TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) recently announced the onset of the fourth global coral bleaching event, marking a significant threat to coral reefs worldwide.

EXPLANATION:

• This event, fueled by record ocean temperatures, underscores the urgency of addressing climate change and its impact on marine ecosystems.
• Coral bleaching occurs when corals expel symbiotic algae in response to environmental stressors such as elevated temperatures, light exposure, or nutrient imbalances.
• This expulsion causes corals to turn white, signaling distress. While corals can survive bleaching events, prolonged stress increases their vulnerability to mortality.

Frequency and Severity

• The current bleaching event is the fourth global occurrence on record and the second within the past decade, highlighting the escalating threat posed by climate change.
• NOAA’s Coral Reef Watch (CRW) monitors heat stress levels, predicting and tracking bleaching events using satellite data.
• Since early 2023, extensive bleaching has been observed across the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Ocean basins, affecting coral reefs in various regions.

Global Impact

• The widespread bleaching documented across diverse geographic locations, including Florida, the Caribbean, Australia’s Great Barrier Reef, and the Red Sea, underscores the global scale of the crisis.
• Coral reefs serve as critical ecosystems, supporting biodiversity, coastal protection, and fisheries.
• The degradation of coral reefs due to bleaching poses direct threats to livelihoods, food security, and economies dependent on marine resources.

Long-term Implications

• Climate models predict an increase in the frequency and severity of bleaching events as ocean temperatures continue to rise.
• This trend aligns with the broader pattern of climate change-induced disruptions to marine ecosystems.
• Addressing the underlying drivers of climate change and implementing mitigation strategies are crucial for safeguarding coral reefs and the communities reliant on them.

Scientific Monitoring and Conservation Efforts

• NOAA’s efforts in monitoring and predicting coral bleaching events play a vital role in informing conservation strategies and management practices.
• By utilizing advanced satellite technology and collaborating with international partners, NOAA aims to enhance our understanding of coral reef dynamics and mitigate the impacts of bleaching events.

Coral Reef:

• Coral reefs are vital ecosystems built by coral polyps, which have a symbiotic relationship with zooxanthellae algae.
• When water temperatures rise, corals expel these algae, leading to bleaching—a phenomenon where corals lose their vibrant colors and eventually die.
• Ocean acidification exacerbates bleaching by reducing calcium mineral availability for coral exoskeletons.

Types of coral reefs in India:

• Fringing reefs
  • Fringing reefs evolve and develop near the continent and remain close to the coastline. These reefs are separated from the coastline by small, shallow lagoons. They are the most commonly found reefs in the world.
• Barrier reefs
  • Barrier reefs are found offshore on the continental shelf. They usually run parallel to the coastline at some distance. A deep and wide lagoon is located between the coastline and the barrier reef.
• Atolls
  • Atolls are formed on mid-oceanic ridges. They are shaped circularly or elliptically and are surrounded by seas on all four sides and have shallow waters in the center called a lagoon.
• All the three major reef types occur in India. The mainland coast of India has two widely separated areas containing reefs: the Gulf of Kachchh in the northwest, which has some of the most northerly reefs in the world, and Palk Bay and Gulf of Mannar in the southeast.
• In addition to these, there are patches of reef growth on the West Coast, for example, coral reefs at Malvan.
• The Andaman and Nicobar Islands have fringing reefs around many islands, and a long barrier reef (329 km) on the west coast.
• Little is known about these reefs, which may be the most diverse and pristine reefs in India. The Lakshadweep also has extensive reefs but these are also poorly explored.

SOURCE: https://lifestyle.livemint.com/smart-living/environment/coral-reefs-global-bleaching-event-noaa-climate-change-111713248896027.html

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The Hubble tension, a perplexing dilemma in cosmology, arises from contradictory estimates of the universe’s rate of expansion obtained through different measurement methods. Despite extensive efforts to reconcile these discrepancies, the mystery persists, hinting at potential flaws in our fundamental understanding of the cosmos.

EXPLANATION:

• Cosmologists employ two primary methods to measure the universe’s expansion rate: the cosmic distance ladder and the analysis of the cosmic microwave background (CMB).
• While both approaches are theoretically sound, they yield markedly different estimates of the expansion rate, exacerbating the Hubble tension.

Challenges with the ΛCDM Model

• The prevailing cosmological model, Λ cold dark matter (ΛCDM
• ), has been instrumental in explaining various phenomena, including the universe’s expansion and the distribution of galaxies.
• However, mounting evidence suggests that this model may be inadequate to resolve the Hubble tension, prompting calls for alternative frameworks.

Radical Explanations and Ongoing Debates

• Recent studies, such as those published in Monthly Notices of The Royal Astronomical Society and The Astrophysical Journal Letters, have explored radical explanations for the Hubble tension, including the possibility of fundamental flaws in the ΛCDM model.
• However, despite advancements in observational techniques, the origins of the tension remain elusive, fueling ongoing debates within the cosmological community.

The Flatness of the Universe

• Cosmologists classify the universe’s geometry based on its curvature: open, closed, or flat.
• Recent observations, particularly of the cosmic microwave background (CMB), suggest that the universe is flat, meaning parallel lines remain parallel indefinitely.
• This finding underscores the precision of modern cosmological measurements and provides valuable insights into the universe’s fundamental properties.

The Role of Observational Techniques

• Advanced observational tools, such as NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), play a pivotal role in refining measurements of cosmic phenomena.
• By leveraging near-infrared radiation and overcoming challenges like crowding noise, JWST offers unprecedented clarity in studying celestial objects, including Cepheid variable stars crucial for the cosmic distance ladder.

Implications and Future Directions

• The resolution of the Hubble tension holds profound implications for our understanding of the universe’s evolution and fundamental laws of physics.
• As researchers continue to grapple with this enigma, the pursuit of alternative models and novel observational strategies remains paramount.
• Ultimately, unraveling the mysteries of cosmic expansion promises to deepen our comprehension of the cosmos and our place within it.

JAMES WEBB SPACE TELESCOPE:

• The James Webb Space Telescopeis the largest, most powerful space telescope ever built.
• Thetelescope will be able to capture images of some of the first galaxies ever formed.
• It will also be able to observe objects in our solar system from Mars outward, look inside dust clouds to see where new stars and planets are forming and examine the atmospheres of planets orbiting other stars.
• The Webb telescope’scameras are sensitive to heat from the Sun. Webb has a sunshield to protect its instruments and mirrors.
• The James Webb Space Telescopesees the universe in light that is invisible to human eyes. This light is called infrared radiation. The James Webb Space Telescope will use its infrared cameras to see through dust in the universe.
• It took deep field images of Pandora’s cluster in 2022.

Λ cold dark matter (ΛCDM):

• The Lambda-CDM, Lambda cold dark matter, or ΛCDM model is a mathematical model of the Big Bang theory with three major components:
  1. a cosmological constant denoted by lambda (Λ) associated with dark energy
  2. the postulated cold dark matter denoted by CDM
  3. ordinary matter
• It is referred to as the standard model of Big Bang cosmology because it is the simplest model that provides a reasonably good account of:
  • the existence and structure of the cosmic microwave background
  • the large-scale structure in the distribution of galaxies
  • the observed abundances of hydrogen (including deuterium), helium, and lithium
  • the accelerating expansion of the universe observed in the light from distant galaxies and supernovae

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/hubble-tension-cosmic-distance-ladder-riess-webb-telescope/article68064403.ece

TAG: GS 1: ART AND CULTURE

THE CONTEXT: Political parties, particularly the BJP, have attempted to appropriate Thiruvalluvar’s legacy for their agendas, aiming to establish cultural centers and promote Indian traditions globally. However, such attempts have sparked controversies, including debates over Thiruvalluvar’s religious identity and the portrayal of his iconic image.

EXPLANATION:

• Competing claims over Thiruvalluvar’s legacy have fueled political tensions in Tamil Nadu.
• Controversies erupted when the BJP depicted Thiruvalluvar in saffron robes, triggering backlash from opposing factions who accused the party of distorting the saint’s image.
• The BJP’s assertions of Thiruvalluvar’s Hindu identity have been met with skepticism, with scholars pointing to historical ambiguity and the saint’s transcendence beyond religious labels.
• The tug-of-war over Thiruvalluvar’s legacy reflects deeper political dynamics in Tamil Nadu, where identity and cultural heritage are fiercely guarded.
• Both Dravidian and Hindutva groups have sought to co-opt Thiruvalluvar to bolster their narratives, underscoring the significance of cultural symbols in shaping political discourse.

Thiruvalluvar:

• Thiruvalluvar, the legendary saint-poet attributed to the timeless verses of Thirukkural, holds a revered status among Tamils, transcending barriers of caste and religion.
• In recent years, political factions, notably the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), have sought to leverage his legacy for their agendas, sparking debates and controversies in Tamil Nadu’s political landscape.
• Thiruvalluvar’s historical identity remains shrouded in uncertainty, with debates over his period of existence and religious affiliation.
• While some accounts place him in the 3rd or 4th century CE, others suggest a later timeline, around the 8th or 9th century.
• Additionally, interpretations of his religious background vary, with claims of Hindu, Jain, or Dravidian affiliations.
• Regardless of historical uncertainties, Thiruvalluvar holds an esteemed position in Tamil culture as a moral icon and philosopher-poet.
• The Thirukkural, a collection of 1,330 couplets, serves as a guiding light for Tamil households, emphasizing moral values and ethical principles in daily life.
• Thiruvalluvar’s teachings resonate deeply with Tamils, providing a cultural anchor and fostering a sense of identity.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-history/thiruvalluvar-bjp-manifesto-tamil-nadu-9271690/

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Until recently, global conservation efforts predominantly focused on “protected areas” (PA) and “other effective area-based conservation measures” (OECM), largely overlooking indigenous territories’ contributions to ecosystem preservation.

EXPLANATION:

• However, recognizing the intrinsic value of these territories, there has been a shift towards incorporating indigenous lands into conservation discussions.
• The protection of Indigenous Peoples’ territories is crucial for biodiversity conservation and meeting global targets, yet progress in this area has been sluggish.
• As discussions unfold at the UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, it becomes evident that despite increasing recognition, indigenous territories are not being safeguarded at the necessary pace.

Implications for Biodiversity Conservation

• The failure to protect indigenous territories poses a significant obstacle to achieving targets outlined in international frameworks such as the Kunming Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework.
• Target 3 of this framework, aiming for 30% protection of land and water by 2030, may be jeopardized without adequate safeguarding of indigenous lands.’
• Indigenous territories, comprising 22% of the Earth’s land surface, harbor 80% of the remaining global biodiversity, emphasizing the urgent need for their protection.

Challenges and Slow Progress

• Despite growing recognition, progress in recognizing and titling indigenous territories has been slow.
• Initiatives such as Brazil’s proposal to protect 80% of the Amazon by 2025 face considerable challenges in implementation.
• Reports indicate that between 2021-2023, only a fraction of indigenous territories were formally recognized, with most being expansions of already recognized areas rather than new designations.
• This slow pace falls short of the urgent need to protect these critical areas.

Urgency and Call for Action

• As environmental crises like droughts and forest fires intensify, there is a pressing need for accelerated action to protect indigenous territories.
• There has been emphasis on the urgency of addressing these challenges and urge global forums like the UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues to integrate ambitious protection goals into their agendas.
• Calls for a Global Pact for the protection of the Amazon underscore the gravity of the situation and the need for coordinated, international action.

Financial Implications

• Despite the vital role indigenous peoples play in land protection, they receive less than 1% of climate finance, highlighting systemic disparities in funding allocation.
• The lack of recognition of indigenous territories’ conservation contributions in climate finance mechanisms underscores the need for policy reforms to ensure equitable distribution of resources.

United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (UNPFII):

• The Permanent Forum is an advisory body to the Economic and Social Council established by resolution 2000/22 on 28 July 2000.
• The Forum has the mandate to discuss indigenous issues related to economic and social development, culture, the environment, education, health and human rights.
• The first meeting of the Permanent Forum was held in May 2002, with yearly sessions thereafter.
• It is one of three UN bodies that is mandated to deal specifically with indigenous peoples’ issues.
• The others are the Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoplesand the Special Rapporteur on the Rights of indigenous peoples.

According to its mandate, the Permanent Forum will:

• provide expert advice and recommendations on indigenous issues to the Council, as well as to programmes, funds and agencies of the United Nations, through ECOSOC;
• raise awareness and promote the integration and coordination of activities related to indigenous issues within the UN system;
• prepare and disseminate information on indigenous issues The Permanent Forum holds annual two-week sessions.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/forests/un-permanent-forum-on-indigenous-issues-progress-towards-protecting-indigenous-territories-slow-say-experts-95576

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: A groundbreaking study published in The New England Journal of Medicine provided significant insights into the cardiovascular effects of MPs and NPs.

