TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: A recent study by Chennai Rains sheds light on how the recovery of sea otter populations is not just a conservation success story but also a crucial factor in preventing coastal erosion and restoring the delicate balance of the local ecosystem.

EXPLANATION:

• Sea otters, once on the brink of extinction due to hunting for their prized pelts in the 18th and 19th centuries, are making a remarkable comeback.
• Sea otters, known for their incredibly soft pelts, faced near-extinction as European settlers relentlessly hunted them.
• The demand for their fur led to a significant population decline, pushing them to the verge of extinction.
• However, international treaties and conservation acts, such as the Fur Seal Treaty of 1911 and the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972, paved the way for their protection.
• Since the implementation of conservation measures, sea otter populations have rebounded, showcasing a rare success story for a top predator species.
• Their numbers have steadily grown and expanded, defying the odds faced by many other species.
• The research emphasizes how targeted conservation efforts can have a cascading effect on restoring and preserving entire ecosystems.

Sea Otters as Coastal Guardians:

• The study reveals an unexpected role played by sea otters in preventing coastal erosion.
• As sea otter populations recover, they are venturing into new habitats, particularly the salt marshes along the central California coast.
• In these marshes, sea otters are preying on burrowing crabs that, in the absence of their main predator, had been destabilizing the marsh banks, leading to coastal erosion.
• Sea otters’ voracious appetite for these crabs has significantly slowed down erosion, showcasing their unintentional but vital role in ecosystem protection.

Impact on Salt Marshes and Coastal Protection:

• Sea otters’ presence in salt marshes not only addresses the erosion issue but also highlights their adaptability to diverse habitats.
• Unlike the riskier kelp forests where otters had traditionally dwelled, salt marshes provide a more protective environment for hunting.
• This adaptability not only aids in coastal protection but also contributes to the overall resilience of ecosystems.

Long-Term Solutions and Ecosystem Resilience:

• While the conservation of sea otter populations is hailed as a temporary solution to coastal erosion, the study emphasizes the need for addressing broader threats like sea level rise, pollution, and hydrological changes for long-term impact.
• The results of the research underscore the remarkable resilience of ecosystems despite facing various stressors.

Predictions for the Future:

• The researchers hypothesize that sea otters, now reclaiming habitats they may have historically inhabited, could further expand their range.
• Predictions suggest that San Francisco Bay, historically home to a substantial sea otter population, could potentially support a thriving community if the current growth trajectory continues.

Sea Otter:

• There is only one species of otter which is fully aquatic — Enhydra lutris. This is the species known as the sea otter.
• Enhydra lutris has three subspecies that live in geographically separate populations:
  • Enhydra lutris nereis — Southern sea otter or “California” sea otter; ranges in California from San Mateo County in the north to near Santa Barbara County in the south
  • Enhydra lutris kenyoni — northern sea otter; found along the coast of Alaska and Washington
  • Enhydra lutris lutris — Russian sea otters; found in the Pacific ocean off the coasts of Russia and Japan
• It is the largest member of the weasel family, they can grow to be nearly 5 feet long and weigh almost 100 pounds.
• They spend nearly their entire life in the ocean in the temperate coastal waters on the Pacific Coast and have a close relationship with kelp forest habitats along the North American coast.
• Sea otters feed almost exclusively on marine invertebrates such as sea urchins, clams, mussels, and crabs.
• Since shelled prey like this can be difficult to eat, sea otters have devised a special way to break open their meal.
• Otters will dive down to collect a rock which they then strike their prey with repeatedly until it opens.
• Their special taste for sea urchins means that sea otters serve an important ecosystem role in regulating sea urchin populations and preventing overgrazing on giant kelp.
• This in turn helps kelp forests flourish, making sea otters a “keystone species” in the ecosystems where they live.
• Conservation status:
  • IUCN: Endangered

Conclusion:

• Sea otters’ resurgence not only symbolizes a triumph of conservation but also unveils their unintended yet crucial role in coastal protection.
• As these marine mammals play the role of guardians against erosion, the study emphasizes the interconnectedness of species and ecosystems, highlighting the need for continued conservation efforts to ensure the sustained health of our planet’s diverse habitats.

SOURCE: https://abcnews.go.com/US/sea-otters-hunted-extinction-preventing-coastal-erosion-populations/story?id=106805036

TAG: GS 1: GEOGRAPHY

THE CONTEXT: A recent analysis by Chennai Rains, an independent weather blogging site, unveils a concerning trend in the North Indian Ocean basin, indicating a rise in the intensity and duration of cyclones over the past two decades.

EXPLANATION:

• The primary driver behind this phenomenon is identified as the rapidly-warming Indo Pacific Warm Pool (IPWP), a tropical ocean region situated in the western Pacific and eastern Indian Ocean.

The Indo Pacific Warm Pool (IPWP):

• The IPWP is experiencing accelerated warming, surpassing other ocean bodies globally.
• It is crucial for influencing weather patterns across Asia and the Indian subcontinent.
• This warming trend is notably impacting the North Indian Ocean basin, leading to increased sea surface temperatures.

Cyclonic Trends Since 2003:

• According to a weather blogger with Chennai Rains, the number of intense cyclonic storms, categorized as very severe or extremely severe, has witnessed a surge since 2003 in the North Indian Ocean, encompassing the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal.
• The warmer oceans contribute not only to stronger and slower-moving cyclones but also extend their duration as intense weather systems.

Implications for Monsoon Dynamics and Rainfall Patterns:

• The prolonged lifespan of cyclones poses potential risks to monsoon dynamics, potentially causing disruptions in rainfall patterns and leading to more extended dry periods.
• Cyclones such as Biparjoy and Kyarr, with extended durations of 10 days and 111 hours, respectively, highlight the evolving nature of these weather phenomena.
• The Arabian Sea has experienced a sixfold increase in the lifespan of strong cyclones over the past two decades.

Cyclonic Storm Statistics:

• Data from various meteorological agencies, including the Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre, IMD, the U.S. National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration, and the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts, reveal a notable uptick in severe cyclonic storms in both the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal.
• The numbers have risen to 16 in the past two decades (2004-2023) from 10 between 1984-2003. Similarly, extremely severe cyclonic storms increased to 17 between 2004-2023 compared to 11 in the preceding decades since 1984.

Global Influences and Warming Trends:

• The analysis underscores that 2023 was the warmest year since 1850, and the warming trend is likely to persist despite other global weather parameters like El Niño and La Niña.
• Carbon footprints and global warming are identified as major influencers, and the impact of warmer oceans is anticipated to extend for the next five decades.

Vulnerability of Southern Peninsular Region:

• With the IPWP continuously warming, the southern peninsular region, with its extensive coastline, remains vulnerable to more intense cyclones.
• The importance of creating hazard maps, flooding zones, and response plans is emphasized as crucial for disaster preparedness in the face of escalating cyclonic events.

Cyclone:

• A cyclone is a large-scale system of air that rotates around the center of a low-pressure area.
• It is usually accompanied by violent storms and bad weather.
• According to the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), a cyclone is characterized by inward spiralling winds that rotate anticlockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere.
• The NDMA classifies cyclones broadly into two categories:
  • extratropical cyclones
  • tropical cyclones

Extratropical Cyclones

• Also known as mid-latitude cyclones, extratropical cyclones occur outside the tropics and have cold air at their core.
• They derive their energy from the release of potential energy when cold and warm air masses interact.
• These cyclones always have one or more fronts connected to them, which are the boundary between two kinds of air masses.

Tropical Cyclones

• Tropical cyclones are the most devastating storms on earth and develop in the regions between the Tropics of Capricorn and Cancer.
• They develop when thunderstorm activity starts building close to the center of circulation, and the strongest winds and rain are no longer in a band far from the center.
• Tropical cyclones have different names depending on their location and strength.
• For instance, they are known as hurricanes in the Caribbean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico, the North Atlantic Ocean, and the eastern and central North Pacific Ocean. In the western North Pacific, they are called typhoons.

Conclusion:

• The Chennai Rains analysis serves as a stark reminder of the evolving climate dynamics.
• It urges proactive measures in disaster preparedness and long-term planning to mitigate the impact of intensifying cyclones in the North Indian Ocean basin.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/north-indian-ocean-basin-churning-more-intense-cyclones-in-the-past-two-decades-says-an-analysis-by-chennai-rains/article67797141.ece

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The convergence of brain-like tissue with electronics has given rise to a groundbreaking achievement in neuromorphic computing, where researchers have successfully created an ‘organoid neural network.’

EXPLANATION:

• This innovative system has been developed by a collaborative team from Indiana University, the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Centre, and the University of Florida.
• It marks a significant leap at the intersection of tissue engineering, electrophysiology, and neural computation.

Challenges in Neuromorphic Computing:

• Traditional neuromorphic chips, inspired by the human brain, face a hurdle with separate memory and processing units.
• The constant back-and-forth communication between these units becomes inefficient, especially for complex problem-solving tasks.
• While attempts have been made to enhance efficiency, they have only partially mimicked brain functions, leaving room for improvement in processing capability and energy efficiency.

Biological Neural Networks in Computing:

• To overcome these challenges, scientists are exploring the integration of biological neural networks into computing.
• The human brain, with its inherent ability to seamlessly integrate memory and data processing, serves as inspiration.
• The researchers emphasize that brain cells require significantly less energy (20 W) compared to AI hardware (8 MW) to perform similar computational tasks due to the absence of physical separation between memory and data processing.

Biocomputing and Brain Organoids:

• This pioneering study falls under the emerging field of biocomputing, utilizing biological components for computational processes.
• Brain organoids, three-dimensional aggregates of brain cells, were created by extracting human pluripotent stem cells and differentiating them into various brain cell types.
• It includes neuron progenitor cells, early-stage neurons, mature neurons, and astrocytes.
• The researchers connected the brain organoid to microelectrodes, forming an ‘organoid neural network,’ and incorporated it into a three-layered system named ‘Brainoware.’
• This system comprises input, reservoir, and output layers.
• The organoid neural network acts as the reservoir, receiving electrical stimuli from the input layer and providing predictions through the output layer.

Demonstrating Brainoware’s Capabilities:

• The study showcased Brainoware’s proficiency in predicting a mathematical function, the Henon map, and recognizing Japanese vowels from audio clips.
• Impressively, Brainoware exhibited comparable accuracy to artificial neural networks but with less training – a notable advancement in efficiency.

Future Considerations and Ethical Implications:

• While Brainoware presents a promising proof-of-concept, the researchers acknowledge certain limitations.
• Challenges include the technical expertise and infrastructure needed to maintain a biological neural network, variations in organoid functionality, and ethical considerations regarding consciousness and dignity.

Conclusion:

• This innovative fusion of brain organoids with electronics represents a significant stride in the realm of biocomputing.
• While challenges and ethical concerns persist, the study provides foundational insights into the potential of organoid intelligence, offering a glimpse into the future of adaptive reservoir computing.
• The integration of biological neural networks into computing systems opens avenues for more energy-efficient and cognitively advanced artificial intelligence, marking a noteworthy intersection of neuroscience and technology.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/brain-organoid-computer-brainoware-neuromorphic-explained/article67692933.ece/amp/

TAG: GS 1: ANCIENT HISTORY, GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: In a groundbreaking archaeological revelation, researchers have utilized LIDAR technology to unveil a hidden network of ancient civilizations in the Amazon rainforest.

