TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Looking at the current trends of climate change, Aedes will spread into large parts of southern Europe and the United States, putting another 2bn people at risk of getting dengue.

EXPLANATION:

• Dengue fever, transmitted primarily by the Aedes aegypti mosquito, poses a growing threat to global health as its incidence continues to rise.
• The incidence of dengue fever has seen a dramatic increase in recent years, with the number of cases surpassing 5.9 million in 2024.
• This rise is attributed to various factors, including urbanization, climate change, and the expansion of the Aedes mosquito’s range.

Impacts of Dengue

• Dengue fever inflicts significant suffering on individuals and communities, characterized by severe joint pain, hemorrhage, and in some cases, death.
• Furthermore, the after-effects of the disease, such as fatigue and cognitive impairment, contribute to its burden on public health systems.
• The economic consequences are also notable, with affected countries experiencing decreased productivity and increased healthcare costs.

Factors Contributing to Dengue Spread

• Urbanization plays a significant role in the spread of dengue, as densely populated cities provide ample breeding grounds for Aedes mosquitoes.
• Additionally, climate change exacerbates the problem by expanding the mosquito’s habitat into previously unaffected regions.
• The disease’s emergence in new areas, including California, southern Europe, and subtropical Africa, underscores its global threat.

Challenges in Combatting Dengue

• Combatting dengue poses several challenges, particularly in resource-constrained regions.
• Traditional methods, such as bed nets used for malaria prevention, are ineffective against Aedes mosquitoes, which bite during the day.
• Furthermore, the vast territories and limited resources in some countries hinder efforts to control mosquito breeding grounds effectively.

Innovative Solutions

• Singapore’s approach to dengue prevention serves as a model for innovative solutions.
• By releasing mosquitoes infected with wolbachia bacteria, which prevents the transmission of dengue virus, Singapore has achieved significant reductions in dengue incidents.
• This approach, coupled with the development of new vaccines, offers a promising alternative to traditional control methods.

Way Forward

• As dengue continues to spread, it is essential to adopt a multifaceted approach to combat the disease effectively.
• Investment in innovative technologies, such as wolbachia-infected mosquitoes, alongside traditional mosquito control measures, is crucial.
• Additionally, international collaboration and knowledge-sharing can facilitate the implementation of successful strategies in regions heavily impacted by dengue.

Dengue:

• Dengue fever is a viral infection transmitted by mosquitoes, particularly the Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus species.
• It is a significant global health concern, affecting millions of people each year, with up to 400 million infections annually.
• Dengue can lead to severe illness and even death, with approximately 100 million people falling sick from the infection and around 40,000 deaths attributed to severe dengue.
• The disease is characterized by symptoms such as high fever, severe headache, muscle and joint pain, and in severe cases, symptoms like bleeding gums, fast breathing, and extreme fatigue.
• There is no specific treatment for dengue, and management focuses on alleviating symptoms, with severe cases requiring hospitalization.
• Prevention strategies include mosquito control measures and avoiding mosquito bites through protective clothing, insect repellent, and mosquito nets.
• Dengue is a mosquito-borne disease that poses a significant public health challenge globally, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions.

Aedes aegypti mosquito:

• The Aedes aegypti mosquito is a species of mosquito that is known for its ability to transmit various diseases, including dengue fever, chikungunya, Zika fever, and yellow fever.
• It is a small, dark mosquito with white lyre-shaped markings on its legs and a preference for biting indoors, primarily targeting humans.
• The female Aedes aegypti mosquito lays eggs in containers with water and plants near the home, which can survive for long periods of time without water, allowing them to be easily spread to new locations.
• The eggs are resistant to desiccation and can survive for six months or more.
• The larvae feed on small aquatic organisms, algae, and particles of plant and animal material in water-filled containers.
• The entire immature cycle can occur in as little as 7-8 days, and the life span for adult mosquitoes is around three weeks.

SOURCE: https://www.livemint.com/science/health/a-mosquito-borne-disease-is-spreading-as-the-planet-warms-11714354732023.html

THE CONTEXT: The chairman of the University Grants Commission (UGC) advocates for increased autonomy for colleges in India to enhance the quality of higher education. He argues that universities should be less controlling over autonomous colleges, citing the UGC’s practice of granting universities considerable freedom. Despite the theoretical benefits of autonomy, evidence from the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) does not strongly support the superiority of autonomous colleges in practice.