EXPLANATION:

• Researchers meticulously analyzed carotid artery plaque specimens from a cohort of 304 patients.
• The study revealed the presence of common plastic polymers, such as polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride, within the plaque, with patients exhibiting these particles facing a significantly higher risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, or death.
• Plastics, ubiquitous in modern society, pose a significant threat to environmental and human health.
• The degradation of plastic waste leads to the formation of microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs), tiny particles that permeate various ecosystems.
• While the adverse effects of MPs and NPs on marine life are well-documented, emerging research suggests a potential link between these particles and cardiovascular disease in humans.

Pathways of Exposure

• MPs and NPs infiltrate the human body through multiple pathways, including ingestion, inhalation, and skin contact.
• These particles have been detected in diverse human tissues and bodily fluids, underscoring their pervasive presence in the environment.
• The omnipresence of plastics in drinking water, food, cosmetics, and even air particulate matter facilitates their absorption into highly vascularized organs like the heart.

Evidence of Cardiovascular Impact

• Recent preclinical studies have highlighted a concerning correlation between MPs/NPs and cardiovascular dysfunction.
• These particles, owing to their small size, easily penetrate tissues and organs, where they interact and potentially trigger adverse cardiovascular effects.
• Notably, observational data from occupational exposure studies suggest an increased risk of cardiovascular disease among individuals exposed to plastics-related pollution.

Mechanisms of Action

• While the precise mechanisms underlying the cardiovascular toxicity of MPs and NPs remain under investigation, animal studies suggest various plausible pathways.
• Polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride, two prevalent plastics, have been implicated in inducing pericardial effusions and promoting prothrombotic states.
• These findings highlight the potential cardiotoxicity of common plastic polymers and underscore the need for further mechanistic research.

Implications and Urgency

• The widespread distribution of MPs and NPs in the environment necessitates urgent action to mitigate their impact on human health.
• As plastic production continues to rise, addressing the cardiovascular risks associated with these particles becomes paramount.
• Efforts to minimize plastic pollution and enhance regulatory measures are crucial steps in safeguarding cardiovascular health.

Microplastics:

• Micro-plastics are very small (generally less than 5 millimeters in size) plastic particles that can originate from a variety of sources, such as ingredients in cigarette filters, textile fibers and cleaning or personal care products, and dust from car and truck tires, as well as from larger plastic products broken down by the effects of the sun, wind and ocean waves.
• There are two types of micro-plastics: “primary” and “secondary” micro-plastics:
  • Primary micro-plastics are manufactured to be tiny in order to serve a specific function for example, as an abrasive in a consumer product.
  • Secondary micro-plastics come from the breakdown of larger plastic items.

Nanoplastic:

• Nanoplastics are associated with several risks to the ecology and toxicity to humans.
• Nanoplastics are synthetic polymers with dimensions ranging from 1 nm to 1 μm.
• They are directly released to the environment or secondarily derived from plastic disintegration in the environment.
• Nanoplastics are widely detected in environmental samples and the food chain; therefore, their potentially toxic effects have been widely explored.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/health/microplastics-and-nanoplastics-are-an-emerging-threat-to-cardiovascular-health-95572

THE CONTEXT: India is planning to replace its minimum wage system with a living wage by the year 2025. In this context, the government is seeking technical assistance from the International Labour Organization (ILO) to develop a framework for estimating and implementing it. This move follows the ILO’s endorsement of the concept of a living wage which came after an agreement was reached during a meeting of experts on wage policies recently. It was subsequently endorsed by the ILO’s governing body. This article analyses the concept of living wage and its significance and challenges in its implementation from the UPSC PERSPECTIVE.

EXPLANATION OF THE CONTEXT

The country aims to transition from the minimum wage to the living wage by 2025 that covers housing, healthcare, food, education, and clothing expenditure.

• India is seeking technical assistance from the International Labour Organization (ILO) to improve its capacity for systemic data collection to establish a framework for calculating and implementing a living wage.
• Living wages, designed to exceed basic minimum wages, are intended to provide workers with income sufficient to cover essential social expenditures such as housing, food, healthcare, education, and clothing.
• The ILO’s recent endorsement of the concept of a living wage underscores the global momentum toward uplifting millions out of poverty and safeguarding their well-being.
• India has more than 500 million workers, with 90% in the unorganized sector. While many earn a daily minimum wage of ₹176 or more, stagnant since 2017, the national wage floor lacks enforceability across states leading to wage payment discrepancies.
• This lack of upward movement in wages has led to disparities in wage payments across different states. In this context, Indian government hopes to demonstrate the beneficial economic impacts of adopting living wages.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF WAGES

MINIMUM WAGE

• International Labour Organisation (ILO) defines it as “the minimum amount of remuneration that an employer is required to pay wage earners for the work performed during a given period. It cannot be reduced by collective agreement or an individual contract”.
• In India, minimum wage changes from state to state and city to city. In some states it is Rs 22 per hour to Rs 50 per hour.
• Maharashtra has a basic minimum wage of Rs 62.87 for unskilled labourers as compared to Bihar which has the minimum wage at Rs 49.37 an hour.

LIVING WAGE

• The living wage is defined by the ILO as “the wage level necessary to afford a decent standard of living for workers and their families, taking into account the country’s circumstances and calculated for the work performed during normal hours.”
• Living wage is wider in scope than minimum wage and tends to be higher.
• While the minimum wage aims to protect workers from low pay, the living wage goes further by providing enough income to cover basic needs such as food, clothing, shelter, and more.

FAIR WAGE

• A ‘fair wage’ is a mean between ‘living wage’ and ‘minimum wage’.
• It is above the minimum wage but still falls below what is required for a living standard.
• The upper boundary of a fair wage is determined by the industry’s financial capability to compensate.

STARVATION WAGE

• It refers to the wages which are insufficient to provide the ordinary necessities of life.

WHAT IS THE LAW REGARDING WAGES IN INDIA?

• Since labour is a concurrent subject under the Indian Constitution, minimum wage rates are determined both by the Central Government and the state governments.
• Minimum wage rates in India are declared at the national, state, sectoral and skill/ occupational levels.
• Minimum wage rates may be established for any region, occupation and sector. Also, the minimum wage is established for trainees, youth and piece-rate workers.  The minimum wage is determined by considering the cost of living.

Minimum Wages Act, 1948

• Minimum wage rates in India are fixed under the Minimum Wages Act, 1948. Under the Act, both the Central and State Governments may notify the scheduled employments and fix/revise minimum wage rates for these scheduled employments.
• This varies based on location, nature of work, the type of industry and skills of the worker. For instance, different wage levels are provided for the unskilled, semi-skilled, skilled, and highly skilled employment.
• The scheduled employments include both the agricultural and non-agricultural employments. Both the Central and State Governments are empowered to notify any employment (industry/sector) in the schedule where the number of employees is 1000 or more and fix the rates of minimum wages in respect of the employees employed therein.
• The minimum wages notified by the central or state governments must be higher than the floor level wage. Where the existing minimum wages are higher than the floor wage, these cannot be reduced.
• Minimum wages notified by the government are either time based (number of hours of work) or per piece. The minimum wages must be revised and reviewed by the central or state governments at an interval of not more than 5 years.
• Flexibility of Minimum Wage Standards: In 1996, the concept of National Floor Level Minimum Wage (NFLMW) was introduced with state governments not allowed to go any lower than NFLMW. In 2023, that stood at INR178 per day or higher, based on location. States have rolled out their minimum wage stipulations, with this as the baseline.

The Code of Wages, 2019:

• It was introduced in an attempt to bring uniformity in the implementation of legal policies governing the payment of wages.  The Code on Wages, 2019 integrates four existing labour laws, including the Minimum Wages Act, 1948.
• As per Section 5 of the Code on Wages 2019, no employer can fix the minimum wage below it. However, it’s not a mandatory provision, the minimum wage rates can be revised accordingly by the State. However, this code, which is binding on all states, is yet to be implemented.

WHAT IS THE EXTENT OF WAGE DISPARITY IN INDIA?

• Presently, India’s workforce exceeds 500 million individuals, with roughly 90% employed in the unorganized sector, leaving them outside the ambit of social security protections. In such a scenario, enforcement of the law and ensuring minimum wages becomes challenging.
• The national floor-level minimum wage (NFLMW) has remained stagnant since 2017 and lacks enforceability, potentially resulting in lower wages across various Indian states.
• The NFLMW is currently determined based on a formula linked to poverty line estimates established in 1970 by the erstwhile Planning Commission. However, critics argue that this methodology fails to account for changes in spending patterns over the years.
• According to the Economic Survey 2022-23, the real wage growth in India has been negative despite nominal wage increases, primarily due to inflation.
• Besides, employers also exploit loopholes to exempt certain types of employees from payment of minimum wages. One such example is gig workers.
• Gender wage disparity: There also tends to be a pay disparity between male and female workers.
• Rural urban disparity: Wages are a function of demand and supply. In rural areas, the MNREGA rates that range between INR221 and INR357 (across different states) often become the floor wages for agri-labourers. In urban areas, a shortage of skilled and semi-skilled workers like masons, plumbers, carpenters, painters lead to increased pay for them.
• Income inequality: The income share of the top 1% in India indicates the proportion of national income that goes to the wealthiest 1% of the population. In 2022, the income shares of wealthiest stood at 22.6%, highlighting a significant concentration of wealth at the top end of the income distribution. This share is substantially higher than what it was in 1951 (11.5%) and just before India’s economic liberalisation in the 1980s (6%).

Effectiveness of minimum wage in India:

• The main problem in the effectiveness of minimum wages is poor implementation. It affects the unorganized sector and acts as a hindrance for their growth and providing them a decent living.
• The issue arises mainly due to lack of awareness amongst the workers about minimum wage provisions and their entitlement under the labour laws.
• Surveys have shown that almost 80% of the workers in unorganized sector earn less than 208 rupees a day, or less than half the government-stipulated rural minimum wage of 49 rupees a day and urban wage of 67 rupees.
• This is particularly true in remote areas and in areas where workers are not unionized or otherwise organized. As a result, their wages have long since failed to keep pace with rising costs and continue to diminish in real value over time.
• The rates of minimum wages fixed in few states is not enough even for two times meal in a day, leave aside the needs of health, education and shelter.

WHY THE PROPOSAL FOR A LIVING WAGE?

REDUCE WAGE INEQUALITY

• Since the early 2000s, India’s inequality has increased significantly, with the top 1% owning 22.6% of the country’s income. Therefore, in order to address this inequality, India needs to redesign its wage structure.
• According to the data, the current minimum price is not sufficient in fulfilling the needs of the workers and they often fall below poverty line.
• A well-designed living wage system is required to reduce wage inequality in the country.
• As we are a developing nation, we should mandatorily fix the wage for the workers which provides them all the basic necessities.
• As minimum wages are not sufficient in fulfilling the needs of the workers, we should focus more on living wage and its efficient implementation in every state.

HIGHER ECONOMIC GROWTH

• One of the motivating factors for the government seeking a shift from the minimum to living wage system has been the buoyancy in economic growth.
• In the fiscal year 2023-2024, GDP growth is expected to rise to 7.6 per cent.
• The accelerated growth path has encouraged the government to move towards a new approach, as the economy is considered strong enough now to bear the higher burden of enhanced wages.
• In case the policy does shift, it will come as a profitable situation to India’s roughly 550 million workforces.

ALLEVIATING POVERTY AND IMPROVE STANDARD OF LIVING

• A living wage considers essential expenses such as housing, clothing, food, education, healthcare, and overall standard of living.
• In contrast, minimum wages are based on labour productivity and skill levels, making living wages higher.
• The shift from minimum wages to living wages is aimed at accelerating efforts to lift millions out of poverty and ensure their well-being.
• The current minimum wage is seen as insufficient to meet basic needs of workers especially with inflation. They often fall below the poverty line after getting minimum wages

ACHIEVING SDGs

• India is committed to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030, including the goal of promoting decent work and economic growth.
• It is believed that replacing minimum wages with living wages could fast-track India’s efforts to pull millions of its people out of poverty while ensuring their wellbeing.

POSITIVE WORK CULTURE

• Higher wages can boost employee morale, leading to increased productivity, reduced turnover rates, and improved customer satisfaction.
• By investing in the well-being of their employees, businesses can create a positive work environment that fosters loyalty and a strong work ethic.

HOW CAN LIVING WAGE BE IMPLEMENTED?