EXPLANATION:

• Contrary to previous beliefs that the dense vegetation and challenging landscape limited large-scale human settlements in the region, a 2,500-year-old city complex named Sangay has been discovered in eastern Ecuador’s Upano Valley.
• This discovery challenges preconceptions and sheds light on the sophisticated urban societies that once thrived in the heart of the Amazon.

LIDAR Technology Unveils Lost History: A Game-Changing Discovery

• Context of Lost Amazonian History:
  • The Amazon, renowned for its biodiversity, was traditionally perceived as devoid of large ancient civilizations.
  • However, LIDAR technology has emerged as a game-changer.
  • It allowed researchers to peer through the thick jungle canopy and uncover the hidden historical treasures beneath.
• Discovery of Sangay:
  • Covering 115 square miles with LIDAR, scientists from the French National Center for Scientific Research identified the ruins of Sangay, an ancient city nestled in the Upano Valley.
  • This settlement, rivaling the complexity of civilizations in Mexico and Central America, challenges previous notions of the Amazon’s historical landscape.

Ancient Civilization of Sangay: Flourishing Urban Society

• Population and Duration:
  • Sangay flourished from approximately 500 BCE to a period between 300 and 600 CE.
  • During its zenith, the city’s population is estimated to have ranged from 10,000 to a staggering 100,000 inhabitants.
• Infrastructure Highlights:
  • LIDAR scans revealed a meticulously planned urban layout featuring platforms, plazas, arranged streets, and drainages.
  • Notably, a sophisticated road system extending nearly 6 miles was uncovered, showcasing construction expertise comparable to ancient Maya urban networks.
• Agricultural Practices:
  • Beyond infrastructure, LIDAR detected traces of drained fields indicating advanced agricultural practices.
  • The ancient society likely cultivated maize, beans, sweet potatoes, and cassava, providing insights into their diet and sustenance.

Challenging Preconceptions: Revising Our Understanding of Amazonian Cultures

• Cultural Complexity:
  • The discovery challenges common stereotypes, as study co-author notes that this goes beyond the perception of small, primitive groups in the Amazon.
  • Instead, it reveals evidence of intricate urban societies that existed in this lush environment.
• Environmental and Cultural Heritage:
  • The paper emphasizes the underestimation of Amazonia’s twofold heritage—environmental and cultural, particularly Indigenous.
  • This finding calls for a thorough revision of preconceptions about the Amazonian world, urging a recognition of its rich cultural history.

Future Exploration and Implications: Unveiling the Unknown

• Ongoing Exploration:
  • While the discovery of Sangay provides a glimpse into Amazonian history, much remains unexplored.
  • With approximately 90% of Amazonian history yet to be uncovered, future expeditions hold the promise of revealing more about these ancient civilizations.
• Technological Advancements:
  • The use of advanced technologies like LIDAR demonstrates the potential to unravel hidden histories globally.
  • As researchers continue to employ innovative methods, our understanding of ancient cultures and their impact on diverse ecosystems is likely to evolve.

LIDAR Technology:

• LIDAR, which stands for Light Detection and Ranging, is a remote sensing method that uses light in the form of a pulsed laser to measure ranges (variable distances) to the Earth.
• These light pulses—combined with other data recorded by the airborne system — generate precise, three-dimensional information about the shape of the Earth and its surface characteristics.
• There are three primary components of a LiDAR instrument — the scanner, laser and GPS receiver.
• Airplanes and helicopters are the most commonly used platforms for acquiring lidar data over broad areas.

Conclusion: A Paradigm Shift in Amazonian Archaeology

• The revelation of Sangay and its intricate urban society marks a paradigm shift in Amazonian archaeology.
• Beyond being a scientific milestone, this discovery prompts a reevaluation of assumptions about the Amazon’s historical capacity for large civilizations.
• As technology continues to unveil the mysteries of the past, the Sangay complex stands as a testament to the richness and complexity of Amazonian cultures that have long been overlooked.

SOURCE: https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/archaeology/a46458939/lost-city-amazon-discovered/

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: In a bid to adapt to the evolving legal landscape and technological advancements, the Indian government has proposed a significant overhaul of the existing stamp duty regime.

EXPLANATION:

• The introduction of the ‘Indian Stamp Bill, 2023’ is aimed at replacing the antiquated Indian Stamp Act, 1899.
• This move, initiated by the Ministry of Finance, seeks to address redundancy, incorporate digital advancements, and create a more uniform legislative framework for stamp duties across Indian states.

Understanding Stamp Duty: A Crucial Government Tax

• Stamp duty is a government tax levied on the registration of various documents, such as agreements or transaction papers, with a designated registrar.
• The amount of stamp duty is typically fixed based on the nature of the document or a percentage of the transaction value.
• This tax is applicable to a range of instruments, including bills of exchange, promissory notes, transfer of shares, and more.
• Collected by the Centre, stamp duties are then appropriated by individual states within their territories, as outlined in Article 268 of the Constitution.

Rationale Behind the Proposed Indian Stamp Bill, 2023: Redundancy and Lack of Uniformity

• The Ministry of Finance has identified several provisions of the Indian Stamp Act, 1899, as “redundant” or “inoperative.”
• Notably, the existing act lacks provisions for digital e-stamping and fails to provide a uniform legislative framework for stamp duties across all Indian states.
• The proposed bill aims to rectify these shortcomings, aligning the legislation with contemporary realities and objectives.

Key Provisions of the Draft Bill: Embracing Digital Advancements

• Introduction of Digital E-stamping:
  • One of the significant additions in the draft Bill is the provision for digital e-stamping.
  • The Bill defines “electronic stamp” or “e-stamp” as an electronically generated impression.
  • It denotes the payment of stamp duty through electronic means or other methods.
• Inclusion of Digital Signatures:
  • The draft Bill incorporates provisions related to digital signatures.
  • It clarifies that the terms “executed” and “execution” for instruments will now mean “signed” and “signature,”.
  • It encompasses the attribution of electronic records and electronic signatures as defined under the Information Technology (IT) Act, 2000.
• Penalty Revisions:
  • The proposed legislation seeks to increase penalties for contravening its provisions.
  • The maximum penalty amount is set to rise from Rs 5,000 to Rs 25,000.
  • Additionally, a daily penalty of Rs 1,000 for repeated offenses is introduced, emphasizing the gravity of adherence to the revamped stamp duty regulations.

The Indian Stamp Act, 1899: A Historical Overview

• The Indian Stamp Act, 1899, serves as a fiscal statute governing the taxation of instruments through stamp duties.
• Under its purview, an “instrument” encompasses any document creating, transferring, limiting, extending, extinguishing, or recording rights or liabilities.
• The Act defines a “stamp” as any mark, seal, or endorsement duly authorized by the State Government, encompassing adhesive or impressed stamps for duty chargeable under the Act.

Conclusion: Toward a Modernized and Uniform Stamp Duty Framework

• The proposed Indian Stamp Bill, 2023, signifies a crucial step toward modernizing and streamlining stamp duty regulations in India.
• By embracing digital advancements, addressing redundancy, and aiming for uniformity across states, the government aims to create a more efficient and adaptable system.
• As stakeholders provide feedback on the draft bill, the future of stamp duty laws in India is poised for a transformative shift that aligns with the demands of the contemporary legal landscape.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-law/indian-stamp-act-1899-repeal-9134931/

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: In a strategic move to address territorial disputes and bolster cooperation, the Philippines and Vietnam have inked agreements aimed at preventing incidents in the South China Sea.

EXPLANATION:

• The signing ceremony, which took place during Philippine President visit to Hanoi, underscores the growing alliance between the two Southeast Asian nations.
• However, this alignment is likely to draw scrutiny and disapproval from China, which asserts expansive claims over the contested waters.
• The agreements encompass various facets of collaboration, extending beyond maritime security.
• In addition to measures to prevent incidents in the South China Sea, both nations have committed to enhancing information-sharing and conducting training exchanges between their militaries.
• The diplomatic discussions also delved into trade, investment, and included the signing of a pivotal deal on rice, showcasing the multi-dimensional nature of their evolving partnership.

Strategic Significance of Rice Deal: Food Security and Economic Cooperation

• The signing of a significant rice deal holds implications beyond the immediate diplomatic context.
• Vietnam has agreed to supply the Philippines with 1.5 to 2 million metric tons of rice annually at affordable prices.
• This not only addresses concerns over food security but also solidifies economic ties between the two countries.
• The stability of rice supplies is of paramount importance, especially considering the global surge in prices due to climate change and disruptions in major exporting countries.

Addressing South China Sea Tensions: Concerns and Collaborative Efforts

• Philippine President, during his visit, expressed concerns over China’s perceived aggressions in the South China Sea.
• Incidents involving the Chinese coast guard, including a water cannon assault damaging a Philippine vessel, were highlighted.
• The agreements signed aim to foster maritime cooperation, prevent escalations, and promote trust between the coast guards of both nations.
• The delicate balance between asserting sovereignty and engaging in peaceful dialogue with China remains a focal point of the discussions.

De escalation Efforts: Diplomatic Interactions with China

• While in Hanoi, Philippine President conveyed his concerns to Vietnamese Prime Minister, emphasizing the need to deescalate tensions in the South China Sea.
• The Philippine leader disclosed discussions with Chinese President in November 2023, where both leaders agreed on the imperative to reduce tensions.
• However, the recent incidents and ongoing disputes underscore the challenges in achieving lasting stability in the region.

Potential for UN Involvement: Joint Submission on Continental Shelf Limits

• A notable development is the Philippines’ interest in a joint submission with Vietnam to the United Nations commission that deals with the limits of continental shelves.
• This move suggests a concerted effort to address maritime boundaries through established international frameworks, potentially paving the way for more transparent and regulated territorial claims.

SOUTH CHINA SEA DISPUTE

• The heart of the South China Sea dispute revolves around territorial claims to land features (islands and reefs) and their associated territorial waters.
• The major island and reef formations in the South China Sea are the Spratly Islands, Paracel Islands, Pratas, the Natuna Islands and Scarborough Shoal.
• As many as 70 disputed reefs and islets are under contention, with China, Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Taiwan all building more than 90 outposts on these disputed features.
• China claims up to 90% of the sea with its “nine-dash line” map and has physically expanded islands and constructed military installations to assert control.
• China has been particularly active in the Paracel and Spratly Islands, engaging in extensive dredging and artificial island-building, creating 3,200 acres of new land since 2013.
• China also controls the Scarborough Shoal through a constant Coast Guard presence.

Conclusion: Navigating Diplomacy in Tumultuous Waters

• The Philippines and Vietnam’s collaborative efforts signify a diplomatic balancing act in the face of heightened tensions in the South China Sea.
• The agreements, spanning maritime security, economic cooperation, and joint international submissions, reflect a nuanced approach to regional challenges.
• As these Southeast Asian nations navigate complex geopolitical waters, the evolving dynamics in the region will continue to shape the future of South China Sea politics.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/philippines-and-vietnam-agree-to-expand-cooperation-in-south-china-sea-which-beijing-also-claims/article67793021.ece

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: In a groundbreaking effort, India has conducted its first-ever comprehensive survey to estimate the population of snow leopards, unveiling a count of 718 individuals in the wild.

EXPLANATION:

• The elusive nature of these cats, coupled with their habitat in hard-to-access mountainous terrain, has made this four-year-long estimation exercise a significant milestone in understanding and conserving the endangered species.

