 million forcibly displaced people across 59 countries, the highest in eight years.
• Sudan, grappling with conflict-induced displacement, became the world’s largest internal displacement crisis.
• Similarly, Gaza Strip saw around 80% of its population internally displaced by the end of 2023.

Forecast and Warning:

• An Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) analysis projected a further deterioration, with famine looming in North Gaza and a risk of famine across the rest of the strip.
• Approximately 1.1 million people were estimated to be experiencing catastrophic acute food insecurity.

Response and Recommendations:

• UN Secretary-General stressed the need for urgent action to address the crisis.
• Transforming food systems and tackling underlying causes of food insecurity and malnutrition were deemed vital.
• The report emphasizes the importance of utilizing its data to inform policy and interventions.

Improvements and Initiatives:

• Despite the dire situation, food security improved in 17 countries compared to the previous year, resulting in 7.2 million fewer people facing acute food insecurity.
• This underscores the potential for targeted interventions to mitigate crisis situations.

Collaborative Efforts:

• The GRFC is produced annually by the Food Security Information Network and launched by the Global Network Against Food Crises, a multistakeholder initiative involving UN agencies, the European Union, the United States Agency for International Development, and non-governmental agencies.
• This collaborative effort aims to address food crises comprehensively.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/food/global-food-crisis-1-in-5-people-in-need-of-urgent-action-95773

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: Recently, in Assam’s tribal-majority Diphu Lok Sabha constituency candidates of all parties have promised the implementation of Article 244(A) of the Constitution to create an autonomous ‘state within a state’.

EXPLANATION:

• In recent years, despite various peace settlements with militant groups, discussions around Article 244(A) have persisted.
• The attitude of successive state and central governments has been perceived as hesitant towards granting more autonomy, focusing instead on centralizing power.

Article 244(A) and its Importance:

• Article 244(A) of the Constitution of India pertains to the formation of autonomous states within the existing states.
• It grants Parliament the power to create autonomous states within Assam, comprising tribal areas.
• This provision aims to provide a higher level of autonomy to these regions, surpassing the provisions already laid out in the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution.

Historical Context and the Demand for Autonomy:

• The demand for autonomy in Assam’s tribal areas, particularly in regions like Karbi Anglong, has deep historical roots dating back to the 1950s.
• During this time, movements for a separate hill state were initiated.
• However, when Meghalaya was carved out as a separate state in 1972, the leaders of Karbi Anglong region opted to remain within Assam, with the assurance of autonomy under Article 244(A).
• The Autonomous State Demand Committee (ASDC), formed as a mass organization advocating for autonomy, played a significant role in pressing for the region’s autonomy.
• In 1995, a Memorandum of Settlement was signed between ASDC, student bodies, and the governments, aiming to enhance the powers of autonomous councils in the region.

Political Landscape and Representation in Diphu Lok Sabha Constituency:

• Diphu Lok Sabha constituency, reserved for Scheduled Tribes, encompasses tribal-majority hill districts of Assam, including Karbi Anglong, West Karbi Anglong, and Dima Hasao.
• Despite the diverse communities residing in the area, the seat has been predominantly represented by members of the Karbi community since 1977.
• Presently, all Assembly segments under Diphu seat are held by the BJP.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/article-244a-diphu-assam-9288844/

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) and Infrastructure Investment Trusts (InvITs) have emerged as dynamic investment vehicles in India, mobilizing significant capital in recent years.

EXPLANATION:

• With the Indian economy experiencing rapid growth, these instruments have gained traction, particularly among high net-worth individuals seeking diversified investment opportunities.

Mobilization of Capital

• According to data from the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), REITs and InvITs have collectively mobilized a staggering ₹1.3 lakh crore over the past four years, signaling their growing importance in the investment landscape.
• This influx of capital underscores the increasing appeal of these instruments among both domestic and foreign investors.

Market Maturation and Regulatory Support

• Despite being a late adopter, India’s REIT and InvIT market is flourishing. Regulatory initiatives, such as SEBI’s progressive reduction in minimum investment size and trading lot, have facilitated greater retail participation in these investment vehicles.
• The recent notification of regulations for small and medium REITs further enhances accessibility and regulatory oversight, fostering the continued growth of the sector.

Industry Perspectives

• Industry experts and stakeholders emphasize the positive impact of regulatory reforms and market developments on the growth trajectory of REITs and InvITs.
• The regulatory framework allows banks to lend to InvITs, enhancing liquidity and security for lenders.
• Additionally, SEBI’s efforts to standardize financial reporting and disclosures contribute to investor confidence and transparency within the sector.

Transformation of Investment Landscape

• The evolution of REITs and InvITs has transformed the investment landscape in India.
• These instruments provide investors with opportunities for fixed income, stable cash flows, and diversification without the need for substantial capital typically associated with direct investments in real estate and infrastructure projects.
• The market’s response to SEBI’s initiatives, including the introduction of small-medium REITs, reflects the growing investor interest and confidence in these instruments.

Future Outlook

• Looking ahead, industry experts anticipate further growth and participation in India’s REIT and InvIT market.
• Government initiatives to promote infrastructure development and improve the ease of doing business are expected to bolster investor confidence and stimulate investment activity.
• As regulatory frameworks evolve and awareness of these investment vehicles increases, REITs and InvITs are poised to play a significant role in driving the development and growth of the infrastructure and real estate sectors in India.

Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs):

• A REIT is a company that owns, operates, or finances income-producing properties.
• REITs generate a steady income stream for investors but offer little capital appreciation.
• Most REITs are publicly traded like stocks, which makes them highly liquid, unlike real estate investments.
• REITs invest in apartment buildings, cell towers, data centers, hotels, medical facilities, offices, retail centers, and warehouses.

Infrastructure Investment Trusts (InvITs):

• Infrastructure Investment Trusts (InvITs) are mutual fund like institutions that enable investments into the infrastructure sector by pooling small sums of money from multitude of individual investors for directly investing in infrastructure so as to return a portion of the income (after deducting expenditures) to unit holders of InvITs, who pooled in the money.
• For these purposes, Infrastructure is as defined by Ministry of Finance vide its notification dated October 07, 2013 and would include any amendments/additions made thereof.
• InvITs can invest in infrastructure projects, either directly or through a special purpose vehicle (SPV). In case of Public Private Partnership (PPP) projects, such investments can only be through SPV.
• InvITs are regulated by the securities market regulator in India- Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI).
• SEBI notified SEBI (Infrastructure Investment Trusts) Regulations, 2014 on September 26, 2014, providing for registration and regulation of InvITs in India. The objective of InvIT is to facilitate investment into the infrastructure sector in India.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/business/reits-invits-mobilise-13-lakh-crore-in-four-years-rbi-data/article68102966.ece

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: A consortium of scientists, funded by the Wellcome Trust, embarked on a revolutionary approach to antivenom development, bypassing animal-derived antibodies and instead harnessing human antibodies.

EXPLANATION:

• Led by Kartik Sunagar from the Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, the team focused on synthesizing broadly applicable human antibodies against snake venom toxins.
• Snakebites, though often considered exotic, pose a significant threat to millions of people worldwide, particularly in low and middle-income countries such as India and Africa.
• With more than 100,000 fatalities annually and around 400,000 individuals left permanently disabled, snakebites represent a critical yet neglected health crisis.
• The burden is especially pronounced in regions where access to proper healthcare is limited, exacerbating the mortality rate.
• Traditional methods of producing antivenom involve injecting large animals like horses with snake venom and harvesting the antibodies produced in their blood.
• However, this process has inherent limitations.
• The antibodies obtained from animals may target other microorganisms and non-harmful components of the venom, resulting in variability and the need for larger doses.
• Moreover, using animal-derived antibodies increases the risk of adverse reactions in humans.

Targeting Three-Finger Toxins (3FTxs)

• The scientists honed in on three-finger toxins (3FTxs), a prevalent and lethal component found in elapid venoms, which include species like cobras, kraits, and mambas.
• Specifically, they targeted α-neurotoxins, a class of 3FTxs that disrupt human nerve and muscle cell receptors, leading to paralysis and eventual death.

Innovative Screening Process

• Utilizing advanced techniques, the researchers screened billions of human antibodies expressed on yeast cells to identify those that bound most effectively to the targeted toxins.
• This method allowed them to select antibodies with unprecedented precision, surpassing the capabilities of traditional animal-based approaches.

Identification of 95Mat5: A Potent Antidote

• After rigorous screening, the team identified an antibody, 95Mat5, which demonstrated remarkable efficacy in neutralizing a wide range of snake venoms, including those from cobras, kraits, and mambas.
• In in vitro experiments conducted by Nicholas Casewell’s group at the Liverpool School for Tropical Medicine, 95Mat5 showed promising results in neutralizing toxins in human cells.

In Vivo Validation

• Further validation in live mice confirmed the efficacy of 95Mat5 in protecting against lethal doses of snake venom.
• Notably, the antibody provided significant protection against various elapid venoms, with the exception of king cobras, where it only delayed death.

Unprecedented Success and Future Prospects

• The success of 95Mat5 marks a significant advancement in antivenom development, offering a potential solution to the complex challenge of snakebite envenoming.
• By targeting a specific toxin present in multiple snake venoms, this antibody represents a crucial step towards a universal antivenom.

Towards a Universal Antivenom

• While 95Mat5 effectively neutralizes a specific toxin, the quest for a universal antivenom continues.
• Sunagar and his team express optimism in discovering additional antibodies targeting toxins in other snake venoms, such as vipers.
• This pursuit holds the promise of a comprehensive solution to snakebite envenoming, transcending geographical and species-specific barriers.

Three-Finger Toxins (3FTxs):

• Three-finger toxins (3FTx) are a superfamily of small toxin proteins found in the venom of snakes, primarily from the Caenophidia lineage.
• They are named after their characteristic structure, which consists of three beta strand loops (fingers) projecting from a small hydrophobic core containing four conserved disulfide bonds.
• The proteins are typically 60-74 amino acid residues long, and despite their conserved structure, they have a wide range of pharmacological effects, with most members being neurotoxins that act on cholinergic intercellular signaling.
• Three-finger toxins are divided into three classes: short-chain toxins, long-chain toxins, and three-finger protein domains.
• Short-chain toxins have under 66 residues and four core disulfide bonds, while long-chain toxins have at least 66 residues, a disulfide bond in loop II, and possibly a C-terminal extension.
• Three-finger protein domains, on the other hand, are non-toxic proteins that share a similar structure with three-finger toxins but have different functions.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/team-including-indian-scientists-designs-potent-antidote-to-cobra-krait-venom-toxins/article68101244.ece