SUITABLE FRAMEWORK

• The government is proposing for suitable framework for its assessment and implementation, for which technical assistance has been sought from the International Labor Organization (ILO).
• Under the living wage, all workers will get enough money to meet their basic needs. Which includes housing, food, health care, education and clothing.

IMPLEMENTATION OF WAGE CODE 2019

• The Wage Code, passed in 2019 but not yet implemented. In this, a  floor wage has been proposed which after implementation will be binding on all the states.
• The government is striving towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030 and implementation of wage code could accelerate efforts to lift millions of people in India out of poverty.

ROLE OF COMPANIES

• Companies have an important role to play to advance decent work and address working poverty in their operations and supply chains by improving and promoting living wages.
• They need to understand the concept of a living wage as an essential aspect of decent work and its importance for responsible business.
• Companies should be inspired to provide the incentives to ensure their employees are paid a living wage which will benefit business and act as a contribution to the achievement of the SDGs.

MULTIFACETED APPROACH

A multifaceted approach is needed to implement living wages by:

• Implementing progressive taxation to ensure that the wealthy contribute a fairer share.
• Enhancing access to quality education and healthcare for all to improve socio-economic mobility.
• Strengthening social safety nets and welfare schemes for the economically disadvantaged.
• Encouraging inclusive economic growth that benefits all segments of society.
• Ensuring fair labour practices and wages.

ECONOMIC POLICIES

• There can be additional public resources for public services by progressive taxes on wealthy and by increasing the effective taxation on corporations, more importantly broadening the tax base through better monitoring of financial transactions.
• By ensuring universal access to public funded high-quality services like public health and education, social security benefits, employment guarantee schemes inequality can be reduced to great extent.
• The Labor-intensive manufacturing has the potential to absorb millions of people who are leaving farming while service sector tends to benefit majorly urban middle class.

PROMOTING CIVIL SOCIETY ROLE

• There is a need to provide a greater voice to traditionally oppressed groups by enabling civil society groups like unions and association within these groups.
• Scheduled castes and Scheduled tribes should be motivated to become entrepreneurs, schemes like Stand-up India need to be expanded to widen its reach by increasing funding.
• For empowerment of women, gender equality policies like affirmative action by reserving seats in legislatures, increasing reservation at local self-government both at Urban and village level to 50% in all states, raising awareness about women rights.

WHAT ARE THE CHALLENGES IN IMPLEMENTATION?

DIVERSITY ACROSS STATES

• Determining and implementing a national living wage framework across diverse states with varying costs of living requires careful planning.
• Regional disparities are persistent as states lay down their minimum wages even if the Union government sets higher rates.
• Given the fact that the minimum wage is enforced in an uneven manner, the living wage initiative is bound to be resisted by state governments as well as private industry.

IMPACT ON BUSINESSES

• Some businesses, particularly small and medium enterprises, might face financial strain due to increased labour costs.

DIVERSITY IN LIVING COSTS

• The cost of living varies significantly between cities, states, and even districts, making it challenging to establish a uniform living wage rate.

UNORGANISED SECTOR

• Of the nearly 500 million strong workforces, most of them are employed with the unorganised sector which falls outside the purview of scrutiny.
• This unorganised sector is hard to be taken into account due to lack of sufficient data.

FISCAL IMPLICATIONS

• Moving towards a living wage would impose much higher labour costs on both government and private sector.
• Private-sector employers would be reluctant to pay higher than necessary wages in fear of lower profits.
• Imposing a living wage means creating a wage floor, which would hurt the economy by impacting businesses, especially those that cannot pay hiked salaries.
• The issue of effective implementation will have to be given careful consideration while formulating the plans to launch a living wage in this country.

LACK OF AWARENESS

• There is a lack of awareness amongst the workers about minimum wage provisions and their entitlement under the labour laws.
• This is particularly true in remote areas and in areas where workers are not unionized or organized.
• As a result, their wages have failed to keep pace with rising costs and continue to diminish in real value over time.

POTENTIAL IMPACT OF AUTOMATION AND THE GIG ECONOMY ON WAGES

• The rise of automation and the gig economy presents unique challenges for maintaining fair compensation for workers.
• As technology advances, certain jobs may become obsolete or undergo significant transformations.
• On the other hand, critics of the concept say companies may cut back on hiring if forced to pay increased wages, creating more job losses.

INTERNATIONAL SCENARIOS

• The concept of minimum wage is globally followed with regional differences. While some countries like Germany rely on a government-mandated national minimum wage that applies uniformly across all regions, some others like Italy do not have a minimum wage but it protects workers through collective agreements between employers and labour unions.
• Living wage, as a concept, is more relevant for developing and underdeveloped countries where the cost of labour is very competitive and hence wages face downward pressure. The minimum wage, in the case of a developed country, may end up being more than the living wage of a developing country, as evident by the UK example.

Countries with the lowest minimum wage in the world

Countries with an officially set minimum wage of less than 500 U.S. dollars (USD) a month have the lowest minimum wage in the world. They include:

• Bangladesh: The minimum wage in Bangladesh is set to 1,500 Bangladeshi taka (BDT) or 14.62 USD a month.
• Georgia: The minimum wage is approximately 115 Georgian lari (GEL) a month for public employees and 20 Georgian lari a month for private sector workers. That is around 7.45 to 42.84 USD a month.
• Kyrgyzstan: The minimum wage rate is set at 1,970 Kyrgyzstani som (KGS) or 23.31 USD per month.
• Gambia: The minimum wage is 50 Gambian dalasi (GMD) a day or roughly 23.40 USD a month.
• Sierra Leone: The minimum wage is 500,000 Sierra Leonean leones (SLL) per month or 26.95 USD.
• Pakistan: Pakistani employees must be paid at least 17,500 Pakistan rupees (PKR) per month or 77.70 USD.
• Ukraine: Ukrainian workers are entitled to a monthly minimum wage of 183.27 USD (6,700 ukrainian hryvnia). Ukraine is one of the countries remote organizations should target for hiring top talent.
• Colombia: The minimum wage in Colombia is 175 USD (689 Colombian pesos) per month. However, at the beginning of each year, the colombian government reviews the minimum wage.
• Brazil: Brazil’s minimum wage starts from 230.92 USD and goes as high as 601.62 USD monthly. The minimum wage in Brazil varies by state.
• Bulgaria: Bulgaria’s minimum wage is 382.77 USD.

Countries with the highest minimum wage in the world

Countries with an officially set minimum wage of more than 1000 USD a month have the highest minimum wages in the world. They include:

• United Kingdom: Depending on age, the minimum wage rate is approximately 7.20 pounds sterling (GBP) per hour at a high and 3.40 pounds sterling per hour at a low. That is around 691.67 to 1,465 USD a month. Check here to learn how to manage payroll in the United Kingdom.
• US: while there is a federal minimum wage, many states and cities have rolled out their minimum wage laws that exceed the federal rate to factor in the local cost of living.
• France: The minimum wage is around 1,466.62 euros (EUR) per month or 1,533.50 USD.
• New Zealand: The approximate minimum wage is 15.25 New Zealand dollars per hour for workers ages 18 years or older and 12.20 per hour for those aged 16 or 17 or in training. That is an estimated range of 1,293.33 to  1,616.67 USD a month.
• Ireland: The minimum wage is 9.15 euros (EUR) per hour. Depending on age, training, and experience, the minimum wage rate can be only 90% or less of the full 9.15 per hour (at most 8.24 per hour). By the third year of working with a company, the employee’s minimum wage is increased to the full amount. This is around 1,445 to 1,621.67 USD a month.
• Luxembourg: The minimum wage for employees 18 and older in Luxembourg is 2,440 USD (2,300 EUR) per month.
• Australia: The minimum wage is estimated to be 812.50 Australian dollars (AUD) per week or 2208.04 USD a month.
• Belgium: Every worker in Belgium aged 18 and above is entitled to a monthly minimum wage of 1,943 USD (1,842 Euros).
• Canada: Canada’s minimum wage varies according to the employee’s province. For instance, the minimum wage in Ontario is 11 USD/hour while the minimum wage in Manitoba is 10 USD.
• Japan: Japan’s minimum wage varies according to the different provinces. However, the minimum wage ranges from 5.80 USD per hour to 7.85 USD per hour. Discover countries in the world that offer free healthcare in this article.

THE WAY FORWARD

• Government Legislation: The government needs to bring adequate legislation and policies for Living Wage by enacting laws that establish minimum wage standards, governments can set a baseline for fair pay.  However, to truly address the issue of living wages, governments must push beyond minimum wage laws and consider comprehensive policies that take into account the cost of living.
• Incorporating Multidimensional Indicators in Calculating Poverty: ILO must take into account health, education and standard of living as key indicators to arrive at a definition of living wages as these measures are used to assess the national multidimensional poverty in India. The standard of living component must include the components of economic, social and demographic factors.
• Inflation Adjusted Wage:  The criterion of minimum wage needs to be adjusted regularly to keep pace with the inflation.
• Incentivise small businesses: There is a need to support small businesses and industries that struggle with increased labour costs. Governments can incentivize businesses to pay living wages through tax credits, grants, or procurement policies. Additionally, organizations can collaborate with employers to develop innovative approaches, such as shared responsibility models, that distribute the costs of living wages more equitably.
• International examples: Many organizations in UK that have adopted the living wage standard have reported increased employee satisfaction, reduced turnover rates, and improved productivity. The city of Seattle in USA raised its minimum wage to $15 per hour, which is considered a living wage in the area. The move has led to improved working conditions for low-wage workers and has been heralded as a step towards a more equitable society.
• Collective Bargaining in Wage Setting: Negotiations and collective bargaining play a vital role in the establishment of fair wages.  By empowering workers to collectively negotiate their wages and working conditions, unions can ensure that workers’ interests are effectively represented and protected.
• Integration of Living Wages into Sustainable Development Goals:  Aligning living wages with the broader framework of sustainable development can strengthen the global commitment to fair compensation and accelerate progress towards a more just and prosperous future for all.

THE CONCLUSION: The Indian government has sought technical assistance from the ILO to create a framework for the living wage. The shift from the minimum wage to living wage by 2025 represents a significant step towards improving the lives of Indian workers. However, balancing affordability for businesses with ensuring worker well-being will be crucial for the achieving the goal. Despite various challenges, India remains committed to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030, including the goal of promoting decent work and economic growth. For the living wage system to play a meaningful role in aligning protection with the promotion of sustainable growth, it must be properly designed with clear goals for its effective implementation.

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTIONS

Q.1 What is your opinion about the proposal of the Indian government to implement the living wage? Will it be successful in addressing the huge income disparity and wealth inequality in India? Argue.

Q.2 Briefly explain the various types of wages. Also explain the challenges related to implementation of living wage in the country and suggest ways for its successful implementation.

DATA ABOUT THE INCOME AND WEALTH DISPARITY IN INDIA

• The Paris-based World Inequality Lab, has released a report on the state of inequality in India. Titled, Income and Wealth Inequality in India, 1922-2023: The Rise of the Billionaire Raj.
• It says “the ‘billionaire raj’ (a term used to define the post-2010s rapid rise of billionaires in the country, at odds with lives of millions) is now more unequal than the British colonial raj”.
• It finds that while inequality has been rising sharply in India since the 1980s, “between 2014-15 and 2022-23, the rise of top-end inequality has been particularly pronounced in terms of wealth concentration.”

It has listed five “Key findings” as follows.

1. “Inequality has declined post-independence till the early 1980s, after which it began rising and has skyrocketed since the early 2000s.

2. Between 2014-15 and 2022-23, the rise of top-end inequality has been particularly pronounced in terms of wealth concentration. By 2022-23, top 1% income and wealth shares (22.6% and 40.1%) are at their highest historical levels and India’s top 1% income share is among the very highest in the world, higher than even South Africa, Brazil and US.

3. The report finds suggestive evidence that the Indian income tax system might be regressive when viewed from the lens of net wealth.

4. A restructuring of the tax code to account for both income and wealth, and broad-based public investments in health, education and nutrition are needed to enable the average Indian, and not just the elites, to meaningfully benefit from the ongoing wave of globalization. Besides serving as a tool to fight inequality, a “super tax” of 2% on the net wealth of the 167 wealthiest families in 2022-23 would yield 0.5% of national income in revenues and create valuable fiscal space to facilitate such investments.

5. The report emphasises that the quality of economic data in India is notably poor and has seen a decline recently. It is therefore likely that these new estimates represent a lower bound to actual inequality levels.