Distribution Across Regions: Ladakh Dominates, followed by Northern States

• The survey delineates the distribution of snow leopards across various regions in India.
• Ladakh emerges as a stronghold with an estimated 477 individuals, followed by Uttarakhand (124), Himachal Pradesh (51), Arunachal Pradesh (36), Sikkim (21), and Jammu and Kashmir (9).
• This geographic insight provides valuable data for targeted conservation efforts and highlights the critical role of specific regions in snow leopard preservation.

Global Significance: India’s Contribution to Snow Leopard Conservation

• The estimated 718 snow leopards in India constitute approximately 10-15% of the global population.
• This revelation underscores India’s significance in the global conservation landscape and emphasizes the need for collaborative efforts to ensure the survival of this vulnerable species.

Survey Methodology: Camera Traps and Extensive Trail Surveys

• The survey employed an innovative approach involving the strategic placement of ‘camera traps’ in 1,971 locations.
• Additionally, teams covered 13,450 km of trails, meticulously documenting signs of snow leopards, such as scat, hair, and other distinctive markers.
• This methodology mirrors established techniques used in tiger surveys, providing a scientific basis for estimating elusive wildlife populations.

Snow Leopard Population Assessment in India (SPAI): A Collaborative Initiative

• Initiated in 2019, the Snow Leopard Population Assessment in India (SPAI) involved collaborative efforts between the Wildlife Institute of India, the Worldwide Fund for Nature-India, and the Nature Conservation Foundation, Mysuru.
• This synergy between governmental and non-governmental entities showcases the collective dedication to understanding and safeguarding the snow leopard population.
• The snow leopard’s population assessments have evolved over the years, transitioning from limited research in the 1980s to the recent SPAI survey covering approximately 80% of the species’ range.
• This progress signifies an increased understanding of the species, providing crucial information for targeted conservation initiatives.

Conservation Challenges: Human-Wildlife Conflict, Poaching, and Free-Ranging Dogs

• Despite being classified as ‘vulnerable’ by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, the snow leopard faces an array of threats.
• Human-wildlife conflicts, poaching, and interactions with free-ranging dogs pose significant challenges to the species.
• Unlike tigers, poaching is not the primary concern for snow leopards, with conservation efforts driven by increased sightings and a global interest in species preservation.

Future Prospects: Building on a Scientific Baseline for Conservation

• As India unveils its snow leopard census results, the focus shifts to future conservation endeavors.
• The established baseline from this survey will serve as a reference point for future assessments, guiding conservation strategies, and fostering international collaboration for the protection of this majestic species.

Snow leopard:

• It is found in the mountainous regions of central and southern Asia.
• In India, it is seen in Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh.
• The Hemis National Park has a good presence of Snow Leopard.
• They play a key role as a top predator, an indicator of the health of their high-altitude habitat, and, increasingly, an important indicator of the impacts of climate change on mountain environments.
• Solo traveller: the snow leopard is usually solitary and highly elusive
• Crepuscular: dawn and dusk are the cat’s most active times
• Living large: some snow leopards have home ranges of up to 1,000 square kilometers
• Single moms: for about 18 months, females raise their cubs – all alone
• Cold and dry: the snow leopard primarily lives in arid, barren mountain areas
• Gentle: snow leopards are not known to be aggressive toward humans
• Carnivorous: the cat’s main prey are ibex, argali and blue sheep
• Conservation status:
  • IUCN Red List: Vulnerable
  • Under CITES it is listed in Appendix I
  • Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972: Schedule I

Conclusion: A Pioneering Step in Snow Leopard Conservation

• The culmination of India’s first snow leopard survey marks a pioneering step in wildlife conservation.
• With robust methodology, collaborative efforts, and technological advancements, this endeavor sets the stage for informed conservation actions.
• It ensures a sustainable future for the enigmatic and endangered snow leopards in India and beyond.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/first-ever-survey-puts-indias-snow-leopard-count-at-718/article67793739.ece

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Astronomers have recently stumbled upon a celestial anomaly in the star cluster NGC 1851, challenging our understanding of extreme matter in the universe.

EXPLANATION:

• This discovery, detailed in a science publication, revolves around a peculiar system comprising a millisecond pulsar and a concealed massive object with enigmatic properties.

Neutron Stars and the Black Hole ‘Mass Gap’: A Precarious Balance

• Neutron stars, known for their extreme density, serve as a fascinating subject for astrophysical exploration.
• These remnants, as compact as atomic nuclei but as expansive as cities, often teeter on the brink of collapsing into black holes.
• The elusive transition from neutron stars to black holes poses a scientific conundrum, necessitating the identification of objects residing on this boundary.

NGC 1851E: A Glimpse into the Extremes of Matter

• The discovery unfolded in the depths of the NGC 1851-star cluster, where astronomers identified what seems to be a binary system comprising a millisecond pulsar and a concealed massive object.
• The latter, intriguingly, remains invisible across all electromagnetic frequencies, presenting a challenge for conventional observation methods.

The Role of Millisecond Pulsars: Cosmic Clocks and Observational Aids

• Millisecond pulsars, akin to cosmic atomic clocks, played a crucial role in deciphering the secrets of this celestial pairing.
• Their stable spins, detectable through regular radio pulses, provided astronomers with a means to measure the system’s intricacies over extended periods.
• Despite the invisible nature of the massive companion, the pulsar’s behavior offered a gateway to understanding the elusive object.

MeerKAT Radio Telescope: Unveiling Orbits and Changing Approaches

• The international team of astronomers leveraged the MeerKAT radio telescope in South Africa for precise observations of the NGC 1851E system.
• By scrutinizing changes in the pulsar’s orbit and applying Einstein’s theory of relativity, they unveiled crucial details about the system’s mass.
• The observations disclosed a combined mass nearly four times that of the Sun, raising questions about the nature of the invisible companion.

The Enigma of the Dark Companion: Black Hole Mass Gap and Astrophysical Possibilities

• Intriguingly, the companion’s mass falls within the elusive “black hole mass gap,” challenging existing astrophysical frameworks.
• This gap, situated between the heaviest neutron stars and the lightest black holes, remains a focal point of scientific curiosity.
• The mass estimation, ranging between 2.09 and 2.71 solar masses, prompts speculation about the true identity of the concealed object.

Astrophysical Scenarios: A Collision of Neutron Stars and the Birth of a Pulsar

• One tantalizing hypothesis suggests that the NGC 1851E system might be a result of a neutron star merger, culminating in the formation of a pulsar in orbit around the remnants.
• The crowded stellar environment of NGC 1851 allows for dynamic interactions, where stars engage in a cosmic dance.
• If two neutron stars collide and create a black hole, this celestial wanderer may disrupt ongoing stellar dances, reshaping the system.

Future Prospects: Unraveling the Mystery and Exploring Extreme Environments

• The study of NGC 1851E is ongoing, with astronomers diligently working to ascertain the true nature of the concealed companion.
• The possibility of identifying the lightest black hole or the most massive neutron star adds to the intrigue.
• At the interface between neutron stars and black holes, the potential existence of novel astrophysical objects remains an exciting avenue for future exploration.

Conclusion: NGC 1851E’s Promise for Understanding Extreme Environments

• While speculation abounds regarding this celestial oddity, one certainty emerges — the NGC 1851E system holds immense promise for unraveling the mysteries of matter in the most extreme corners of the universe.
• As astronomers continue to delve into this cosmic enigma, the scientific community eagerly anticipates further revelations that may redefine our comprehension of celestial phenomena.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/astronomers-spot-unusual-object-falling-in-the-black-hole-mass-gap/article67792301.ece

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: The recent decision by the Delhi High Court, upholding the constitutional validity of anti-profiteering provisions under the Central Goods and Services Tax (CGST) Act, is a significant development with far-reaching implications for businesses.

EXPLANATION:

• The court’s ruling, encompassing over 140 pages, reinforces the legal framework surrounding anti-profiteering and establishes the legitimacy of the National Anti-Profiteering Authority (NAA).

Background of the Case:

• The case revolves around the constitutional validity of certain provisions related to anti-profiteering under the Central Goods and Services Tax (CGST) Act and the establishment of the National Anti-Profiteering Authority (NAA).
• Reckitt Benckiser India Private Limited, along with over 100 other companies from diverse sectors including hospitality, fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG), and real estate, filed petitions challenging these provisions.
• The provisions in question primarily focus on Section 171 of the CGST Act, which mandates that any reduction in the tax rate on goods or services must result in a corresponding reduction in prices passed on to consumers.
• The establishment of the NAA is instrumental in overseeing and enforcing these provisions.
• The rules under consideration in the case include Rules 122, 124, 126, 127, 129, 133, and 134 of the Central Goods and Services Tax Rules, 2017 (CGST Rules).
• These rules deal with various aspects, including the constitution of the NAA, the appointment of its chairman and members, determination of methodology and procedure, and duties related to anti-profiteering.

Upholding Constitutional Validity:

• The Division Bench of Acting Chief Justice specifically upheld Section 171 of the CGST Act, which mandates that any reduction in the tax rate on goods or services should result in a corresponding reduction in prices for consumers.
• Additionally, the court validated various rules (Rules 122, 124, 126, 127, 129, 133, and 134 of the CGST Rules) pertaining to the constitution and functioning of the NAA.

Key Aspects of Section 171 of CGST Act:

• The court emphasized that Section 171 falls within the legislative powers of the parliament under Article 246A of the Constitution.
• It clarified that Section 171 is not a mechanism for fixing prices but ensures that the benefits of tax reductions reach the end consumers, safeguarding against undue profiteering.

Rejection of Petitions by Companies:

• The Delhi High Court dismissed petitions filed by over 100 companies spanning diverse sectors, including hospitality, FMCG, and real estate.
• Renowned companies like Philips, Nestle India, Gillette, Patanjali, Whirlpool, and Emaar MGF were among the petitioners.
• The court affirmed that while instances of arbitrary exercise of power may occur, the remedy lies in challenging such orders on merit rather than challenging the provisions themselves.

Court’s Findings on Various Issues:

• The court addressed multiple grounds raised by the petitioners, offering conclusive findings on each:
  • No fixed method for determining profiteering.
  • Legislative prerogative for deciding benefit pass-on.
  • Absence of a fixed time period for price reduction.
  • Non-applicability of Section 64A of the Sale of Goods Act.
  • Statutory provision immune from abuse possibility.
  • Comparisons of taxes under CGST Act in line with its intent.
  • Absence of a vested right of appeal.
  • No necessity for a judicial member in NAA.
  • Rule 124 compliance with separation of judiciary from executive.
  • Rule 133’s authority for interest and penalty within governmental rule-making power.
  • Inclusion of Goods and Services Tax in profiteered amount justified.
  • Directory nature of the time limit for the DGAP’s report.

Implications and Concluding Remarks:

• The Delhi High Court’s decision reinforces the legality and importance of anti-profiteering measures in the GST framework.
• The ruling emphasizes the government’s commitment to preventing unfair profiteering and ensuring that the benefits of tax reductions reach consumers.
• While acknowledging the potential for arbitrary exercise of power, the court underscores the availability of legal remedies for affected parties.

National Anti-Profiteering Authority (NAA):

• The National Anti-Profiteering Authority (NAA) was established under Section 171 of the Central Goods and Service tax Act, 2017.
• It was initially set up for a period of 2 years after the implementation of GST in 2017.
• It was set up to control unfair profiteering by suppliers (where they were not passing on benefits of reduction in tax rates to consumers, etc.)
• It essentially works as a price regulator which ensures that any undue benefit is not reaped by companies, due to changes in GST laws.
• The NAA was subsequently given two extensions.
• NAA will be headed by senior officer of level of a Secretary to Union Government and shall have four technical members from Centre and/or States.
• The chairman and four members will be less than 62 years of age.

Conclusion:

• The court’s thorough analysis and comprehensive decision not only validate the constitutional foundation of anti-profiteering laws but also provide clarity on various aspects raised by the petitioners.
• This legal precedent sets the stage for continued vigilance against profiteering practices, promoting transparency and fairness in the implementation of the GST regime.

SOURCE: https://www.barandbench.com/news/delhi-high-court-upholds-validity-anti-profiteering-law-cgst-act

TAG: GS 3: GS 1: GEOGRAPHY, ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Exploring the intricate relationship between biodiversity and geography has been a longstanding inquiry, with naturalists like Alexander von Humboldt contributing key insights. Humboldt’s observations, particularly on mountains, have sparked curiosity and set the stage for modern investigations into what is now known as Humboldt’s enigma.

EXPLANATION:

• This enigma challenges conventional expectations by highlighting the exceptional biodiversity found in mountainous regions, contrary to the anticipated decrease in diversity away from the tropics.

Humboldt’s Insights:

• Alexander von Humboldt, a polymath, proposed a connection between temperature, altitude, humidity, and the occurrence patterns of species.
• His observations on the Chimborazo mountain in Ecuador served as a cornerstone for understanding the relationship between environmental factors and biodiversity.
• Humboldt’s work laid the groundwork for future scientists to delve deeper into the drivers of biodiversity.

The Enigma Unveiled:

• Humboldt’s enigma challenges the notion that the Earth’s tropical areas alone house the most biodiverse regions.
• Mountains emerge as exceptions to this rule, exhibiting high biodiversity despite their non-tropical locations.
• The enigma prompts a reevaluation of traditional biodiversity patterns and underscores the importance of mountains in shaping ecological richness.

Drivers of Mountain Biodiversity:

• Geological Processes:
  • Mountains act as ‘cradles’ and ‘museums’ for biodiversity.
  • Geological processes, including uplifts, create new habitats where new species emerge (‘cradles’).
  • Additionally, climatologically stable mountains serve as ‘museums,’ harboring species for extended periods.
  • The Northern Andes, including Chimborazo, exemplifies this with a diverse range of biomes over short distances.
• Geological Heterogeneity:
  • Mountains with high geological heterogeneity exhibit greater biodiversity.
  • The diverse composition of rocks provides varied habitats, fostering the diversification of species.
  • This phenomenon is particularly prominent in tropical mountains, contributing to their unique ecological tapestry.

Humboldt’s Enigma in India:

• In India, the Western Ghats plus Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot, located in the tropical zone, is renowned for its biodiversity.
• However, the eastern Himalaya surpasses it in diversity, challenging conventional expectations.
• Climate dissimilarity, geological heterogeneity, and ecological niches contribute to the rich biodiversity observed in the eastern Himalaya.

Ongoing Mysteries and Research Gaps:

• The enigma remains a complex puzzle, and scientists grapple with numerous hypotheses to explain biodiversity variations globally.
• However, the lack of fine data on species occurrences poses a significant limitation.
• Birds, among the best-studied groups globally, offer insights into mountain biodiversity patterns.
• Further research, especially incorporating modern tools like genetics, is essential to unraveling these mysteries.

India’s Research Initiatives:

• National programs, including the National Mission on Himalayan Studies, the National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem, and the National Mission on Biodiversity and Human Wellbeing, aim to address research gaps in India.
• Strengthening these initiatives is crucial for advancing basic research on diversity, especially in less-explored regions like the Eastern Ghats.

Conclusion:

• Humboldt’s enigma serves as a captivating lens through which scientists explore the intricacies of mountain biodiversity.
• As we unravel the mysteries, our local environments become invaluable laboratories for understanding global challenges related to climate change and landscape transformations.
• The quest for answers continues, urging us to delve into our backyards and contribute to the collective understanding of our planet’s ecological complexities.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/humboldts-enigma-shola-sky-islands-explained/article67730052.ece

TAG: GS 3: AGRICULTURE

THE CONTEXT: The collaborative effort between Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and the Union Ministry of Jal Shakti, marked by the signing of the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU), is a significant step towards implementing the Modified Parbati-Kalisindh-Chambal-ERCP (PKC-ERCP) Link Project.

EXPLANATION:

• This inter-state river linking project holds promise for optimizing water resources and addressing water deficit challenges in the region.

Modified PKC-ERCP Project:

• The Modified PKC-ERCP is an ambitious inter-state river linking project.
• It integrates the long-pending Parbati-Kalisindh-Chambal (PKC) link project with the Eastern Rajasthan Canal Project (ERCP).
• This integration aligns with the national perspective plan of the interlinking of rivers (ILR) program initiated by the Government of India.
• The Parbati-Kalisindh-Chambal (PKC) link project, identified in the National Perspectives Plan since 1980, is a critical component of river interlinking in India.
• It was initially proposed to divert water from the Kalisindh and Newaj rivers to the Chambal.
• The project gained significance when Rajasthan proposed the Eastern Rajasthan Canal Project (ERCP) in 2019.
• The integration of ERCP with PKC was later approved in December 2022.

The Eastern Rajasthan Canal Project (ERCP):

• The ERCP focuses on intra-basin water transfer within the Chambal basin.
• By harnessing surplus monsoon water from Kalisindh, Parvati, Mej, and Chakan subbasins, the ERCP aims to redirect it to water-deficit sub-basins like Banas, Gambhiri, Banganga, and Parbati.
• This strategic water transfer will benefit 13 districts in eastern Rajasthan, providing drinking and industrial water.

Benefits of the Modified Project:

• The Modified PKC-ERCP project is poised to bring substantial benefits to the region.
• The project aims to provide drinking and industrial water in 13 districts of eastern Rajasthan and the Malwa and Chambal regions of Madhya Pradesh.
• Additionally, it targets irrigation in an extensive area, encompassing 2.8 lakh hectares or more in both states, totaling 5.6 lakh hectares or more.

Need for the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU):

• The signing of the MoU between Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and the Union Ministry of Jal Shakti is pivotal.
• It facilitates the implementation of the project by covering essential aspects such as water sharing, exchange mechanisms, cost-sharing, benefits distribution, and management and control arrangements for the Chambal basin.
• The MoU acts as a foundational agreement for the collaborative execution of the Modified PKC-ERCP project.

Overcoming Challenges:

• The project faced challenges related to project planning norms, as the initial Detailed Project Report (DPR) for the ERCP did not align with prevailing standards.
• The Central Water Commission urged Rajasthan to revise the project planning to meet the 75% dependable yield requirement.
• Subsequently, the Task Force on Interlinking of Rivers explored the integration of ERCP with PKC, leading to the formulation of the Modified PKC-ERCP proposal.
• Chambal river:
• It ends in confluence of five rivers, including the Chambal, Kwari, Yamuna, Sind, Pahuj, at Pachnada near Bhareh in Uttar Pradesh state.
• The perennial Chambal originates at Janapav ,south of Mhow town(M.P.)
• It rises in the old Vindhya Range and flows in northeastern direction.
• It flows through three Indian states- Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh.

Kalisindh river:

• It rises in the Vindhya Range near Bagli in Dewas district of Madhya Pradesh.
• It joins the Chambal River at Nonera village in Kota district.

Parbati river:

• It rises from the Vindhya range in Sehore district Madhya Pradesh.
• Falls into Chambal River in Sawai Madhopur District.

Conclusion:

• The collaborative effort represented by the MoU and the Modified PKC-ERCP project signifies a strategic approach to water management and inter-state cooperation.
• As the project progresses, it is poised to address water scarcity issues, boost agricultural productivity, and contribute to the sustainable development of the region.
• This initiative showcases the potential of interlinking river projects in tackling complex water challenges across states in India.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-history/nathuram-godse-trial-gandhi-death-9134078/

TAG: GS 1: SOCIAL ISSUES

THE CONTEXT: The recently released All India Survey of Higher Education (AISHE) for the academic year 2021–22 provides crucial insights into the landscape of higher education in India.

EXPLANATION:

• We will analyse the five key takeaways from the survey, highlighting trends in student enrollment, gender dynamics, discipline preferences, institutional choices, and graduation patterns.

Rising Student Enrollment:

• The AISHE report reveals a substantial increase in student enrollment, reaching 4.33 crore in 2021–22 from 4.14 crore in the previous academic year and 3.42 crore in 2014–15.
• The survey covers various educational levels, including undergraduate, postgraduate, PhD, MPhil, diploma, PG diploma, certificate, and integrated programs.
• A total of 10,576 standalone institutions, 42,825 colleges, and 1,162 universities participated in the survey.

Female Enrollment Surpasses Male:

• A remarkable trend emerges with the steady rise in female enrollment in higher education. The number of women enrolled increased by 32% from 1.5 crore in 2014–15 to 2.07 crore in 2021–22.
• The most significant surge is observed at the PhD level, where female enrollment has more than doubled in eight years.
• In the current academic year, women constitute 55% of the 91 lakh additional students in higher education, with the postgraduate level having the highest proportion of female students at 55.4%.

GER and Gender Parity:

• The Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER) for the age group 18–23 years stands at 28.4 nationally. Chandigarh boasts the highest GER at 64.8%, followed by Puducherry, Delhi, and Tamil Nadu.
• The Gender Parity Index (GPI) indicates that in 26 states and Union Territories, the GER favors women.
• The national GPI is 1.01, with specific values of 1.01 for SC and 0.98 for ST categories.

Arts Dominate in Graduation and Postgraduation:

• The AISHE survey underscores the preference for Arts programs, with Bachelor of Arts (BA) having the highest enrollment at 34.2% of total undergraduate enrollment.
• Arts is followed by science (14.8%), commerce (13.3%), and engineering and technology (11.8%).
• Similarly, the social science stream dominates postgraduate enrollment, with Master of Arts (MA) having the highest enrollment at 40.7%.

Primacy of Government Institutions:

• Despite the presence of more private universities, 73.7% of all students attend government universities, constituting 58.6% of all universities.
• State public universities, in particular, hold the largest share of enrollment at around 31%.
• This indicates a clear preference among students for government educational institutions.

Demographics of Graduates:

• In the 2021–22 academic year, an estimated 1.07 crore students graduated, with approximately 50.8% being women.
• The demographic breakdown shows around 35% of graduates belonging to Other Backward Classes (OBC), 13% from Scheduled Caste (SC), and 5.7% from Scheduled Tribe (ST).
• The arts and social sciences streams exhibit higher graduation rates, with BA and MA programs leading at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels, respectively.

All India Survey of Higher Education (AISHE):

• The AISHE report has been published by the Ministry of Education since 2011.
• It aims to portray the status of higher education in the country.
• The survey covers all the institutions in the country engaged in imparting higher education.
• Data is being collected on several parameters, such as teachers, student enrollment, programmes, examination results, education finance, and infrastructure.
• Indicators of educational development such as Institution Density, Gross Enrolment Ratio, Pupil-teacher ratio, Gender Parity Index, Per Student Expenditure will also be calculated from the data collected through AISHE.