DPSP ARTICLES RELEVANT TO ENSURE INCOME EQUALITY AND EQUAL WAGE

Article 38

Promote the welfare of the people by securing a social order through justice social, economic and political and to minimise inequalities in income, status, facilities and opportunities

Article 39

Secure citizens:

• Right to adequate means of livelihood for all citizens
• Equitable distribution of material resources of the community for the common good
• Prevention of concentration of wealth and means of production
• Equal pay for equal work for men and women
• Preservation of the health and strength of workers and children against forcible abuse
• Opportunities for the healthy development of children

Article 41

 In cases of unemployment, old age, sickness and disablement, secure citizens:

• Right to work
• Right to education
• Right to public assistance

Article 42

• Make provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief

Article 43

• Secure a living wage, a decent standard of living and social and cultural opportunities for all workers

Article 43A

• Take steps to secure the participation of workers in the management of industries

Article 47

• Raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living of people and to improve public health

CASE LAW RELATED TO EQUAL PAY

Randhir Singh v UOI

• The legal principle of “equal pay for equal work” is mentioned under Article 39(d), Part IV of the Constitution of India.
• In Randhir Singh v UOI, it was held by Supreme Court that though this doctrine is mentioned under Part IV of the Constitution and it does not have a status of a Fundamental Right, but it is certainly regarded as a constitutional goal.
• Therefore, it can be enforced through the remedies provided under the Article 32 of the Constitution.
• The Court in a case has also held that this principle can only be invoked if there is a similarity in the nature of the job and it carries the same qualification otherwise it cannot be said to qualify the doctrine.

The Equal Remuneration Act:

• This act was passed in 1976 to ensure that men and women receive equal pay for equal work. The act applies to all organizations, whether public or private, and covers both regular and casual employees.
• Age discrimination and gender discrimination are covered by this Act. For purposes of this Act, the following expressions shall have the meanings assigned to them hereunder:-
  • Age means a person’s age as of the relevant date
  • Child means a person under Eighteen years of age, either wholly or partially dependent on others for support and maintenance
  • Women means a female human being of any age
  • Remuneration means the salary, wages, bonus, commission, and other types of monetary consideration payable to a person in return for their services, whether payable in cash or otherwise, including provident fund, pension

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The Cigar Galaxy, also known as Messier 82 (M82), has long captivated astronomers with its turbulent core and prolific star-forming activity. Recent observations from the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) have provided unprecedented insights into the dynamics of this starburst galaxy, revealing intricate details of its central region.

EXPLANATION:

• The research is led by a team of scientists utilized the JWST’s near-infrared camera (NIRCam) to investigate the conditions driving the formation of infant stars within M82, shedding new light on the galactic phenomena at play.

Characteristics of the Cigar Galaxy:

• M82 stands out for its compact yet turbulent environment, making it an ideal laboratory for studying the process of mass star formation.
• Its proximity to Earth and distinctive features, including red glowing gas and dust emanating from its core, have made it a focal point for astronomical research.
• With its high resolution and sensitivity, the JWST offers a unique opportunity to unravel the mysteries of this enigmatic galaxy and unveil previously unseen details.

Insights from JWST Observations:

• The JWST’s image of the Cigar Galaxy’s core has revealed intriguing findings, particularly regarding the nature of the red glowing dust observed within the galaxy.
• While previous observations from telescopes like Spitzer and Hubble have provided valuable data, the JWST’s superior capabilities have allowed for a more comprehensive examination of M82’s star-forming regions.
• The red glowing dust, previously thought to be associated solely with hot plasma, is now believed to be driven out by the combined particle winds of numerous stars, creating a galactic superwind.

Implications for Galactic Evolution:

• The newfound understanding of the Cigar Galaxy’s dynamics has significant implications for our understanding of galactic evolution and star formation processes.
• The superwind phenomenon observed in M82 suggests a complex interplay of stellar activity and environmental factors, highlighting the dynamic nature of galaxies.
• By studying starburst galaxies like M82, astronomers can gain valuable insights into the mechanisms driving the formation and evolution of stars on a cosmic scale.

Advancements in Astronomical Imaging:

• The JWST’s groundbreaking image of the Cigar Galaxy showcases the power and potential of next-generation telescopes in advancing our understanding of the universe.
• By resolving individual stars and star clusters within M82’s core, the JWST enables scientists to conduct detailed analyses of stellar populations and star formation rates.
• This capability opens new avenues for studying galactic structures and processes with unprecedented clarity and precision.

Galaxy:

• Galaxies consist of stars, planets, and vast clouds of gas and dust, all bound together by gravity. The largest contain trillions of stars and can be more than a million light-years across.
• The smallest can contain a few thousand stars and span just a few hundred light-years. Most large galaxies have supermassive black holes at their centers, some with billions of times the Sun’s mass.
• Galaxies come in a variety of shapes, mostly spirals and ellipticals, as well as those with less orderly appearances, usually dubbed irregular.
• Most galaxies are between 10 billion and 13.6 billion years old. Some are almost as old as the universe itself, which formed around 13.8 billion years ago. Astronomers think the youngest known galaxy formed approximately 500 million years ago.

JAMES WEBB SPACE TELESCOPE:

• The James Webb Space Telescopeis the largest, most powerful space telescope ever built.
• Thetelescope will be able to capture images of some of the first galaxies ever formed.
• It will also be able to observe objects in our solar system from Mars outward, look inside dust clouds to see where new stars and planets are forming and examine the atmospheres of planets orbiting other stars.
• The Webb telescope’scameras are sensitive to heat from the Sun. Webb has a sunshield to protect its instruments and mirrors.
• The James Webb Space Telescopesees the universe in light that is invisible to human eyes. This light is called infrared radiation. The James Webb Space Telescope will use its infrared cameras to see through dust in the universe.
• It took deep field images of Pandora’s cluster in 2022.

SOURCE: https://www.livemint.com/science/news/nasa-shares-image-of-cigar-galaxy-taken-by-hubble-and-webb-telescope-something-strange-happened/amp-11713174514359.html

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Long COVID, characterized by persistent symptoms lasting beyond three months post-recovery from COVID-19, poses a significant challenge in understanding the full impact of the pandemic on public health.

EXPLANATION:

• While previous studies have reported varying incidence rates, a recent study utilizing blood donor data offers valuable insights into the true incidence and nature of Long COVID.
• By distinguishing individuals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection from those without, the study sheds light on the prevalence, symptoms, and resolution of long-term health problems resulting from COVID-19.

Methodology and Robust Parameters:

• The study leveraged U.S. blood donor data from over 200,000 individuals, employing antibody tests to identify past natural infections of COVID-19.
• By detecting anti-nucleocapsid (anti-N) antibodies, the researchers accurately distinguished individuals with prior infection from those without.
• This rigorous approach, coupled with healthcare professional diagnoses and positive COVID-19 tests as evidence, ensured a reliable control group for comparison.
• Unlike self-reported diagnoses, these parameters provided a dependable framework for estimating the true impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on long-term health outcomes.

Incidence and Nature of Long COVID:

• The findings revealed that 43.3% of individuals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections experienced new symptoms lasting four weeks or longer post-recovery, indicating the prevalence of Long COVID.
• Neurological symptoms, changes in taste or smell, and cardiac or respiratory symptoms were among the reported health problems, with difficulty thinking or concentrating and fatigue being the most common.
• Surprisingly, mental health issues, such as anxiety and depression, were comparable between individuals with and without prior infection, underscoring the pandemic’s broader impact on mental well-being.

Resolution and Persistence of Symptoms:

• While Long COVID symptoms persisted in a significant proportion of cases, the study also highlighted resolution over time.
• Despite symptoms lasting over a year for some individuals, a substantial number reported symptom resolution, offering hope for recovery.
• Household pulse surveys in the U.S. corroborated these findings, indicating a steady percentage of adults affected by Long COVID.
• Furthermore, studies from India suggested a lower incidence of Long COVID following Omicron infection compared to previous variants, with repeated infections heightening the risk.

Limitations and Future Directions:

• Despite its robust methodology, the study had limitations, including the potential underestimation of infection due to the lack of subsequent antibody measurements and the exclusion of individuals with severe outcomes.
• Future research could address these limitations by conducting longitudinal studies and including a broader spectrum of COVID-19 patients.
• Additionally, efforts to understand the mechanisms underlying Long COVID and develop targeted interventions are essential for mitigating its impact on global health.

Anti-nucleocapsid (anti-N) antibodies:

• Antinucleocapsid antibodies (anti-N Abs) are currently being used to diagnose prior SARS-CoV-2 infection in individuals and to determine community seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2.
  • SARS-CoV-2 virus is responsible for causing the coronavirus disease (Covid-19).
• In a large, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled vaccine efficacy trial of the mRNA-1273 vaccine, anti-N Ab status was determined in participants who had prior SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed by polymerase chain reaction or anti-N Abs.

COVID 19:

• COVID-19, also known as coronavirus disease 2019, is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
• It is a highly contagious disease that can lead to mild to severe respiratory symptoms, affecting various parts of the body.
• The virus spreads through respiratory droplets and particles, and infected individuals can transmit it even if they do not show symptoms.
• People at higher risk of severe illness include older individuals, those with weakened immune systems, certain disabilities, or underlying health conditions.
• Symptoms of COVID-19 can range from mild to severe and may include fever, cough, shortness of breath, fatigue, muscle aches, headache, loss of taste or smell, sore throat, congestion, nausea, or diarrhea.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/blood-bank-study-reveals-true-incidence-of-long-covid/article68057988.ece

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The World Health Organization (WHO) has issued a critical alert on viral hepatitis, drawing attention to the significant global burden of this infectious disease.

EXPLANATION:

• The release of the Global Hepatitis Report 2024 provides valuable insights into the epidemiology, challenges, and strategies for combating hepatitis on a global scale.
• With a focus on India’s high disease burden and the rising prevalence of both viral and non-viral forms of the disease, understanding the findings of this report is crucial for shaping effective public health interventions and policies.

Key Findings from the Global Hepatitis Report 2024:

• The report underscores the alarming scale of the hepatitis epidemic, with viral hepatitis ranking as the second leading infectious cause of death globally.
• Highlighting a staggering 1.3 million deaths per year, comparable to tuberculosis, the report reveals a concerning trend of increasing mortality attributed to viral hepatitis.
• Hepatitis B and C account for the majority of these deaths, with an estimated 354 million people worldwide living with chronic hepatitis B or C infections.
• Despite these grim statistics, the report also identifies areas of progress, such as improved diagnosis and treatment coverage since 2019.
• India emerges as one of the countries with the highest disease burden of viral hepatitis, accounting for 11.6% of the global total.
• Factors contributing to India’s vulnerability include high population density, limited awareness of symptoms, inadequate screening and treatment infrastructure, and suboptimal hygiene practices.
• Chronic viral hepatitis B and C infections remain a significant challenge, often remaining asymptomatic for prolonged periods and perpetuating transmission due to undiagnosed cases.
• Additionally, the rising prevalence of non-viral forms of hepatitis, such as alcoholic liver disease and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, further exacerbates the burden on India’s healthcare system.

Prevention and Treatment Strategies:

• Preventive measures, including vaccination for hepatitis B and access to curative treatments for hepatitis C, are essential components of effective hepatitis control strategies.
• While the availability of affordable generic medications in India has facilitated treatment access, challenges persist in ensuring comprehensive coverage and eliminating discrimination against patients.
• The government’s viral hepatitis control program, which includes vaccination for high-risk adults and treatment provisions, represents a step in the right direction.
• However, sustained efforts are needed to expand access to testing, diagnostics, and equitable treatment, particularly for vulnerable populations.

Implications and Recommendations:

• The Global Hepatitis Report 2024 serves as a call to action for governments, healthcare providers, and international organizations to prioritize hepatitis control efforts.
• Addressing gaps in service delivery, decentralizing healthcare systems, and reducing out-of-pocket expenses for viral hepatitis services are essential steps in advancing a public health approach to combating hepatitis.
• Furthermore, the report underscores the need for enhanced global cooperation, improved funding mechanisms, and policy reforms to achieve the ambitious goal of ending the hepatitis epidemic by 2030.
• By adopting evidence-based interventions and fostering multisectoral collaboration, stakeholders can work towards achieving the WHO’s targets and ensuring a healthier future for all.