Conclusion:

• The AISHE 2021–22 report provides a comprehensive snapshot of the evolving higher education landscape in India.
• From the increasing participation of women to the dominance of arts in academic choices, this analysis underscores the multifaceted trends shaping the educational journey of millions of students across the country.
• Understanding these dynamics is crucial for policymakers and educators as they strive to enhance the quality and inclusivity of higher education in India.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/five-takeaways-aishe-report-education-9132625/

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The National Institute of Oceanography (NIO), headquartered in Goa, has unveiled a cutting-edge autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) named “C-bot” for comprehensive coral reef monitoring.

EXPLANATION:

• It was launched by the director-general of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR).
• This technological marvel marks a significant stride in understanding and safeguarding the delicate ecosystems of coral reefs.

C-Bot’s Capabilities:

• C-bot boasts the ability to reach depths of up to 200 meters, making it a pioneering step in the development of underwater vehicles capable of scanning the profound depths of the Indian Ocean.
• Director-general of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) emphasized that this is just the initial phase, with plans to enhance the AUV’s capabilities for even deeper exploration, potentially reaching thousands of meters beneath the ocean surface.
• The primary objective of C-bot is to address the critical issue of coral bleaching caused by climate change.
• NIO Director highlighted the AUV’s sophisticated array of sensors and cameras that measure various parameters, aiming to elucidate the reasons behind coral degradation.
• By providing real-time data, C-bot becomes an invaluable tool for scientists studying the impact of climate change on coral reefs.

Applications in Navy and Bathymetry Studies:

• Beyond coral reef monitoring, C-bot serves multiple purposes, including assisting the Navy in bathymetry studies.
• The vehicle aids in mapping navigation channels and exploring hydrothermal vents.
• These vents, where geothermally heated water rises from the ocean floor, are crucial to understanding the diverse ecosystems thriving in extreme conditions.
• C-bot will capture photographs and samples in real-time, shedding light on the active biology occurring in such extreme environments.

Contributions to Environmental Research:

• C-bot’s launch signifies a leap forward in oceanographic research capabilities.
• Its ability to navigate great depths and capture real-time data opens avenues for a more profound understanding of ocean ecosystems.
• As climate change poses an increasing threat to marine environments, this underwater vehicle stands as a testament to scientific innovation in addressing environmental challenges.

Future Development and Global Significance:

• The announcement of plans for further development, including the capability for deep diving into the ocean’s abyss, indicates a commitment to advancing ocean exploration technology.
• The global scientific community stands to benefit from such advancements, as underwater vehicles like C-bot contribute crucial data for understanding and mitigating the impact of climate change on oceans worldwide.

National Institute of Oceanography (NIO):

• The National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) is one of the 37 constituent laboratories of the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi.
• NIO is headquartered at Dona Paula, Goa, and has regional centres at Kochi, Mumbai and Visakhapatnam.
• NIO was established in 1966 following the International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE) in the 1960s.
• It is a multi-disciplinary oceanographic research institute.
• The major research areas include the four traditional branches of oceanography – biological, chemical, geological/geophysical, and physical – as well as ocean engineering, marine instrumentation and marine archaeology.

Conclusion:

• The launch of C-bot by NIO in Goa represents a remarkable achievement in marine technology and environmental monitoring.
• This autonomous underwater vehicle not only signifies a commitment to understanding and preserving coral reefs but also showcases India’s capabilities in oceanographic research.
• As C-bot delves into the depths of the Indian Ocean, it holds the promise of unlocking mysteries that will benefit both scientific understanding and environmental conservation efforts.

SOURCE: https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nio-in-goa-launches-underwater-vehicle-c-bot-to-monitor-coral-reefs-101706546049939.html

THE CONTEXT: Aadhaar-Based Payment Systems (ABPS) are now mandatory for wage payments under MGNREGS. However, the transition has faced criticism due to practical difficulties for workers. Accurate seeding of Aadhaar numbers is essential, and any errors can lead to the denial of wage payments.

THE ISSUES:

• Technical Challenges: Implementation of ABPS requires accurate Aadhaar seeding with job cards and bank accounts, which has proved problematic due to data mismatches, causing delays and errors in wage payments.
• Data Mismatches: Common spelling mismatches and demographic detail errors can complicate the seeding process, resulting in the deletion of job cards. In the last two years alone, job cards of over seven crore workers got deleted.
• Deletion of Job Cards: Reports suggest an alarming increase in job card deletions by 247 % in FY 2022-23, compared to previous years, fuelled by pressures to meet Aadhaar seeding targets by 100%.
• Questionable Efficiency Gains: Research findings indicate that the claimed advantages of the ABPS over traditional bank account payments, such as faster wage disbursal and lower rejection rates, are not statistically significant. Rural Development Ministry’s claims of ‘gains’ are based on Libtech’s study of a sample of 3.2 crore transactions. It is observed that ABPS is quicker than an account-based payment system by only 3%.
• Accessibility Issues and Exclusion Concerns: The mandatory nature of the ABPS may exclude a significant number of workers who cannot link their Aadhaar correctly for various reasons, leading to a loss of livelihood. Out of 25.6 crore registered workers, only 16.9 crore workers are eligible for ABPS, while all workers are eligible for account-based payments.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Independent Audits: Conducting independent audits and reviews of the Aadhaar seeding process and payment efficiency claims can ensure transparency and accountability.
• Corrective Measures: Implement immediate corrective measures for those affected by job card deletions and ensure no worker is deprived of their right to work or wages.
• Policy Evaluation: The government should consider the impact assessments and seek further evidence on the efficiency and reliability of ABPS.
• Hybrid Payment Models: The government could facilitate ABPS and traditional bank account-based payments, thus accommodating discrepancies and preventing exclusion.
• Grievance Redressal: A robust grievance redressal mechanism is essential to address the issues workers face due to the transition to ABPS and efficiently resolve disputes related to wage payments.
• Capacity Building: Training on ABPS for workers and local officials to reduce errors and enhance system understanding would be beneficial.
• Empirical Assessment: An independent and thorough assessment of the ABPS, including its impact on wage disbursal times and the deletion of job cards, is necessary to validate the system’s effectiveness and fairness.
• Improvement in Data Accuracy: Steps should be taken to improve the accuracy of data entry at various administrative levels, minimizing discrepancies in demographic details.
• Awareness and Support: Increasing awareness among workers about the Aadhaar linkage process and providing support to complete these formalities can reduce exclusion errors.

THE CONCLUSION:

Prioritize equity and practical realities of rural administrative systems. Payment systems should not add bureaucratic burdens on workers. A balanced approach that allows both Aadhaar-linked and traditional banking payment systems may provide the most equitable solution, ensuring timely wages and the broadest access to MGNREGS benefits. Let’s harness the power of technology to aid the welfare of rural workers.

UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTIONS:

Q. Reforming the government delivery system through the Direct Benefit Transfer Scheme is a progressive step, but it has its limitations too. Comment (2022)

Q. Performance of welfare schemes that are implemented for vulnerable sections is not so effective due to absence of their awareness and active involvement at all stages of policy process – Discuss. (2022)

Q. Two parallel run schemes of the Government viz. the Adhaar Card and NPR, one as voluntary and the other as compulsory, have led to debates at national levels and litigations. On merits, discuss whether both schemes need run concurrently. Analyse the potential of the schemes to achieve developmental benefits and equitable growth. (2014)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q. Examine the effectiveness of Aadhaar-Based Payment Systems (ABPS) for disbursing wages under the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS). Suggest measures to enhance the inclusivity and reliability of wage payments in MGNREGS.

SOURCE:

https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/aadhaar-based-pay-a-bad-idea-for-mgnregs/article67786940.ece

THE CONTEXT: The state of Manipur has been in the grip of a civil war-like situation since May 2023, when violent clashes broke out between the Meitei and Kuki ethnic groups. Recently, it witnessed a new low of lawlessness, when the chief of an armed militia, the Ararmbai Tenggol, administered an “oath” to 37 members of the state legislative assembly and two members of the Indian parliament.

MORE ON THE NEWS:

• The six-points oath called upon the Centre to do the following:

1. Abrogate the tripartite Suspension of Agreement (SoO) that it signed with the State and Kuki-Zomi-Hmar militants since 2008

2. Implement the National Register of Citizens but using 1951 as the base year

3. Construct a border-fence across the India-Myanmar border

4. Replace the Assam Rifles with other central paramilitary forces

5. Delete ‘Kuki’ from the Scheduled Tribe list

6 .Relocate ‘Kuki refugees’ in Manipur to Mizoram

BACKGROUND:

• A Suspension of Operations agreement was signed between the Centre, the Manipur government and two conglomerates of Kuki militant outfits – the Kuki National Organisations and United Peoples Front in 2008.
• Under the agreement, the security forces as well as the militant groups are prohibited from launching operations. The militant groups must abide by the laws of the land and are also confined to designated camps identified by the Central government.
• The resolution was adopted to revoke the agreement, claiming that the immunity it provides to the armed groups from central forces is “the main cause of the never-ending cycle of violence” in Manipur.

ISSUES:

• Growing influence of Meities: The demand for ST status is a way for the dominant Meitei community from the valley area to gain political influence and control over the hill areas of the state. It aims todivert attention from the political demands of other tribal groups like the Kukis and Nagas.
• Kuki-Meitei divide: The tribal communities Kuki and the Meiteis have had ethnic tensions since the kingdom era. The Naga movement for independence in the 1950s triggered insurgencies among the Meiteis and Kuki-Zomi. The recent oath tends to provoke the already existing tensions between Kuki and Meitei.
• Eviction of Tribal Groups:One of the reasons for the discontent has been the state government’s notices since August 2022 claiming that 38 villages in the Churachandpur-Khoupum Protected Forest area are “illegal settlements” and its residents are “encroachers”.
• Escalate Violence: In the pursuit to dominate political, trade and cultural activities in the state, Kukis and Meities often engaged in violent standoffs. The recent instance can escalate more violence in the region.
• Violation of Article 371C: Kuki groups have claimed that the survey and eviction is a violation of Article 371C, which confers some administrative autonomy to the tribal-dominated hill areas of Manipur. If the demands got implemented, they would not only further expose the vulnerability of the Kuki-Zomi-Hmar groups but would also effectively erase their long-standing protective discrimination benefits.
• Political Underrepresentation of Hills: Hill populations, including Nagas, Kukis, and other tribes (40% of the population), have 19 seats in the legislative assembly. Meiteis, constituting 50% of the population, hold 60 seats. Disproportionate representation leaves Kukis and Nagas reliant on Meitei-controlled assembly, regardless of party affiliation.
• Did not mention disarmament: The reasoned public action was missing from the legislators’ public action as the six-points oath failed to mention ‘disarmament’, which was one of the four resolutions passed earlier by the Assembly. The fact that much of the arms and ammunition continue to be in the hands of armed militants across the divide, continue to be a key structural cause of this violence.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Scheduled Tribe Status: There is a need to evaluate the criteria for ST status to Meities and Kukis in line with recommendations given by several Committees. All the features and concerns of tribal communities should be kept in view to allocate the status in order to address the grievances.
• Surveillance to prevent incursions: There is a need to bring surveillance along the border areas to prevent the incursion of the migrants from Myanmar. There is a need to maintain the identity of the people along the border areas to identify the local residence.
• Strengthening ties with countries: Strengthening economic and diplomatic ties with neighbouring countries can help enhance regional stability and security. Signing Peace settlement agreements with the local insurgent group to maintain the peace in the region.
• Democratic decision making: The government should foster the participation of the people of the region in the decision-making process to instill a sense of ownership and belonging.
• Multifaceted approach: To forge a path toward peace, a multifaceted approach involving political will, inclusive dialogue, and equitable policies is essential. Manipur’s diverse communities must collectively address the root causes, fostering a spirit of unity and cooperation for a harmonious future.

THE CONCLUSION:

The recent oath taking event by Meitei legislators under the gaze of a militia group in Imphal can have larger implications for the state of Manipur. To address the issue there is an urgent need for meaningful dialogue and confidence-building measures among stakeholders.

UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

Q.1 What are the two major legal initiatives by the State since Independence addressing discrimination against Scheduled Tribes (STs)? (2017)

Q.2 Why are the tribals in India referred to as ‘the Scheduled Tribes’? Indicate the major provisions enshrined in the Constitution of India for their upliftment. (2016)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION

Q. Examine the consequences of a recent oath administered to the members of state legislative assembly by the chief of an armed militia in Manipur. What steps need to be taken to address the grievances of the stakeholders and restore peace and harmony in this part of the northeastern region?

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/a-dark-message-to-delhi-from-kangla-fort/article67793708.ece#:~:text=That%20an%20armed%20militia%20chose,to%20revive%20Meitei%20indigenous%20tradition%2C

THE CONTEXT: There is a growing concern of rising inequality in India amidst the frequent mention of exponential growth of the economy. The recent statement by the World Economic Forum (WEF)’s President that India is a $10 trillion economy in the making is one of the most recent of predictions on the future size of India’s economy.

MORE ON THE NEWS:

• There are instances of constant comments on achieving high growth in economy by leaders of the country. For example, in 2019, upon returning to office, Prime Minister said that India aimed to become a $5 trillion economy by 2024. This also includes the Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
• Though these leaders represent political parties with widely differing social agendas and ideologies, they seem united in their economic goals.
• Though, this has not materialised yet but has not deterred other political leaders from making predictions of, or expressing an aspiration for, a $1 trillion economy for their States.
• However, alongside this there is issue of unequal growth due to rising inequality in India.

WHAT IS INEQUALITY?

The United Nations describes inequality as “the state of not being equal, especially in status, rights and opportunities”.

Inequality can be broadly classified in to:

• Economic inequality: Economic inequality is the unequal distribution of income and opportunity between individuals or different groups in society.
• Social inequality: It occurs when resources in a given society are distributed unevenly based on norms of a society that creates specific patterns along lines of socially defined categories. For example, religion, kinship, prestige, race, caste, ethnicity, gender etc. have different access to resources of power, prestige and wealth depending on the norms of a society.

ISSUES

• Rising inequality: The most important issue to note about the recent growth in India is that it has been accompanied by growing inequality. It is important to recognise that this trend is not new. Having commenced in the 1980s, it picked up in the next decade, after which it has been unstoppable. It has, by now, reached levels that make India one of the more unequal societies in the world.
• Inadequate Data: The government agencies appear reluctant to supply data which creates difficulty to provide precise estimates of this inequality. But the world’s leading inequality researchers are very likely right in describing India as “a poor country with an affluent elite” highlighted as per ‘World Inequality Report’, 2022.
• Democracy goals: The growth dominates the economic agenda in democracies recently rather than addressing the legitimate aims. This bears mentioning, as a democracy is also meant to deliver other things than only unequal growth.
• Standard of living: Growth is an aspiration in India but given that the majority of the population is yet to attain a reasonable standard of living, there is a need to address the basics. The point highlighted is that a large economic size may not do much by the way of levelling the income of the presently excluded ones.
• Lacunae in Rural wage data: One of the reliable sources of data on wages is that on rural wage rates published by the Labour Bureau. These are based on actual market quotations rather than responses given to surveys. Also, unlike data gathered from income-tax records, which have value in determining the distribution of income, the wage data can convey information on the level of living at the bottom of the pyramid. A weakness of the Labour Bureau data, however, is that it presents data on wages of male workers alone. The absence of data on women workers is a serious omission as women have historically constituted approximately half the workforce in the cultivation of certain crops.
• Stagnant real wage: The Sixth Economic Census of India (2013-14) reports that 51.7% of the employed are in rural India, and, of these, the overwhelming majority (68.9%) are non-agricultural workers. It is estimated that the real wage rate has grown by 4.6% over the nine years from 2014 to 2022-23. This implies that for about 35% of India’s workforce, real wages have not grown since 2014. So, even though there is growth of the economy, per capita income at the bottom of the pyramid is not rising.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Ensure Constitutional Provision: Enforcement of Constitutional Guarantee of equality as enshrined in fundamental rights. Articles 14, 15 and 16 form part of a scheme of the Constitutional Right to Equality. Article 15 and 16 are incidents of guarantees of Equality, and gives effect to Article 14.
• Promoting Civil Society: There is a need to promote civil society groups like unions and association to address the issue of rising inequality in India.
• Voice to Vulnerable groups: There is a need to provide a greater voice to traditionally oppressed and suppressed groups. For example, Scheduled castes and Scheduled tribes should be motivated to become entrepreneurs and there should be initiatives for women empowerment.
• Strengthen government policies: There is a need to strengthen government policies like schemes like Stand up India need to be expanded to widen its reach by increasing funding. For gender equality policies affirmative action can be taken by reserving seats in legislatures, increasing reservation at Local self government, strict implementation of The Equal Remuneration act,1976 to remove wage gap.
• Progressive Taxes: There is a need to implement progressive taxes on wealthy and by increasing the effective taxation on corporations, more importantly broadening the tax base through better monitoring of financial transactions.
• Economic Policies: By ensuring universal access to public funded high quality services like Public health and education, social security benefits, employment guarantee schemes; inequality can be reduced to great extent.

• Employment Generation: The failure to grow manufacturing sectors like Textile, Clothing, automobiles, consumer goods etc. is the important reason of rising inequalities. The Labor-intensive manufacturing has the potential to absorb millions of people who are leaving farming while service sector tends to benefit majorly urban middle class.

THE CONCLUSION:

It can be concluded that the growth in India is unequal and it is not in the spirit of democracy to have such divergent economic outcomes. Governments need to ensure that its policies address these causes and ensure inclusive growth.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION

Q. Inequality has risen substantially from the 1980s onwards, due to profound transformations in the economy such as deregulation and the reforms of 1990s. Comment. (2019)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION

Q. Despite high economic growth, there are persistent issues of rising income inequality in India. In this context, discuss the causes of income inequality in India and suggest measures to address it.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/growth-mania-can-be-injurious-to-society/article67790032.ece

THE CONTEXT: The difference between India’s projected GDP growth and the slower growth rates in private final consumption, especially in the rural sector, is a cause for concern. The growth of rural wages not keeping pace with inflation and high demand for MGNREGA work suggests that the economy is still recovering from the pandemic’s impact despite the projected GDP growth figures.

ISSUES:

• Consumption and Income Disparities: Discrepancy between GDP growth and individual consumption reflects growing income disparities, with the brunt being borne by rural and lower to middle-income households.
• Rural Economic Fragility: Sales trends in FMCG and agricultural sectors, such as the decline in tractor sales, denote a weaker rural demand, hinting at deep-seated economic vulnerabilities.
• Inflationary Pressures: The nominal wage growth in rural areas is not adjusted for inflation, which could mean the real income growth is stagnant or negative.
• High Demand for MGNREGA: Despite purported economic recovery, the continued reliance on MGNREGA for employment indicates structural job market issues and persistent unmet demand for employment.
• Welfare versus Wage Growth: While government welfare schemes have successfully reduced multidimensional poverty, they are not a substitute for organic income growth through employment, ultimately driving sustainable consumption and economic growth.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Job Creation Initiatives: Promote policies that incentivize employment creation, especially in the private sector, including infrastructure development and support for entrepreneurship in rural areas.
• Managing Inflation: Ensure monetary and fiscal policies are attuned to manage inflation so that nominal wage increases translate to real income growth.
• Encouraging Private Investment: Implement reforms that boost investor confidence and attract investments in key sectors that can lead to job-rich growth.
• Rural Income Enhancement: Increase the real income of rural workers by augmenting initiatives like MGNREGA and promoting rural industrialization to create jobs outside the agricultural sector.
• Targeted Support for Agriculture: Offer more support to the agricultural sector through investment in technology and infrastructure, enabling better productivity and higher revenue potential.
• Comprehensive Job Creation: Foster an environment conducive to investment, which could lead to more robust job creation, particularly in industries with the potential to employ large labor forces and add value to the economy.
• Focus on Skill Development: Implement larger-scale skill development programs for urban and rural populations to prepare the workforce for current and future market demands.

THE CONCLUSION:

To ensure that the growth is sustainable and inclusive, there is an imperative to create employment opportunities that spur income growth and reduce inequality. This will lay the foundation for a cycle of positive economic outcomes where increased consumption demands are met by increased production and investments, leading to persistent, broad-based economic development.

UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTION:

Q.1) Do you agree with the view that steady GDP growth and low inflation have left the Indian economy in good shape? Give reasons in support of your arguments. (2019)

Q.2) It is argued that the strategy of inclusive growth is intended to meet the objectives of inclusiveness and sustainability together. Comment on this statement. (2019)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Evaluate the implications of the disparity between India’s GDP growth and private final consumption on the economy’s long-term sustainable development and suggest comprehensive policy measures to address the underlying socio-economic challenges.

SOURCE:

https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/indias-worrying-take-of-growth-9131963/

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: The International Court of Justice (ICJ) delivered an interim ruling on January 26 concerning South Africa’s genocide case against Israel, related to its actions in Gaza.

EXPLANATION:

• While the core question of whether Israel is committing genocide in Gaza remains unanswered, the ICJ mandated several provisional measures, marking a significant development in the ongoing conflict.

ICJ’s Jurisdiction and Dispute Existence:

• The World Court clarified its jurisdiction to consider the case, emphasizing the prima facie existence of a dispute between South Africa and Israel regarding the application of the Genocide Convention.
• This dispute was based on opposing views on Israel’s obligations under the convention, with South Africa expressing concerns and Israel dismissing notions of genocide in Gaza as “morally repugnant.”

Interim Measures Ordered by ICJ:

• The ICJ mandated six provisional measures in its interim ruling, indicating its commitment to addressing the complex situation in Gaza:
  • Prevention of Genocidal Acts: A 15:2 majority ruled that Israel must take all necessary measures to prevent genocidal acts in Gaza, in accordance with Article 2 of the United Nations’ 1948 Genocide Convention.
  • Immediate Ceasefire: Israel was directed to prevent its military from committing any genocidal acts “with immediate effect,” although a formal ceasefire was not explicitly ordered.
  • Incitement to Genocide: Sixteen out of 17 judges mandated that Israel must prevent and punish any direct and public incitement to commit genocide concerning Palestinians in Gaza.
  • Humanitarian Assistance: Israel is required to provide humanitarian assistance and essential services to Palestinians in Gaza, acknowledging them as a protected group under the Genocide Convention.
  • Preservation of Evidence: The court entrusted Israel with preserving evidence in Gaza related to alleged acts under Articles 2 and 3 of the Genocide Convention, ensuring access for fact-finding missions and international bodies.
  • Reporting to ICJ: By a 15:2 majority, Israel was instructed to submit a report within one month detailing the measures taken to implement the ruling.