Hepatitis:

• Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver that is caused by a variety of infectious viruses and noninfectious agents leading to a range of health problems, some of which can be fatal.
• There are five main strains of the hepatitis virus, referred to as types A, B, C, D and E.
• While they all cause liver disease, they differ in important ways including modes of transmission, severity of the illness, geographical distribution and prevention methods.
• In particular, types B and C lead to chronic disease in hundreds of millions of people and together are the most common cause of liver cirrhosis, liver cancer and viral hepatitis-related deaths.
• An estimated 354 million people worldwide live with hepatitis B or C, and for most, testing and treatment remain beyond reach.
• Hepatitis A:
  • Hepatitis A is a viral infection that affects the liver.
  • It is transmitted primarily through the consumption of contaminated water or food that has been contaminated with the feces of an infected person.
  • Poor sanitation and hygiene practices, such as inadequate handwashing after using the toilet, can contribute to the spread of the virus.
• Hepatitis B:
  • Hepatitis B can cause a chronic infection and puts people at high risk of death from cirrhosis and liver cancer.
  • It can spread through contact with infected body fluids like blood, saliva, vaginal fluids and semen. It can also be passed from a mother to her baby.
  • Hepatitis B can be prevented with a safe and effective vaccine. The vaccine is usually given soon after birth with boosters a few weeks later. It offers nearly 100% protection against the virus.
• Hepatitis C:
  • Hepatitis C is a viral infection that affects the liver. It can cause both acute (short term) and chronic (long term) illness. It can be life-threatening.
  • Hepatitis C is spread through contact with infected blood. This can happen through sharing needles or syringes, or from unsafe medical procedures such as blood transfusions with unscreened blood products.
  • Symptoms can include fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine and yellowing of the skin or eyes (jaundice).
  • There is no vaccine for hepatitis C, but it can be treated with antiviral medications.
  • Early detection and treatment can prevent serious liver damage and improve long-term health.
• Hepatitis D:
  • Hepatitis D is an inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis D virus (HDV), which requires HBV for its replication.
  • Hepatitis D infection cannot occur in the absence of hepatitis B virus.
  • HDV-HBV co-infection is considered the most severe form of chronic viral hepatitis due to more rapid progression towards hepatocellular carcinoma and liver-related death.
  • Vaccination against hepatitis B is the only method to prevent HDV infection.
  • The routes of HDV transmission, like HBV, occur through broken skin (via injection, tattooing etc.) or through contact with infected blood or blood products. Transmission from mother to child is possible but rare.
  • Vaccination against HBV prevents HDV coinfection and hence expansion of childhood HBV immunization programmes has resulted in a decline in hepatitis D incidence worldwide.
• Hepatitis E:
  • Hepatitis E is inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis E virus (HEV). The virus has at least 4 different types: genotypes 1, 2, 3 and 4. Genotypes 1 and 2 have been found only in humans.
  • Hepatitis E infection is found worldwide and is common in low- and middle-income countries with limited access to essential water, sanitation, hygiene and health services.
  • In these areas, the disease occurs both as outbreaks and as sporadic cases.
  • The outbreaks usually follow periods of faecal contamination of drinking water supplies and may affect several hundred to several thousand persons.
  • Some of these outbreaks have occurred in areas of conflict and humanitarian emergencies such as war zones and camps for refugees or internally displaced populations, where sanitation and safe water supply pose special challenges.

SOURCE: https://thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/why-is-there-a-who-alert-on-viral-hepatitis-explained/article68062579.ece/amp/

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Amidst the looming threat of extinction, a ray of hope shines through the dense jungles of Java as conservationists capture an image of a critically endangered Javan rhinoceros calf through a camera trap.

EXPLANATION:

• This significant sighting offers a glimpse into the fragile existence of one of the rarest mammals on Earth and signals a potential for the recovery of a population teetering on the brink of extinction.

Status of the Javan Rhino Population:

• The Javan rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus) stands as a symbol of conservation urgency, with fewer than 100 individuals left in the wild.
• Ujung Kulon National Park in Java serves as the last stronghold for these majestic creatures, with approximately 82 rhinos inhabiting its 463 square miles of pristine habitat.
• Despite being slightly higher than previous estimates, this population remains critically vulnerable to a myriad of threats, including illegal poaching, habitat loss, food scarcity, and disease.

Conservation Efforts and Breeding Success:

• Efforts to safeguard the Javan rhinoceros have yielded promising results, as evidenced by the recent sighting of a calf in the wild.
• The installation of 126 camera traps within Ujung Kulon National Park has provided invaluable insights into the behavior and reproductive success of these elusive creatures.
• Authorities express optimism regarding the breeding potential of the rhinos, citing the sighting of the calf as evidence of successful reproduction within the population.
• This development underscores the importance of ongoing conservation initiatives aimed at preserving the genetic diversity and reproductive viability of the species.

Challenges and Threats:

• Despite recent strides in conservation, the road to recovery remains fraught with challenges.
• Illegal poaching continues to pose a significant threat to the survival of Javan rhinoceros, driven by the demand for rhino horn in traditional medicine and illegal wildlife trade.
• Habitat fragmentation and degradation further exacerbate the plight of these creatures, limiting their access to vital resources and exacerbating human-wildlife conflicts.
• Additionally, disease outbreaks, compounded by small population sizes, pose a looming threat to the long-term viability of the species.

Broader Conservation Context:

• The plight of the Javan rhinoceros serves as a stark reminder of the urgent need for concerted conservation efforts to safeguard Earth’s biodiversity.
• While the focus remains on the Javan population, conservationists also highlight the plight of the Sumatran rhinoceros, another critically endangered species facing imminent extinction.
• With a population of only around 40 individuals, efforts to protect the Sumatran rhinoceros are equally vital in ensuring the survival of this iconic species.

Javan rhinoceros:

• The Javan rhino, also known as the lesser-one-horned rhino, is the most threatened of the five rhino species.
• Its scientific name is Rhinoceros sondaicus.
• They once lived throughout northeast India and Southeast Asia.
• Today, the entire population of the Javan rhinos is found in the Ujung Kulon National Park on the very western tip of Java, Indonesia.
• They inhabit forests, marshy areas, and regions of thick bush and bamboo.
• In 2020, park managers, relying on camera trap data to identify and track the animals, estimated that no more than 68–74 surviving individuals remained.
• Javan rhinoceros are smaller and lighter relative of the greater one-horned rhino. They can reach a height of 1.7 m (5.6 ft) and weigh up to 2,300 kg (5,070 lb).
• They have grey or grey-brown skin, almost black when wet, with pink colouring in the folds.
• Similar to the Indian rhino, the Javan rhinoceros has a single horn, unlike the other three species of rhinos, which have two.
• It has the smallest of horns for all species of rhinoceros measuring less than 20 cm (7.9 in) in length.
• Lifespan: 30 to 45 years in the wild.
• They’re herbivorous, only eating plants.
• They’re solitary animals, except for mating pairs and mothers with young.
• As per the conservation status of IUCN Red List, they are categorized as Critically Endangered.

Indian rhinoceros:

• The Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) is found only in the Brahmaputra valley, parts of North Bengal, and parts of southern Nepal.
• It has a single black horn that can grow up to 60 cm, and a tough, grey-brown hide with skin folds, which gives the animal its characteristic armour-plated look.
• The Indian rhino is listed as vulnerable (better than endangered, worse than near threatened) in the IUCN Red List; it was earlier placed in the endangered category.
• According to the WWF, there are around 3,700 Indian rhinos in the wild today. Assam’s Kaziranga National Park (KNP) alone has 2,613 animals, according to a census carried out in March 2022.
• There are more than 250 other rhinos in the Orang, Pobitora, and Manas parks.

SOURCE: https://gizmodo.com/endangered-javan-rhino-calf-spotted-in-the-wild-1851394713

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The discovery of three new species of giant kangaroos – Protemnodon viator, Protemnodon mamkurra, and Protemnodon dawsonae – marks a significant milestone in our understanding of Australia’s prehistoric fauna.

EXPLANATION:

• The vast and diverse continent of Australia has been home to a myriad of unique and fascinating creatures throughout its geological history.
• Among these ancient inhabitants were the giant kangaroos, or Protemnodon, which once roamed the land in sizes far surpassing their modern counterparts.
• These formidable creatures, which inhabited the continent from 5 million to 40,000 years ago, contribute to the rich tapestry of ancient life that once thrived in the region.
• With the aid of advanced imaging techniques, including photographs and 3D scans of 900 specimens from major museums worldwide, researchers meticulously analyzed skeletal remains to distinguish between these distinct species.

Morphological Variations and Adaptations:

• One of the most intriguing findings of the study is the remarkable morphological diversity observed among the giant kangaroo species.
• Beyond mere differences in size, researchers uncovered distinct variations in locomotion, with some species employing a quadrupedal gait akin to modern kangaroos, while others exhibited a unique combination of bounding on four legs and hopping on two.
• This adaptive flexibility likely enabled these megafauna to thrive in diverse habitats ranging from the arid expanses of central Australia to the lush forests of Tasmania and Papua New Guinea.

Insights into Evolutionary History:

• The classification of these newfound species offers a crucial framework for elucidating the evolutionary trajectory of giant kangaroos and their responses to environmental change over millennia.
• By reconstructing their evolutionary history, researchers can unravel the intricate interplay between ecological dynamics and evolutionary forces that shaped the diversity of Australia’s ancient megafauna.
• Moreover, the study provides valuable insights into the evolutionary relationships between these extinct giants and their extant relatives, shedding light on the broader evolutionary patterns within the marsupial lineage.

Human Impact and Extinction:

• Despite their impressive adaptations and ecological resilience, the giant kangaroos ultimately succumbed to the forces of extinction.
• While their close relatives, such as the grey kangaroo and wallaroo, endured, the exact reasons for their demise remain elusive.
• However, mounting evidence suggests that rapid environmental changes induced by human activities, such as habitat alteration and hunting pressures, may have played a significant role in their extinction.
• The study underscores the importance of understanding past extinction events to inform conservation efforts and mitigate the ongoing biodiversity crisis.

Significance of the Research:

• The groundbreaking research not only enriches our knowledge of Australia’s ancient fauna but also highlights the importance of interdisciplinary approaches in paleontological studies.
• By harnessing cutting-edge technologies and collaborating across international borders, scientists have unlocked new insights into the lives of these enigmatic megafauna.
• Moreover, the study underscores the need for continued exploration and preservation of Earth’s rich fossil heritage, providing a window into the deep-time history of life on our planet.

Kangaroos:

• Kangaroos are large marsupials with powerful hind legs, large feet adapted for leaping, a long muscular tail for balance, and a small head.
• They possess a marsupium (pouch) for joey development.
• Native Habitat: Indigenous to Australia and New Guinea, with tree-kangaroos also living in tropical rainforests of New Guinea and far northeastern Queensland.
• Population Estimate (2019):8 million within commercial harvest areas of Australia.
• Adaptations: Specialized teeth for grazing, polyphyodonty for tooth replacement, and adaptation to land clearing better than smaller macropods.
• Cultural Significance: A symbol of Australia, appearing on the nation’s coat of arms, currency, and as logos for organizations like Qantas and the Royal Australian Air Force.
• Utilization: Hunted for meat, leather hides, and to protect grazing land. Kangaroo meat is considered healthier due to low fat levels.

SOURCE: https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2024/apr/15/giant-fossil-kangaroos-scientists-identify-three-new-species-of-extinct-megafauna

THE CONTEXT: The persistence of caste-based segregation in Indian cities, despite urbanization and modernization, is a cause of concern. It highlights the gap between Ambedkar’s vision of urbanization as a means of dismantling caste hierarchies and the current reality of Indian cities, where caste continues to shape urban spaces and perpetuate segregation and discrimination against marginalized communities.