Comments on Israel’s Actions in Gaza:

• The ICJ, while not making a conclusive determination on genocide, noted that “at least some of the acts and omissions” of Israel seemed to align with the Genocide Convention.
• The court highlighted Israel’s large-scale military operations causing civilian casualties, destruction of infrastructure, and displacement of 1.2 million people in Gaza.

Humanitarian Concerns and Lack of Ceasefire Order:

• Acknowledging the severity of the humanitarian crisis in Gaza, the ICJ expressed deep concern about the ongoing loss of life and human suffering.
• Despite this, the court refrained from ordering a ceasefire, citing potential challenges in rendering Israel defenseless against an attack.

Binding Nature and Enforcement:

• While ICJ rulings are legally binding, the court lacks enforcement mechanisms. The weight of its opinions, however, influences international institutions and the United Nations.
• The eventual determination on whether Israel is committing genocide is expected to be a prolonged process.

International Court of Justice

• The ICJ is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations (UN).
• The International Court of Justice is also known as the World Court. It was established in June 1945 by the Charter of the United Nations and began work in April 1946.
• The seat of the Court is at the Peace Palace in The Hague (Netherlands).
• Of the six principal organs of the United Nations, ICJ is the only one not located in New York (United States of America).
• Its official working languages are English and French
• All members of the UN are ipso facto parties to the statute, but this does not automatically give ICJ jurisdiction over disputes involving them.
• The ICJ gets jurisdiction only on the basis of the consent of both parties.
• The Charter of the United Nations was signed on 26 June 1945, in San Francisco, at the conclusion of the United Nations Conference on International Organisation and came into force on 24 October 1945.
• The Statute of the International Court of Justice is an integral part of the Charter.
• The ICJ consists of a panel of 15 judges elected by the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) and United Nations Security Council (UNSC) for nine-year terms.
• These organs vote simultaneously but separately. In order to be elected, a candidate must receive an absolute majority of the votes in both bodies.
• The Court does not include more than one national of the same State. Moreover, the Court as a whole represents the main forms of civilization and the principal legal systems of the world.

Conclusion:

• The ICJ’s interim ruling signifies a crucial step in addressing the complexities of the Gaza conflict.
• While stopping short of ordering a ceasefire, the mandated provisional measures underscore the court’s commitment to preventing genocidal acts and ensuring humanitarian assistance.
• The ongoing legal proceedings will shape the narrative surrounding Israel’s actions in Gaza, contributing to international discussions on the protection of vulnerable populations during armed conflicts.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION KINDLY REFER TO THE MAINS FOCUS OF 29^TH JANUARY 2024.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-global/icj-israel-genocide-emergency-measures-southa-africa-9130178/

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has marked a significant milestone in space exploration with the announcement of the INSAT-3DS satellite’s journey to the launch port at the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota.

EXPLANATION:

• Designed as an exclusive meteorological satellite, INSAT-3DS is set to enhance and ensure the continuity of services provided by its predecessors, INSAT-3D and 3DR.

INSAT-3DS:

• INSAT-3DS, is an exclusive meteorological satellite realized by ISRO.
• Its primary objective is to provide continuity of services to the existing in-orbit INSAT-3D and 3DR satellites and significantly enhancing the capabilities of INSAT system is flagged off to SDSC-SHAR launch port on January 25, 2024 for the launch onboard GSLV F14.
• The Satellite had successfully completed Satellite Assembly, Integration & Testing activities at U R Rao Satellite Centre, Bengaluru.
• Pre-Shipment Review (PSR) was held with the participation of members from user community on January 25, 2024.
• The satellite is a user funded project with Ministry of Earth Science (MoES), configured around ISRO’s well proven I-2k bus platform with a Lift-Off Mass of 2275 kg. Indian Industries have significantly contributed in the making of the Satellite.

DESIGN AND ADVANCED PAYLOADS:

• The satellite is designed for enhanced meteorological observations and monitoring of land and ocean surfaces for weather forecasting and disaster warning, with state-of-the-art payloads viz., 6 channel Imager & 19 channel Sounder meteorology payloads, communication payloads viz., The Data Relay Transponder (DRT) and Satellite aided Search and Rescue (SAS&R) transponder.

Data Relay Transponder (DRT):

• The DRT instrument plays a pivotal role in receiving meteorological, hydrological, and oceanographic data from automatic Data Collection Platforms and Automatic Weather Stations.
• This data augmentation significantly contributes to advancing weather forecasting capabilities.

Satellite-aided Search and Rescue (SAS&R) Transponder:

• The SAS&R transponder is strategically incorporated to relay distress signals and alert detections from beacon transmitters.
• With global receive coverage, this feature enhances search and rescue services, emphasizing the satellite’s role in addressing emergency situations.

Conclusion:

• As INSAT-3DS heads to the launch port, India’s capabilities in meteorological observation and disaster management are set to reach new heights.
• The satellite not only builds upon the successes of its predecessors but also signifies India’s commitment to advancing space technology for the betterment of weather forecasting, disaster warning, and global search and rescue efforts.
• The upcoming launch is a testament to ISRO’s continued innovation and its pivotal role in shaping India’s presence in the field of space exploration.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/insat-3ds-satellite-flagged-off-to sriharikota/article67785551.ece/amp/

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: The Economic Community of West African States (Ecowas) faces a significant upheaval as Niger, Mali, and Burkina Faso, all junta-led nations, declare their departure from the regional bloc.

EXPLANATION:

• This move comes after their suspension due to military coups, prompting tensions with Ecowas, which has been urging a return to democratic governance.

Sovereign Decision to Withdraw:

• In a joint statement broadcasted on state media, the three countries announced their withdrawal, describing it as a “sovereign decision.”
• They emphasized Ecowas’ deviation from its founding principles and Pan-African ideals, alleging influence by foreign powers and a failure to address the pressing issue of jihadist violence within their borders.

Founding Members’ Dissatisfaction:

• Niger, Mali, and Burkina Faso, founding members since Ecowas’ establishment in 1975, voiced their dissatisfaction, accusing the bloc of betraying its foundational principles.
• The joint statement portrayed Ecowas as a threat to member states and peoples, reflecting a broader discontent with the regional organization’s role and effectiveness.

Tensions Post-Military Coups:

• Relations between Ecowas and the three countries soured after military coups unfolded in Niger (2022), Burkina Faso (2022), and Mali (2020).
• The regional bloc consistently called for a return to civilian rule, heightening tensions as the junta-led nations resisted these calls.

Ecowas Response and Diplomacy:

• Ecowas responded to the withdrawal announcement, expressing its commitment to finding a negotiated solution.
• The bloc emphasized the three countries’ importance and insisted that it had not received formal notification about their withdrawal.
• Diplomatically, Ecowas faces the challenge of maintaining regional stability while addressing the concerns raised by the departing nations.

Formal Withdrawal Procedures:

• According to the Ecowas treaty, member states wishing to withdraw must provide written notice a year in advance and adhere to its provisions during that period.
• The formal withdrawal procedures raise questions about the legality and timing of the announced exit by Niger, Mali, and Burkina Faso.

Hardened Stance and Accusations:

• Despite suspension, sanctions, negotiations, and even threats of military intervention, the military leaders in the three nations have adopted a hardened stance.
• They accuse Ecowas of being influenced by external powers, distancing themselves from former colonial power France, strengthening ties with Russia, and forming The Alliance of Sahel States.

Security Concerns and Delayed Elections:

• The junta-led countries argue that their priority is to restore security before holding elections, citing challenges in containing jihadist insurgencies linked to al Qaeda and Islamic State.
• Niger seeks a transition period of up to three years, Mali delayed elections initially set for February, and Burkina Faso prioritizes the fight against insurgents over immediate elections.

Impacted Ecowas Delegation Meeting:

• A scheduled meeting between Ecowas and the junta in Niger faced disruption as the delegation’s aircraft developed technical problems, resulting in a postponement.
• The meeting aimed to discuss sanctions on Niger, further complicating the ongoing diplomatic efforts to address the political impasse.

ECOWAS

• The Heads of State and Government of fifteen West African Countries established the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) when they signed the ECOWAS Treaty on the 28th of May 1975 in Lagos, Nigeria.
• The Treaty of Lagos was signed by the 15 Heads of State and government of Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Sénégal and Togo, with its stated mission to promote economic integration across the region.
• The Senegalese President was represented by the Minister for Foreign Affairs.
• Cabo Verde joined the union in 1977.
• The only Arabic-speaking Member Mauritania withdrew in December 2000.
• Mauritania recently signed a new associate-membership agreement in August 2017.
• The ECOWAS region, which spans an area of 5.2 million square kilometres.
• The Member States are Benin, Burkina Faso, Cabo Verde, Côte d’Ivoire, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Sénégal and Togo.

Objectives:

• Promoting economic integration among member states.
• Facilitating the free movement of people, goods, and services.
• Enhancing regional cooperation in various sectors, including industry, transport, energy, and finance.
• Fostering a borderless region governed by democratic principles, the rule of law, and good governance.

Conclusion:

• The withdrawal of Niger, Mali, and Burkina Faso from Ecowas marks a critical moment in West African geopolitics, reflecting deep-seated dissatisfaction and tensions.
• As Ecowas navigates the complexities of diplomatic resolution and regional stability, the departure of these founding members raises questions about the organization’s future and its ability to address the evolving political landscape in the region.

SOURCE: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-68122947

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Cancer, a global public health challenge with escalating incidence rates, is now at the forefront of a medical revolution driven by genomic medicine.

EXPLANATION:

• Whole-genome sequencing emerges as a pivotal tool, enabling a comprehensive examination of an individual’s DNA in a single test.
• This transformation comes at a critical time when the World Health Organization anticipates a 60% rise in the cancer burden over the next decade.

Cancer and Genomic Basis:

• Cancer is fundamentally a genomic disease, characterized by uncontrolled cell division due to genetic changes.
• Genomic technologies, bolstered by initiatives like the Cancer Genome Atlas, have played a crucial role in decoding the molecular underpinnings of cancer.
• The focus has shifted to precision oncology, with nearly a third of FDA-approved therapies relying on DNA-based tests as biomarkers.

Precision Oncology and Molecular Tests:

• Precision oncology therapies, guided by molecular tests, are at the forefront of cancer treatment.
• The recent U.K. study, part of the ‘100,000 Genome Program,’ reinforces the potential of cancer genomics to revolutionize care.
• Molecular tests, often DNA-based, determine the eligibility of precision therapies, marking a paradigm shift in clinical approaches.

Whole-Genome Sequencing’s Role:

• At the heart of this revolution lies whole-genome sequencing, capable of deciphering an individual’s entire DNA – all 3.2 billion nucleotides – in a single, comprehensive test.
• This approach involves sequencing both healthy blood-derived DNA and cancerous tissue or tumor-derived DNA, offering a holistic understanding.