ISSUES:

• Persistence of Caste-Based Segregation: Despite the urbanization and modernization of Indian cities, caste remains a significant factor in determining the spatial organization of neighborhoods. This segregation is evident in the distribution of housing, where Dalits and other marginalized communities are often confined to specific areas or ghettos.
• Ambedkar’s Vision vs. Reality: B.R. Ambedkar, a key figure in the fight against caste discrimination, saw cities as potential spaces for Dalit liberation due to the anonymity and economic opportunities they could offer. However, the liberating potential of urbanization has not been fully realized, as caste-based discrimination and segregation continue to persist in urban areas.
• Language of ‘Purity-Pollution’: The caste system’s notions of purity and pollution translate into urban spatiality, affecting rental housing availability and public space regulations. For example, non-vegetarian food consumption is a significant barrier to finding rental housing, and government regulations have at times reinforced caste-based notions of purity by restricting the sale of meat near religious places or on main roads.
• Discrimination in Public Services: Studies have shown that Dalit and Muslim neighborhoods often have less access to essential public services and municipal infrastructure, such as clean drinking water, and are more likely to be in environmentally hazardous areas, like near landfills.
• State Policies and Urban Governance: Government policies and urban governance practices have contributed to the entrenchment of caste-based segregation. For instance, regulations on meat shops and the banning of meat-based street food in certain areas have been influenced by caste-based notions of purity.
• Impact of Urban Policies on Marginalized Communities: Urban policies, including those related to housing and slum demolitions, disproportionately affect Dalits and Muslims, often leading to forced evictions and further marginalization of these communities.
• Failure to Realize Ambedkar’s Aspirations: Indian cities have not lived up to Ambedkar’s aspirations for urbanization as a force for Dalit liberation. Instead, caste-based structures have adapted and evolved, allowing caste discrimination to continue in urban settings.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Affirmative Action in Public Services: Implementing affirmative action policies ensures marginalized communities have better access to public services such as education, healthcare, and infrastructure within urban neighborhoods.
• Urban Planning and Development: Designing urban spaces to create inclusivity, ensuring that public amenities are distributed equitably across neighborhoods and that urban development projects do not disproportionately displace marginalized communities.
• Economic Empowerment: Programs aimed at the economic development of marginalized communities, such as skill development, employment opportunities, and financial inclusion, can help reduce the economic disparities that often underpin segregation.
• Legal Recourse and Enforcement: Strengthening the legal framework to allow individuals and communities to challenge discriminatory practices and ensuring that existing laws against caste-based discrimination are strictly enforced.
• Education and Curriculum Reform: Reforming the educational curriculum to include more comprehensive teachings on the history and impact of caste and religious discrimination, promoting values of equality and social justice.
• Civil Society and NGO Involvement: Encouraging non-governmental organizations and civil society to play an active role in advocating for the rights of marginalized communities and in monitoring government actions related to urban planning and public services.

THE CONCLUSION:

Despite the potential of urbanization to dismantle caste hierarchies, Indian cities have largely failed to fulfill Ambedkar’s vision of liberation for marginalized communities. Caste-based segregation remains entrenched, facilitated by discriminatory practices and policies. There is a need to call for a reevaluation of urban governance and policy to address and overcome the deep-rooted caste-based inequalities in Indian cities.

UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTIONS:

Q.1 Why is caste identity in India both fluid and static? 2023

Q.2 Has caste lost its relevance in understanding the multi-cultural Indian Society? Elaborate your answer with illustrations. 2020

Q.3 The caste system is assuming new identities and associational forms. Hence, the caste system cannot be eradicated in India.” Comment. 2018

Q.4 Debate the issue of whether and how contemporary movements for the assertion of Dalit identity work towards the annihilation of caste. 2015

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q.1 Examine the impact of urbanization on caste-based segregation in Indian cities. Discuss the role of policy interventions in addressing the challenges of residential segregation by caste, with reference to the findings from recent studies on urban India.

SOURCE:

https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/urbanisation-no-liberating-force-for-dalits/article68065596.ece

THE CONTEXT: The world is witnessing a significant shift in the geopolitical landscape, with the US and China engaging in strategic competition in various regions, including Asia. This rivalry has implications for regional powers like India, Japan, and the Philippines, increasingly becoming involved in the power struggle. Japan is transforming its military capabilities and strategic partnerships, raising concerns about the potential for conflict escalation.

ISSUES:

• US-China Rivalry: The core of the tension in the region is the rivalry between the United States and China, the world’s leading economic and military powers. Any confrontation in Asia, an area of significant dynamism, could have profound global implications.
• Japan’s Military Transformation: A significant outcome of recent US-Japan summits is Japan’s shift from a passive stance to becoming a potential military powerhouse. This transformation includes agreements to integrate military command structures with the US, increase defense spending, enhance missile capabilities, and jointly develop and produce weapons. This move is aimed at deterring Chinese military coercion and promoting a rules-based Indo-Pacific order.
• US-Philippines-Japan Trilateral Cooperation: In a historic trilateral summit, the US, Japan, and the Philippines agreed to defend the Philippines’ territorial sovereignty against pressures from the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) in the South China Sea. This cooperation extends to economic collaboration, offering an alternative to China’s Belt and Road Initiative.
• China’s Response: China has criticized the formation of what it perceives as “bloc politics” and a “mini-NATO” in Asia, warning against efforts to isolate it. In response, China has engaged diplomatically with various countries, including hosting Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov and welcoming leaders from Taiwan, Vietnam, and Indonesia, to counteract US influence and prevent regional economic decoupling from China.
• India’s Position: India, facing a prolonged military standoff with China in the Himalayas and expanding its strategic partnership with the US, plays a crucial role in the evolving Asian dynamics. Despite past disappointments, Delhi has speculated about China’s potential outreach to prevent India from aligning more closely with the US and an anti-China coalition. However, any progress in Sino-Indian relations is contingent upon restoring peace along their disputed border.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Promote Dialogue and Diplomacy: The primary focus should be promoting open dialogue and diplomacy between the key players – the US, China, Japan, India, and other regional powers. Confrontation and escalation of tensions must be avoided at all costs, as a direct military conflict between the US and China would have devastating global consequences.
• Strengthen Regional Cooperation: Rather than forming exclusive blocs, Asian countries should work towards strengthening regional cooperation and institutions like ASEAN. This would allow for collective solutions to shared challenges and reduce the risk of great power rivalry. Initiatives like the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad) should be leveraged to enhance economic, technological, and security cooperation among regional democracies.
• Respect Territorial Integrity and International Law: All parties must respect the territorial integrity and sovereignty of countries in the region and adhere to international laws and norms. Disputes in the South China Sea, Taiwan, and the India-China border should be resolved through peaceful negotiations, not unilateral actions, or coercion.
• Pursue Economic Interdependence: Deepening economic interdependence and trade linkages between China, the US, and US allies can help create shared interests and incentives for cooperation. This could include joint infrastructure projects, technology partnerships, and market access agreements that benefit all stakeholders.
• Manage Strategic Competition Responsibly: While strategic competition between the US and China is inevitable, it must be managed responsibly through open communication, risk reduction measures, and a focus on areas of common interest. Escalating tensions or miscalculations could have catastrophic consequences.

THE CONCLUSION:

The evolving geopolitical dynamics in Asia require careful attention and strategic responses from all stakeholders. It is crucial to promote dialogue and diplomacy, strengthen regional cooperation, and respect territorial integrity and international law. Deepening economic interdependence and managing strategic competition responsibly can help reduce tensions and create a more stable and prosperous region. By adopting a balanced approach, Asia can navigate the current challenges and work towards a more peaceful and interconnected future.

UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTIONS:

Q.1 The USA is facing an existential threat in the form of a China, that is much more challenging than the erstwhile Soviet Union.” Explain 2021

Q.2 China is using its economic relations and positive trade surplus as tools to develop potential military power status in Asia. Considering this statement, we will discuss its impact on India as her neighbor. 2017

Q.3 ‘The time has come for India and Japan to build a contemporary solid relationship, one involving global and strategic partnership that will have excellent significance for Asia and the world.’ Comment 2019

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q.1 In the context of the evolving geopolitical dynamics in South Asia, critically analyze the strategic implications for India and the region and propose a balanced approach for India to navigate these challenges.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/new-goverment-must-fix-indias-food-systems-9270225/

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Researchers at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) have developed a novel hydrogel aimed at tackling the pervasive issue of microplastic pollution in water bodies.

EXPLANATION:

• Microplastics, posing significant threats to both human health and the environment, have become a pressing concern globally.
• In response, the IISc team has engineered a sustainable solution with promising capabilities.

Microplastic Threat

• Microplastics, tiny plastic particles, have emerged as a major environmental hazard, permeating various ecosystems and endangering aquatic and terrestrial lifeforms.
• With the ability to infiltrate drinking water sources, microplastics also pose health risks to humans.
• The urgency to address this challenge has prompted innovative research efforts.

Three-Layer Polymer Hydrogel

• The developed hydrogel features a sophisticated three-layer polymer structure, comprising chitosan, polyvinyl alcohol, and polyaniline.
• This unique intertwining of polymers forms an interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) architecture, enhancing the material’s efficacy in microplastic removal.
• Traditional filtering membranes, prone to clogging, are bypassed in favor of this resilient hydrogel.
• Infusing the hydrogel with nanoclusters of copper substitute polyoxometalate (Cu-POM) introduces catalytic capabilities.
• Under UV light irradiation, these nanoclusters facilitate the degradation of microplastics, rendering them less harmful.
• This synergistic combination of polymers and nanoclusters results in a robust hydrogel capable of both adsorbing and degrading microplastics.

                            This hydrogel could remove over 90% of microplastics

Tracking and Efficiency Assessment

• Addressing the challenge of microplastic detection, the researchers incorporated a fluorescent dye into the hydrogel.
• This enables the tracking of microplastic removal and degradation under various environmental conditions, including pH levels, temperatures, and microplastic concentrations.
• The hydrogel exhibits high efficiency, removing up to 95% of microplastics in near-neutral pH conditions.

Durability and Strength

• In addition to its efficacy, the hydrogel demonstrates durability and strength, crucial for practical applications.
• The combination of polymers ensures stability across diverse temperature ranges, enhancing the material’s resilience under different environmental conditions.
• This durability underscores the potential of the hydrogel as a sustainable solution for microplastic remediation.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/iisc-researchers-design-novel-hydrogel-to-remove-microplastics-from-water/article68058021.ece

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: According to the latest data from the Global Forest Watch (GFW) monitoring project, India has experienced a significant decline in tree cover since 2000. Over this period, the country lost 2.33 million hectares of tree cover, equivalent to a six percent decrease.

EXPLANATION:

• This loss has profound implications for climate change, as forests play a crucial role in carbon sequestration.

Factors Contributing to Tree Cover Loss

• The causes of tree cover loss in India are diverse and multifaceted.
• While deforestation, characterized by the permanent removal of natural forest cover, is a significant factor, tree cover loss also encompasses human-caused loss and natural disturbances such as logging, fire, disease, or storm damage.
• Notably, 95 percent of tree cover loss in India from 2013 to 2023 occurred within natural forests, highlighting the scale of human impact on these ecosystems.

Regional Patterns and Impacts

• The data reveals regional disparities in tree cover loss, with certain states experiencing disproportionately high levels of deforestation.
• Assam, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, and Manipur accounted for 60 percent of all tree cover loss between 2001 and 2023.
• Factors contributing to this loss vary from region to region, including logging, agricultural expansion, and infrastructure development.

Climate Implications

• The loss of tree cover in India has significant implications for climate change.
• Forests serve as both a sink and a source of carbon, sequestering carbon dioxide from the atmosphere while also emitting it when cleared or degraded.
• The release of carbon dioxide from tree cover loss contributes to the acceleration of climate change, exacerbating global warming and its associated impacts.

Fires and Other Disturbances

• Fire represents a notable cause of tree cover loss in India, with thousands of hectares lost annually due to wildfires.
• Odisha, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Assam, and Meghalaya are among the states most affected by tree cover loss due to fires.
• These disturbances further compound the challenges faced by forest ecosystems and underscore the importance of effective fire management strategies.

Data Limitations and Considerations

• While the GFW provides valuable insights into forest dynamics, it is essential to acknowledge the limitations of satellite-based monitoring.
• Tree cover loss does not always equate to forest loss or deforestation, as it may include temporary disturbances or land use changes that do not result in permanent forest conversion.
• Moreover, the evolution of data algorithms and satellite technology over time necessitates caution when interpreting trends and making comparisons across different time periods.

SOURCE: https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-lost-2-33-million-hectares-of-tree-cover-since-2000-global-forest-watch-5428639

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Recent research spearheaded by a team of geneticists has unveiled a novel genetic variant, RAB32 Ser71Arg, linked to Parkinson’s disease.

EXPLANATION:

• This discovery, made through linkage analysis, sheds new light on the evolutionary origins of familial parkinsonism and offers promising avenues for therapeutic intervention.
• The identification of RAB32 Ser71Arg, found in affected individuals across several countries, underscores the global impact of Parkinson’s and highlights the interconnectedness of diverse populations through shared genetic ancestry.

Implications for Parkinson’s Research

• The discovery of RAB32 Ser71Arg represents a significant milestone in Parkinson’s research, providing a crucial piece of the puzzle in understanding the molecular mechanisms driving the disease.
• Notably, this variant interacts with proteins implicated in both early- and late-onset parkinsonism, as well as sporadic Parkinson’s, elucidating common pathways underlying disease pathology.
• Moreover, the functional roles of these proteins in dopamine regulation, autophagy, and cellular immunity offer new insights into the complex interplay of cellular processes implicated in Parkinson’s pathogenesis.

Parkinson’s disease:

• Parkinson’s disease is a debilitating neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive impairment of motor function, often leading to immobility and cognitive decline.
• It is a condition in which a patient holds limited or no control over his movements and body balance.
• It occurs and progresses with ageing, but in rare cases, it is also witnessed among children and teenagers as well.
• It has no cure.
• Many studies have suggested that men are more likely to be affected by Parkinson’s than women.
• With over a million individuals affected in the U.S. alone, the prevalence of Parkinson’s is on the rise, posing significant challenges to healthcare systems worldwide.
• Despite decades of research, there remains a critical gap in our understanding of the molecular underpinnings of the disease, hindering the development of effective treatments.

Genetic Exploration of Parkinson’s

• Geneticists and molecular neuroscientists have long sought to uncover the genetic basis of Parkinson’s disease, recognizing the pivotal role of genetics in elucidating disease mechanisms.
• Two primary approaches have been instrumental in mapping the genetic landscape of Parkinson’s: linkage analysis and genome-wide association studies (GWAS).
  • Linkage Analysis:
    • This method focuses on rare familial cases of parkinsonism, identifying genetic variants that segregate with the disease within affected families.
    • By analyzing the genetic makeup of these families, researchers can pinpoint specific genes associated with Parkinson’s.
    • Notably, linkage studies have led to the discovery of pathogenic mutations in over 20 genes, providing valuable insights into the molecular pathways underlying the disease.
  • Genome-wide Association Studies (GWAS):
    • In contrast, GWAS examine the genetic profiles of large cohorts of individuals with Parkinson’s compared to healthy controls.
    • By analyzing common genetic variants across the genome, researchers can identify regions associated with increased disease risk.
    • While GWAS have identified numerous genetic loci implicated in Parkinson’s, the individual contribution of each gene to disease pathogenesis remains minimal.

Future Directions

• Moving forward, continued efforts to unravel the genetic basis of Parkinson’s disease hold immense promise for advancing our understanding of disease etiology and identifying novel therapeutic targets.
• With each new gene identified, researchers gain valuable insights into the intricate network of molecular pathways contributing to Parkinson’s pathology.
• Moreover, ongoing genetic research offers opportunities to explore gene-environment interactions and develop personalized treatment strategies tailored to individual patients.

SOURCE: https://www.sciencealert.com/breakthrough-parkinsons-gene-discovery-sheds-light-on-evolutionary-origin

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Groundbreaking research spanning over two decades has revealed a treasure trove of biodiversity in a previously unrecognized ecoregion in southern Africa.

EXPLANATION:

• It was led by Professor Julian Bayliss and involving around 100 specialists from across the globe, the study documented an astounding array of previously undocumented species, including 127 plant species and 90 species of amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals, butterflies, and freshwater crabs.
• What sets these discoveries apart is that all these species are endemic to the region, found nowhere else on Earth.

SEAMA:

• The newly identified ecoregion, dubbed the South East Africa Montane Archipelago (SEAMA), stretches from northern Mozambique to Mount Mulanje in Malawi.
• These mountains, formed millions of years ago, host a diverse range of ecosystems, from expansive mid-elevation rainforests to unique montane grasslands.
• Notably, Mount Mabu boasts the largest mid-elevation rainforest in southern Africa, while Mount Lico holds the distinction of being home to the smallest.

Ecological Significance and Conservation Challenges

• Despite its ecological significance, the SEAMA faces severe threats.
• Over the past two decades, the region has witnessed alarming rates of deforestation, with a fifth of its rainforest extent lost, and nearly half in some areas.
• Pressures from slash-and-burn agriculture, hunting, and resource extraction exacerbate the vulnerability of these ecosystems.
• While some areas, like Mount Mabu, benefit from local community protection, others lack formal safeguards, leaving them vulnerable to exploitation.

Calls for Conservation Action

• The study’s findings underscore the urgent need for conservation efforts to safeguard the SEAMA’s unique biodiversity.
• The importance of protecting this understudied ecoregion, highlighting the potential for further discoveries and its relevance to global conservation initiatives has been emphasised.
• Efforts to engage local communities in conservation, similar to successful endeavors at Mount Mabu, are deemed essential for long-term sustainability.

International Support and Collaboration

• The role of national and international finance in supporting conservation initiatives in the SEAMA has been emphasised.
• Recognizing the global importance of the region’s biodiversity, Dr. Paul Smith calls for international support to bolster conservation efforts.
• Transboundary conservation initiatives between Mozambique and Malawi offer promising avenues for collaboration, fostering a shared commitment to conservation across borders.

Archipelago:

• An archipelago is a group of islands closely scattered in a body of water. Usually, this body of water is the ocean, but it can also be a lake or river.
• Most archipelagoes are made of oceanic islands. This means the islands were formed by volcanoes erupting from the ocean floor. An archipelago made up of oceanic islands is called an island arc.
• Many island arcs were formed over a single “hot spot.” The Earth’s crust shifted while the hot spot stayed put, creating a line of islands that show exactly the direction the crust moved.

Examples of Archipelago:

• The Hawaiian Islands continue to form this way, with a hot spot remaining relatively stable while the Pacific tectonic plate moves northwest.
• There are 137 Hawaiian islands, reefs and atolls, stretching from Kure and Midway in the west to the “Big Island” of Hawaii in the east.
• The Big Island is still being formed by the active volcanoes Mauna Loa and Kilauea.
• The island arc will grow as Loihi, a seamount southeast of the Big Island, eventually punctures the ocean surface as Hawaii’s youngest island.
• Japan is another island arc. The Japanese archipelago consists of four large islands, from Hokkaido, in the far north, through Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu in the far south.
• Japan also includes more than 3,000 smaller islands. In several places in the Japanese archipelago, volcanoes are still active.
• Volcanoes do not form all archipelagoes. Many archipelagoes are continental islands formed only after the last ice age.
• As glaciers retreated, sea levels rose and low-lying valleys were flooded. Coastal mountain ranges became archipelagoes just off the mainland.
• The largest archipelago in the world was formed by glacial retreat.

SOURCE: https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-discover-hundreds-of-unique-species-in-africas-newest-ecoregion/

TAG: GS 1: GEOGRAPHY

THE CONTEXT: Recently Mount Etna, the largest volcano in Europe, and among the world’s most active and iconic volcanoes, has been sending up almost perfect rings of smoke into the air.

EXPLANATION:

• Mount Etna, situated on the east coast of Sicily, stands as Europe’s largest and one of the most active volcanoes.
• With its summit adorned by five craters and over 300 vents sprawled across its slopes, Etna’s volcanic activity has been relentless for centuries.
• From flank eruptions to summit bursts, it has left an indelible mark on the landscape and the history of the region.

The Enigmatic Volcanic Vortex Rings

• Volcanic vortex rings, a rare spectacle akin to smoke rings, have captured the attention of scientists and observers alike.
• These rings are formed when gas, predominantly water vapor, rushes out through a circular vent in the crater.
• The circularity of the vent at Etna results in the formation of almost perfectly circular rings, an awe-inspiring sight against the backdrop of the volcano’s majestic presence.

Historical Context and Global Observations

• Although the phenomenon of volcanic vortex rings was first documented at Etna and Vesuvius in Italy in 1724, its occurrence extends beyond Sicily’s borders.
• From the icy landscapes of Iceland to the lush terrains of Vanuatu, various volcanoes around the world have exhibited similar phenomena.
• Notable occurrences include volcanoes like Stromboli in Italy, Aso and Sakurajima in Japan, and Eyjafjallajökull in Iceland, each adding to the rich tapestry of volcanic activity across the globe.

Scientific Insights and Comparative Analysis

• Volcanologist Simona Scollo sheds light on the mechanics behind volcanic vortex rings, drawing an intriguing parallel to dolphins blowing bubble rings.
• The process involves the compression of gas within a narrow conduit, which then rushes out, forming a ring-shaped vortex.
• These rings, although ephemeral, can linger in the air for up to 10 minutes, painting the sky with transient beauty.

Mount Etna’s Prolific Production

• Mount Etna emerges as a standout performer in the realm of volcanic vortex rings.
• According to volcanologist Boris Behncke, Etna produces an exceptional number of vapor rings, surpassing its counterparts in terms of frequency and intensity.
• With “dozens of gas rings every day” reported in July 2023, Etna’s penchant for this phenomenon has earned it a distinctive reputation among volcanic landscapes.

Dispelling Notions of Imminent Eruption

• Despite the mesmerizing display of volcanic vortex rings, reassure that these phenomena do not necessarily signal an impending eruption.
• The activity observed at Etna’s new vent, while impressive, does not indicate a heightened risk of eruption.
• Instead, it underscores the dynamic nature of volcanic systems, where changes in conduit properties can influence the formation and cessation of such phenomena.

Mount Etna:

• It is Europe’s most active volcano and one of the largest in the world.
• Its recorded volcanic activity dates back to 1500 B.C.
• It is on the eastern coast of Sicily.
• It is the highest Mediterranean island mountain and the most active stratovolcano in the world.
• It is about 3,326 meters high and is the highest peak in Italy South of the Alps.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-sci-tech/mount-etna-volcano-smoke-rings-vortex-9265785/

THE CONTEXT: With the 2024 elections in India approaching, there is growing concern over the low voter registration rates among young citizens aged 18 to 19. According to data from the Election Commission of India, less than 40% of these potential first-time voters have registered, with significant variations across states. Addressing this is important to maintaining a strong democracy.

ISSUES:

• Low Voter Registration Among Young Citizens: The data from the Election Commission of India indicates that less than 40% of voters aged 18 to 19 have registered to vote. This is concerning as these are first-time voters who are expected to be eager to exercise their democratic rights.
• State-wise Variations in Voter Registration: There is a significant disparity in voter registration rates among different states. For instance, Telangana has over 66% of young voters registered, while Bihar has only 17%, despite having the youngest population in India. Delhi and Uttar Pradesh also show low registration rates.
• Potential Reasons for Low Registration: The migration could affect voter registration, as seen in the low rates in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. However, this does not fully explain the variations, as Chhattisgarh, with a high migration rate, shows a higher registration rate.
• Cultural and State-specific Factors: It is implied that cultural and other state-specific factors might influence voter registration rates. These factors must be identified and addressed to improve registration among young voters.
• Lack of Participation at the Polls: Even among young citizens who register, many may not vote. The issue is not only motivating young people to register but also ensuring they participate in the voting process.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Efforts to Increase Youth Voter Engagement: The Election Commission of India has initiated campaigns like the Systematic Voters’ Education and Electoral Participation (SVEEP) program and has involved celebrities to encourage youth participation in elections.
• Political Parties’ Responsibility: The political parties who have a strong presence at the grassroots level should take an active role in encouraging young voters to register and vote, as it is in their interest to do so.
• Leverage Celebrity and Influencer Endorsements: It can be effective to involve famous figures like Sachin Tendulkar to spread the message. This strategy could be expanded to include more influencers who resonate with the youth.
• Make Registration and Voting More Accessible: Addressing logistical barriers to registration and voting, such as by providing online registration options or setting up more accessible polling stations, could remove some of the practical obstacles that prevent young people from participating.
• Focus on Interests, Not Positions: By understanding the underlying interests of young voters rather than their surface-level positions, authorities can tailor their strategies to meet better their actual needs and concerns, which could increase their willingness to register and vote.
• Increase Awareness and Education: Just as organizations use education to address issues, the Election Commission of India and other stakeholders could enhance their efforts to educate young citizens about the importance of voting and how it impacts their lives. This could involve campaigns in schools, universities, and through social media.

THE CONCLUSION:

To address the low interest in voting among India’s youth, a multifaceted approach involving government initiatives, community efforts, and political engagement is necessary. Increasing awareness, making registration, and voting more accessible, and directly addressing the concerns of young citizens are crucial steps. Strengthening democracy requires the active participation of all citizens, especially the youth, in the electoral process.

UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTIONS:

Q.1 Discuss the role of the Election Commission of India, considering the evolution of the Model Code of Conduct. 2022

Q.2 To enhance the quality of democracy in India, the Election Commission of India has proposed electoral reforms in 2016. What are the suggested reforms, and how significant are they in making democracy successful? 2016

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q.1 “Indifference towards voting rights could weaken democracy.” Considering this statement, discuss the importance of encouraging young voters to register and participate in elections. Evaluate the efforts made by the Election Commission of India and other stakeholders in this regard and propose further steps that can be taken to engage the youth in the democratic process.

SOURCE:

https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/editorial/cynicism-of-youth-bad-for-democracy-2974519

THE CONTEXT: Mark Zuckerberg’s Meta has announced the opening of its first data center in India, signaling a modest step towards job creation in a country that urgently needs to generate 90 million new non-farm jobs by 2030. Despite India’s rapid economic growth and its potential to become the world’s third-largest economy, it faces significant challenges, including a low working-age population employment rate and a massive skills deficit. The country’s focus on the service sector over manufacturing has led to unique development pathways and new challenges in job creation and skill development.