Insights from the U.K. Study:

• The U.K. study, involving over 13,800 cancer patients, showcases the transformative potential of cancer genomics.
• By integrating genome sequencing with routine clinical data, the study identifies new avenues for customizable cancer treatments.
• Notably, distinct DNA changes in brain tumors, bowel cancers, and lung cancers open up new therapeutic targets.

Implications for Challenging Conditions:

• The study’s findings extend to challenging conditions such as ovarian cancers and sarcomas.
• Approximately 10% of sarcomas exhibited genetic changes influencing treatment decisions, while a proportion of ovarian cancers was identified as potentially inherited.
• These revelations reshape our understanding of these conditions.

National Health Service (NHS) Vision:

• Aligned with England’s public health vision, particularly the NHS, the study underscores the real-world application of genomics in cancer care.
• Insights gained from large-scale studies are already influencing patient care, with hospital trusts incorporating preemptive genome sequencing for informed clinical decisions.

Caution and Nuanced Perspective:

• While the study marks a milestone, caution is advised regarding the use of information from whole-genome sequencing.
• The absence of available treatments for identified harmful genetic changes raises important considerations.
• However, ongoing advances in precision oncology are rapidly addressing these gaps.
• The future of cancer care involves a shift in clinical testing, integrating genomics, protein studies, and metabolite analysis (multi-omics).
• This holistic approach enhances the understanding of tumors, identifies molecular subtypes, and informs cancer progression and treatment.

Conclusion:

• The U.K. study serves as a cornerstone in the intersection of genomics and cancer care.
• While celebrating its transformative potential, the broader conversation must address the nuances of integrating genomics into standard cancer care protocols.
• As genomics research continues, it paves the way for a future where population-scale insights seamlessly guide clinical decision-making.
• It offers new horizons, opportunities, and inevitable challenges in the evolving landscape of cancer treatment.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/precision-oncology-therapies-whole-genome-sequencing-explained/article67782878.ece/amp/

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: AstroSat, India’s space telescope, has achieved a groundbreaking feat by measuring X-ray polarisation from the Cygnus X-1 black hole.

EXPLANATION:

• It marked a significant advancement in the study of black hole environments.

Background on Cygnus X-1:

• AstroSat is India’s first dedicated Space Astronomy Observatory.
• It was launched into a 650-km, 6° inclination orbit on September 28, 2015, with a lift-off mass of 1515 kg, by PSLV-C30 (XL) rocket from Satish Dhawan Space Centre Sriharikota.
• AstroSat carries a total of five scientific payloads enabling imaging, studying temporal and spectral properties of galactic and extra- galactic cosmic sources in a wide range of wavelengths on a common platform.
• Cygnus X-1, discovered over four decades ago, is among the first confirmed black hole systems in our galaxy.
• It is positioned at a distance approximately 400 times greater than the Earth-Sun distance.
• It comprises a black hole twenty times the Sun’s mass and a companion supergiant star, forty times more massive than the Sun, forming a binary system.

Instrumentation and Contribution:

• AstroSat spacecraft has the following five payloads:
  • Ultra Violet Imaging Telescope (UVIT), developed by IIA, consist of two identical telescopes of aperture 380 mm. One telescope covers FUV (130–180 nm) band and the other covers NUV (200–300 nm) and visible band (320–550 nm). The hyperbolic mirrors are super polished.
  • Large Area X-ray Proportional Counter (LAXPC), developed by TIFR has three identical gas detectors. LAXPC has a total effective area of 8000 cm2.
  • Cadmium–Zinc–Telluride Imager (CZTI), developed by TIFR works in 20–100 keV. The imaging capability is achieved with coded mask. CZTI also has the capability of making X-ray polarization measurements.
  • Soft X-ray Telescope (SXT), developed by TIFR, uses X-ray reflecting mirrors and an X-ray CCD for imaging and spectral studies in 0.3–8 keV.
  • Scanning Sky Monitor (SSM) developed by ISRO is an all sky monitor for detecting and monitoring transient sources and for follow-up studies of known X-ray sources in 2.5–10 keV region.

Significance of X-ray Polarisation:

• While normal X-ray measurements focus on energy or intensity, the polarisation of X-rays provides insights into the orientation of the oscillating electric field.
• This information unveils crucial details about the geometry and other properties of the black hole.

Connection to Black Hole Jet Emissions:

• The study successfully linked high-energy X-ray radiation to the black hole jet in Cygnus X-1.
• The measurement of high polarisation in the 100-380 keV range suggests that radiation emitted from the source above 100 keV likely originated from the black hole jet.

Scientific Implications:

• The polarization data obtained from Cygnus X-1 offers a unique perspective on the immediate vicinity of the black hole.
• from the Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics (IUCAA) highlighted that polarization, as one of the properties carried by photons, helps unveil information about the accelerating charged particles emitting light.

Conclusion:

• The successful measurement of X-ray polarisation from Cygnus X-1 by AstroSat represents a significant milestone in astrophysics.
• The study not only advances our understanding of black hole environments but also showcases the prowess of Indian space science and collaborative research efforts.
• The results open new avenues for unraveling the mysteries surrounding black hole jet emissions, contributing to the broader body of knowledge in the field.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/astrosat-detects-polarised-high-energy-x-rays-black-hole-9131164/

THE CONTEXT: The UN’s highest judicial body, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) ordered that Israel must take all measures within its power to prevent all acts within the scope of the Genocide Convention. The court was ruling on the nine provisional measures requested by South Africa in its genocide claim against Israel.

WHAT IS THE CASE BEFORE THE WORLD COURT?

• Earlier, South Africa approached the International Court of Justice (ICJ) to seek an immediate order affirming that Israel had violated its commitments under the 1948 Genocide Convention.
• South Africa accuses Israel of committing genocide against Palestinians in the Gaza Strip through military operations.
• In its application, South Africa argued that Israel, in its ongoing Gaza assault, has transgressed from the provisions of Article 2 of the Convention. This article defines the term “genocide” to mean “acts committed with intent to destroy, wholly or partly, a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group”.
• South Africa has also sought interim relief for the Palestinians and asked the ICJ to order Israel to immediately suspend all military operations in Gaza, as an interim measure.
• They argue that Israel’s actions meet the specific criteria outlined in the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide.
• The court did not agree to South Africa’s request for an immediate ceasefire in Gaza. However, it directed Israel to allow the entry of basic services and humanitarian assistance into the Palestinian enclave.

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

• The ICJ is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations (UN).
• The International Court of Justice is also known as the World Court. It was established in June 1945 by the Charter of the United Nations and began work in April 1946.
• The seat of the Court is at the Peace Palace in The Hague (Netherlands).
• Of the six principal organs of the United Nations, ICJ is the only one not located in New York (United States of America).
• Its official working languages are English and French
• All members of the UN are ipso facto parties to the statute, but this does not automatically give ICJ jurisdiction over disputes involving them.
• The ICJ gets jurisdiction only on the basis of the consent of both parties.
• The Charter of the United Nations was signed on 26 June 1945, in San Francisco, at the conclusion of the United Nations Conference on International Organisation and came into force on 24 October 1945.
• The Statute of the International Court of Justice is an integral part of the Charter.
• The ICJ consists of a panel of 15 judges elected by the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) and United Nations Security Council (UNSC) for nine-year terms.
• These organs vote simultaneously but separately. In order to be elected, a candidate must receive an absolute majority of the votes in both bodies.
• The Court does not include more than one national of the same State. Moreover, the Court as a whole represents the main forms of civilization and the principal legal systems of the world.

GENOCIDE CONVENTION

• The Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Genocide Convention) is an instrument of international law that codified for the first time the crime of genocide.
• The Genocide Convention was the first human rights treaty adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 9 December 1948. It signified the international community’s commitment to ‘never again’ after the atrocities committed during the Second World War.
• According to the Genocide Convention, genocide is a crime that can take place both in time of war as well as in time of peace.
• The definition of the crime of genocide, as set out in the Convention, has been widely adopted at both national and international levels, including in the 1998 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC).
• The Convention establishes on State Parties the obligation under Article IV to take measures to prevent and to punish the crime of genocide, including by enacting relevant legislation and punishing perpetrators, “whether they are constitutionally responsible rulers, public officials or private individuals”.
• That obligation, in addition to the prohibition not to commit genocide, have been considered as norms of international customary law and therefore, binding on all States, whether or not they have ratified the Genocide Convention.
• The Genocide Convention has been ratified or acceded to by 153 States (as of April 2022, with Zambia). Other 41 United Nations Member States have yet to do so. From those, 18 are from Africa, 17 from Asia and 6 from America.

SIGNIFICANCE OF ICJ RULING ON ISRAEL

• Rules based international order: The outcome holds significance not only for mitigating the crisis in Gaza but also as a crucial test for the “rules-based international order.” The ICJ‘s decisions in the coming months will play a pivotal role in shaping perceptions of the international legal framework.
• Protection of human rights: The judgement stands as a cornerstone in international efforts to prevent and punish the crime of genocide. It will act as a beacon in the pursuit of justice and the protection of human rights on a global scale.
• Legal accountability: The order is a moral and legal allegation of Israel for bombing health facilities, designated safe areas, and densely populated areas. The ICJ has directed Israel to take effective and immediate measures to ensure humanitarian assistance and basic services to Gaza.
• Preventing genocide: While Israel and its allies highlight the absence of an order to stop military action, it cannot be ignored that the order is tailored to achieving the objective of preventing genocide. That most of the provisional measures were favoured by a 15-2 majority shows a high degree of consensus on steps to prevent genocide.
• Prompting humanitarian action by Israel: The order makes it difficult for Israel to choose a policy of deliberate non-compliance. The ruling asks for a report in one month on steps taken to implement the measures can only mean that Israel has to demonstrate progress on the extent of humanitarian aid it has permitted.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Compensation for Palestine: There is a need for effective and immediate measures to ensure humanitarian assistance and basic services to Gaza to provide interim relief for the Palestinians.
• Israel Comply with ICJ: Israel must comply with ICJ’s order to prevent genocide, step up aid in Gaza at the earliest and immediately suspend all military operations in Gaza as an interim measure.
• Prevent genocide: There is a need to establish a credible expectation that the perpetrators of genocide and related crimes to held accountable as it can effectively contribute to a culture of prevention of genocide.
• Strengthen institutions: Efforts should be made to strengthen institutions like ICJ and UNSC in upholding international law and addressing human rights violations.

THE CONCLUSION:

Despite the absence of an explicit call for a ceasefire, the ruling handed down by the International Court of Justice is a momentous one that binds Israel to its obligation to prevent acts of genocide in its ongoing military operations in Gaza.

UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS  

Q.1 “India’s relations with Israel have, of late, acquired a depth and diversity, which cannot be rolled back.” Discuss. (2018)

Q.2 ‘Too little cash, too much politics, leave UNESCO fighting for life.’ Discuss the statement in the light of the US’ withdrawal and its accusation of the cultural body as being ‘anti-Israel bias’.(2019)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION

Recently, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) ordered Israel to prevent genocidal acts in Gaza. In this regard, discuss the impact of the ICJ ruling on the ongoing war and the challenges associated with its implementation.

NOTE: REFER TO DAILY NEWS ANALYSIS OF 29^TH JANUARY FOR MORE INFORMATION.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/momentous-ruling-on-israel-and-the-international-court-of-justice-order/article67786288.ece#:~:text=Despite%20the%20absence%20of%20an,ongoing%20military%20operations%20in%20Gaza.