ISSUES: 

• Employment Rate Concerns and Informal Work: India’s working-age population is about 950 million, but only 46.6% are working, which is lower than the 70% rate in other emerging markets. Many of the workforce is self-employed, including unpaid helpers in family enterprises, which may not provide stable or sufficient income.
• Service Industry Focus and IT Sector Slowdown: India has historically focused on the service industry for economic development. It has moved from call centers in the 1990s to a broader range of technology-enabled services today, employing 5.4 million people. The IT sector, once the jewel of the service industry, has experienced a contraction for the first time in 25 years due to automation and artificial intelligence, leading to job redundancies and hiring cutbacks.
• Rural Migration: Low earnings in low-skilled service jobs have led many to return to their villages during the COVID lockdown, and 60 million more people are working in agriculture than four years ago.
• Manufacturing Sector and Skills Deficit: The manufacturing sector’s share of GDP has shrunk to 13%, and there is a belief that the opportunity to develop this sector as a significant employer may have passed. There is a massive skills gap in the country. The 2023 India Skills Report indicates that only half of young Indians are currently employable, highlighting the need for skill development.
• Tech Startup Potential: Despite recent setbacks in investments and valuations, Indian tech startups in AI, SaaS, defence, and greentech have the potential to create jobs if they scale up responsibly.
• Green Economy: According to the World Economic Forum, India’s transition to renewable energy and green hydrogen production could create 50 million new “green economy” jobs.
• Manufacturing Opportunities: Despite the focus on services, manufacturing should not be neglected, especially for small and medium enterprises that could be significant labor absorbers with the help of digital public infrastructure.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Long-term, Multi-level Relationships and Commitment: Emphasize building long-term, multi-level relationships between companies, educational institutions, and government bodies to foster an environment of continuous learning and skill development. The partnership between Siemens and the German government to develop dual education systems in various countries. This approach combines classroom learning with on-the-job training, addressing the skills gap directly relevant to industry needs.
• Focus on High-Value Service Offerings: Encourage companies to move towards offering high-value services that require specialized skills, such as R&D, design, and conceptualization, which can, in turn, generate demand for lower-skilled services. Infosys, a global leader in consulting, technology, and outsourcing solutions, has moved beyond traditional IT services to offer high-value services like digital transformation consulting and next-generation AI services, creating a demand for specialized skills in the workforce.
• Collaborative Problem-Solving: Adopt a collaborative approach to problem-solving that involves all stakeholders, including government, industry, and educational institutions, to identify underlying concerns and generate creative solutions that satisfy all parties’ needs. IBM and India’s National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) are collaborating to offer a free digital education platform for skill development across various sectors. This initiative aims to equip the youth with new-age skills to make them more employable.
• Address Organizational Issues: Tackle organizational issues that hinder job creation and skill development by improving communication, fostering a culture of continuous improvement, and implementing effective change management practices. Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) has implemented an Agile Workforce model, which emphasizes flexibility, constant learning, and adaptability. This model has helped TCS address organizational challenges and rapidly adapt to changing market demands.
• Promote Global Capability Centres (GCCs): Support the growth of GCCs by employing a significant number of people in high-value service roles, contributing to India’s exports and economic development. American Express has established a GCC in India, focusing on high-value functions like analytics, risk management, and technology development. This GCC is a critical hub for AmEx’s global operations, creating high-skilled jobs in India.
• Facilitate a Green Economy Transition: Support the transition to a green economy by investing in renewable energy and green hydrogen production, which can lead to the creation of millions of new jobs. ReNew Power, India’s largest renewable energy company is an example of how investments in green energy can create jobs. By focusing on solar and wind energy projects, ReNew Power contributes to India’s green energy targets and job creation in the renewable energy sector.

THE CONCLUSION:

To tackle the pressing employment and skills challenges, India must adopt a multifaceted approach that includes enhancing education, fostering high-value service exports, supporting tech startups, and not neglecting the manufacturing sector. Collaborative efforts between the government, industry, and educational institutions are crucial to creating a skilled workforce capable of propelling India towards sustainable economic growth and making it a global leader in innovation and job creation.

UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTION:

Q.1 Faster economic growth requires an increased share of the manufacturing sector in GDP, particularly of MSMEs. Comment on the present policies of the Government in this regard. 2023

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q.1 Analyze the role of digital public infrastructure in enhancing the competitiveness of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in India. Discuss how initiatives like the Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC) can level the playing field for SMEs and contribute to job creation in the manufacturing sector.

SOURCE:

https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/40-years-ago/april-14-forty-years-ago-government-announces-more-liberalisation-reforms-for-tech-9266892/

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TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The World Health Organization (WHO) recently released its 2024 Global Hepatitis Report, shedding light on the alarming prevalence of hepatitis infections worldwide.

EXPLANATION:

• India, in particular, has emerged as a significant contributor to the global burden of hepatitis, with substantial implications for public health.

Hepatitis Burden in India:

• Magnitude of Infections:
  • India accounted for 11.6% of the world’s hepatitis cases in 2022, with over 35.3 million infections reported.
  • Of these, 29.8 million cases were attributed to hepatitis B, while 5.5 million were due to hepatitis C.
• Global Ranking:
  • Despite significant efforts, India ranked second globally after China, contributing 27.5% of the total hepatitis cases worldwide.
• Gender and Age Distribution:
  • Men accounted for 58% of all hepatitis cases in India, with half of the burden observed among individuals aged 30–54 years.

Global Perspective:

• Global Burden:
  • The WHO report documented a rise in estimated mortality from hepatitis, with deaths increasing from 1.1 million in 2019 to 1.3 million in 2022.
  • Hepatitis B accounted for 83% of these deaths, while hepatitis C contributed to 17%.
• Leading Cause of Liver Disease:
  • Hepatitis is identified as the second leading infectious cause of death globally, following tuberculosis.
  • Chronic hepatitis B and C infections are particularly concerning, as they can lead to liver cirrhosis, liver cancer, and hepatitis-related deaths.
• Variants and Transmission:
  • The report highlights five main strains of the hepatitis virus, each differing in transmission modes, severity, and geographical distribution.
  • Hepatitis B and C, in particular, lead to chronic diseases for millions worldwide.

Challenges and Opportunities:

• Diagnostic and Treatment Gaps:
  • Despite progress, only a fraction of individuals living with chronic hepatitis B and C infections have been diagnosed and received appropriate care.
  • Efforts are needed to improve diagnosis rates and ensure timely treatment.
• Immunization Efforts:
  • Immunization and safe injection practices have led to a decline in new hepatitis infections globally.
  • However, challenges persist in ensuring universal access to vaccinations, particularly in regions like Africa.
• Injection Drug Use:
  • Injecting drug use and unsafe medical injections remain significant contributors to hepatitis C transmission globally.
  • Pakistan, in particular, stands out, accounting for a substantial portion of new infections attributed to unsafe medical practices.

Hepatitis:

• Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver that is caused by a variety of infectious viruses and noninfectious agents leading to a range of health problems, some of which can be fatal.
• There are five main strains of the hepatitis virus, referred to as types A, B, C, D and E.
• While they all cause liver disease, they differ in important ways including modes of transmission, severity of the illness, geographical distribution and prevention methods.
• In particular, types B and C lead to chronic disease in hundreds of millions of people and together are the most common cause of liver cirrhosis, liver cancer and viral hepatitis-related deaths.
• An estimated 354 million people worldwide live with hepatitis B or C, and for most, testing and treatment remain beyond reach.

Symptoms:

• Many people with hepatitis A, B, C, D or E exhibit only mild symptoms or no symptoms at all.
• Each form of the virus, however, can cause more severe symptoms.
• Symptoms of hepatitis A, B and C may include fever, malaise, loss of appetite, diarrhoea, nausea, abdominal discomfort, dark-coloured urine and jaundice (a yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes).
• In some cases, the virus can also cause a chronic liver infection that can later develop into cirrhosis (a scarring of the liver) or liver cancer. These patients are at risk of death.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/health/india-had-over-11-of-global-hepatitis-burden-in-2022-with-35-3-million-cases-95514

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: A recent report by the Swiss non-profit EA Earth Action has highlighted the alarming projections regarding plastic waste generation worldwide.

EXPLANATION:

• With an anticipated 220 million tonnes of plastic waste set to be generated in 2024, the urgency to address this issue has become more pronounced than ever before.

Key Findings:

• Rapid Rise in Plastic Waste:
  • Since 2021, there has been a steady increase of nearly 10% (7.11%) in plastic waste generation globally.
• Top Contributors:
  • Just 12 countries are responsible for 60% of the world’s mismanaged plastic waste, with China, USA, India, Brazil, and Mexico leading the list.
• Global Average per Person:
  • The global average plastic waste per person is expected to rise to 28 kilograms in 2024.
• Plastic Overshoot Day:
  • Last year marked the first-ever Global Plastic Overshoot Day, signifying the point where the amount of plastic waste generated globally exceeded the world’s capacity to manage it.
  • This year, Global Plastic Overshoot Day is projected to land on September 5, 2024.
  • The report includes plastic waste from the textile industry and household waste in addition to plastic packaging waste, broadening the scope of analysis.
• Population Impacted:
  • Nearly 50% of the world’s population has been living in areas where plastic waste generated has already surpassed the capacity to manage it since April 2024.
  • This figure is expected to rise to 66% by September 5, 2024.

Implications and Pressures:

• Impact on Developing Countries:
  • Developing countries are particularly affected by the plastic pollution crisis, facing increasing pressures as plastic waste generation outpaces waste management capacity.
• National Plastic Overshoot Days:
  • Each country now has its own Plastic Overshoot Day, determined by the amount of plastic waste generated and the country’s capacity to manage it. This highlights the need for tailored approaches to address the issue at a national level.
• Call for Action:
  • Sarah Perreard, Co-CEO at EA Earth Action & Plastic Footprint Network, emphasizes the urgent need for science-driven, robust global policy to tackle the plastics crisis.
  • Merely relying on recycling and waste management capacity is insufficient to address the magnitude of the problem.

Examples of plastic pollution in Himalayan region:

• A recent report by the Social Development for Communities (SDC) Foundation Dehradun highlights the towns in Uttarakhand are drowning in plastic waste.
• In Assam, at the Ramsar site of Deepor Beel, Greater adjutant storks have been feasting on the plastic waste in the landfill instead of fish from the wetland.
• In Manipur, growing pollution in rivers, that include the Nambul, has been widely reported.
• The Himalayan Clean up (2018-21) that was conducted by the Integrated Mountain Initiative with Zero Waste Himalayas) show increasing plastic waste, especially non-recyclables, in the Indian Himalayan Region.
• The Himalayan Clean up (2022) waste audit results showed that 92.7% of trash was plastic, with 72% of waste being non-recyclable plastic.

Steps taken:

• Plastic Waste Management Amendment Rules, 2022: It prohibits the manufacture, import, stocking, distribution, sale and use of several single-use plastic items as of July 1, 2022. It has also mandated Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) that incorporates circularity by making manufacturers of products responsible for collecting and processing their products upon the end of the products’ lifetime.
• Project REPLAN: Project REPLAN which stands for REducing PLastic in Nature has been launched by Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) aims to reduce consumption of plastic bags by providing a more sustainable alternative.
• Ban on single-use plastics: India has banned the production, use, and sale of single-use plastics such as bags, cups, plates, cutlery, and straws in many states.
• National Dashboard on Elimination of Single Use Plastic and Plastic Waste Management: India launched a nationwide awareness campaign on Single Use Plastics on World Environment Day in June 2022. A mobile app for Single Use Plastics Grievance Redressal was also launched to empower citizens to check sale/usage/manufacturing of SUP in their area and tackle the plastic menace.

State’s initiatives:

• States across the Indian Himalayan Region have also been taking various initiatives including enacting laws to curb this menace.
• Himachal Pradesh has a buy back policy for non-recyclable and single-use plastic waste since 2019, but there is still widespread littering of plastic waste.
• Sikkim banned packaged mineral water use from January 2022 and has a fairly robust regulatory system, but in the absence of proper infrastructure to handle plastic waste, the State is still grappling with the issue.
• Mizoram has been proactive on the regulatory front the Aizawl Municipal Corporation made by-laws under the PWM in 2019.
• Tripura has made policy changes, enacted municipal by-laws and has a State-level task force to eliminate Single Use Plastic though the results are not visible.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/waste/220-million-tonnes-of-plastic-waste-will-be-created-in-2024-ea-earth-action-95521