ISSUES:

• Need for Greater Autonomy: Universities must grant more autonomy to colleges. This autonomy is essential for improving the quality of higher education by allowing colleges to make independent decisions regarding curriculum design and academic innovations.
• Evidence of Autonomy’s Impact: Despite the push for autonomy, the evidence of its effectiveness is mixed. It mentions that only five out of the top ten colleges in the NIRF rankings are autonomous, suggesting that autonomy alone may not guarantee superior academic performance.
• Bureaucratic Challenges in Universities: The current state of Indian universities is bureaucratic and unresponsive. It argues that universities have become detached from their primary mission of knowledge dissemination and are not effectively supporting the colleges under their jurisdiction.
• Potential Benefits of Autonomy: Autonomy could allow colleges to tailor their educational offerings more closely to the needs of their students and the demands of the modern world. This includes flexibility in curriculum design and the ability to focus more on assessing and enhancing student learning.
• Quality Assurance in Autonomous Colleges: An independent review of autonomous colleges’ performance is needed to ensure that the quality of education does not suffer as more colleges gain autonomy. The UGC is urged to develop methods to maintain high standards as autonomy becomes more widespread.
• Immediate Reforms Suggested: The UGC could implement reforms to help colleges reach global standards. These include reducing the teaching load on faculty, allowing them more time for research and student interaction, and instituting student course evaluations to ensure high-quality teaching.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Independent Review and Quality Assurance Mechanisms: Before processing further applications for autonomy, the UGC should conduct an independent review of the performance of existing autonomous colleges. This review should assess the quality of teaching, curriculum relevance, and student outcomes. Based on this review, the UGC can develop a set of quality assurance mechanisms that autonomous colleges must adhere to. This could include periodic accreditation by independent bodies, like the system used by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) in the United States.
• Faculty Development and Reduced Teaching Loads: The UGC should revise the norms on teaching loads to align with global standards, allowing faculty members more time for research, self-improvement, and student engagement. This approach is in line with practices at leading universities worldwide, where faculty are encouraged to engage in research and professional development activities. Additionally, implementing comprehensive faculty development programs can enhance teaching skills and update faculty on the latest developments in their fields.
• Student-Centered Learning and Course Evaluations: Encourage autonomous colleges to adopt student-centered learning approaches, where students actively participate in their learning process. This can be facilitated by incorporating project-based learning, flipped classrooms, and online resources. Furthermore, instituting course evaluations by students, as practiced in universities globally, can provide valuable feedback for continuous improvement in teaching and learning.
• Curriculum Innovation and Industry Collaboration: Autonomous colleges should be encouraged to innovate curricula with industry and international academic partners. This can ensure that the curriculum remains relevant to the evolving needs of the job market and incorporates global best practices. Examples include dual degree programs, internships, and guest lectures from industry professionals.
• Financial and Administrative Autonomy: Colleges also need financial and administrative autonomy to benefit from academic independence. This would allow them to invest strategically in infrastructure, technology, and human resources. The UGC can facilitate this by providing guidelines and support for colleges to diversify their funding sources, including alumni donations, research grants, and public-private partnerships, like the endowment model used by many leading universities in the United States.

THE CONCLUSION:

The UGC should review the performance of existing autonomous colleges before approving new applications for autonomy to ensure quality standards are met. Immediate reforms suggested reducing lecture hours to align with global standards and implementing student evaluations of courses to improve faculty performance. Emphasizing the need for Indian higher education institutions to meet international standards, suggesting that autonomy alone is insufficient without significant structural changes and quality assurance measures.

UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTION:

Q. The quality of higher education in India requires significant improvements to make it internationally competitive. Do you think that the entry of foreign educational institutions would help improve the quality of higher and technical education in the country? Discuss. 2015

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q. Discuss the implications of granting autonomy to colleges in India to enhance the quality of higher education. Discuss the challenges and potential reforms needed to ensure that independence leads to global standards in education.

SOURCE:

https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-ugc-must-nudge-universities-to-excel/article68126128.ece

THE CONTEXT: India’s taxation issues focus on the low tax-to-GDP ratio and the regressive nature of the Goods and Services Tax (GST). The piece highlights the need for a broader income tax base and a more progressive tax system to address rising inequality and insufficient social spending. It also explores the potential of a wealth tax as a solution to these problems, referencing global examples and the opinions of wealthy individuals on higher taxation.

ISSUES:

• Low Tax-to-GDP Ratio: India has a low tax-to-GDP ratio, not due to high tax rates but to a narrow tax base. A broader income tax net is needed, as a significant exemption threshold currently leads to a small proportion of the population being subject to income tax.
• Regressive Nature of GST: The Goods and Services Tax (GST) is criticized for being regressive, disproportionately affecting the lower half of the income distribution. The rate of GST should be lowered to reduce the indirect tax burden on the poorer sections of society.
• Rising Inequality: Despite a reduction in poverty, income and wealth inequality in India are at their highest, posing a threat to social stability. Policies that address poverty and the widening gap between the rich and the poor are needed.
• Need for Social Spending: Increasing government spending on primary education and healthcare is called for to combat inequality and improve social welfare. However, a decline in the allocation of government budgets to these essential services underscores the need for enhanced tax collection.
• Wealth Tax as a Solution: A wealth tax could address inequality by taxing the wealth of the wealthiest individuals. However, it points out the challenges in assessing and taxing wealth, especially in assets like real estate, and suggests focusing on financial assets as a more feasible approach.
• Global Perspective on Wealth Tax: Referring to international examples of wealth taxes, it is argued that India, despite being a developing country, can implement such a tax, given its significant number of wealthy individuals.
• Public Support from the Wealthy: Some wealthy individuals have expressed support for higher taxes on the rich, recognizing the social responsibility to contribute more to society and prevent exacerbating inequality.
• Potential Benefits of Wealth Tax: A small wealth tax on financial assets above a certain threshold is proposed to generate significant revenue for social spending without deterring wealth or employment creation.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Implementing a Wealth Tax on Financial Assets: Given the complexity of assessing wealth, especially in real estate and gold, India could initially focus on taxing disclosed financial holdings above a certain threshold, such as Rs 100 crore. A modest rate, such as 0.1%, could be a starting point. This approach would target the ultra-wealthy without discouraging investment or causing capital flight. The success of this measure would rely on India’s digital infrastructure and financial data accuracy, which has improved significantly due to digitization.
• Enhancing Transparency and Compliance: India must enhance transparency and compliance mechanisms to address tax evasion and ensure the effectiveness of a wealth tax. This could involve leveraging technology to track financial transactions and assets more accurately and international cooperation to trace assets held abroad. Strengthening the legal framework to penalize tax evasion aggressively is also crucial.
• Addressing Inequality through Comprehensive Tax Reform: A wealth tax should be part of a broader effort to make the tax system more progressive and equitable. This includes revising income tax slabs and rates to ensure they align more with the economic realities of different income groups. Reducing the GST rate on essential goods and services could also help alleviate the regressive impact of indirect taxes on the poorer sections of society.
• Investing in Social Priorities: The additional revenue generated from a wealth tax should be earmarked for significant investments in primary education, healthcare, and other social priorities. This would help reduce inequality of opportunity and address some of the root causes of economic disparity in India.
• Engaging with the Wealthy: The government should dialogue with the wealthy to build consensus around the need for a wealth tax. Many wealthy individuals globally have supported higher taxes on the rich to address societal issues. By involving them in the conversation, India can work towards a wealth tax policy that is considered fair and necessary for the greater good.
• International Examples of Wealth Tax: Countries like Spain, Norway, Switzerland, and France have implemented various forms of wealth tax, demonstrating that it is feasible to tax wealth effectively. These countries have highly evolved financial systems that make tax evasion difficult, thus ensuring a fairer distribution of wealth. For instance, Norway’s wealth tax is applied to an individual’s total net worth, including real estate, bank deposits, and shares, with specific exemptions and thresholds to protect lower and middle-income groups. On the other hand, France recently shifted from a broader wealth tax to a tax specifically on real estate wealth, aiming to encourage economic investment.

THE CONCLUSION:

India should consider implementing a wealth tax on financial assets above a certain threshold to address its taxation and inequality issues. The piece suggests that such a tax, even at a low rate, could significantly contribute to social spending without deterring wealth or investment. It emphasizes the importance of addressing income and wealth inequality to maintain social stability and uphold the principles of democracy.

UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTION:

Q. Explain intra-generational and inter-generational equity issues from inclusive growth and sustainable development perspectives. 2020

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q. Discuss the potential benefits and challenges of implementing a wealth tax in India as a measure to address rising inequality and under-taxation while considering global practices and the Indian economic context.

SOURCE:

https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/towards-a-workable-wealth-tax-3000333

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Recent reports indicate that India is poised to become one of the top contributors to microplastic pollution in waterbodies, following China.

EXPLANATION:

• A new report predicts that by the end of 2024, a staggering 3,153,813 tonnes of microplastics will be released into the world’s waterways, with India accounting for a significant portion of this pollution.
• Microplastics not only pollute the environment but also carry chemical additives that accumulate in waterbodies, posing serious health risks.
• These additives, including heavy metals, flame retardants, and substances like bisphenol A, are known to cause neurotoxicity, inflammation, metabolic disorders, and cancer.
• The concentration of these additives in waterways further exacerbates the toxicity levels, impacting aquatic life and potentially human h

India’s Contribution to Microplastics and Chemical Additives:

• India’s escalating contribution to microplastic pollution is underscored by the release of 391,879 tonnes of microplastics, making it the second-largest polluter after China.
• Additionally, India is projected to release 31,483 tonnes of chemical additives from microplastics into waterbodies, further exacerbating environmental degradation and health risks.

Policy Responses and Initiatives:

• In response to the growing concern over microplastic pollution, India has initiated efforts to address the issue at both national and international levels.
• Ban on Single-Use Plastics: India has imposed bans on certain single-use plastic items like plates, cups, and polystyrene (Thermocol) to reduce plastic waste and microplastic pollution. Despite these bans, enforcement challenges persist, leading to the continued presence of banned items in the market. The Plastic Waste Management Rule was also amended to regulate the thickness of plastic carry bags, aiming to reduce their breakdown into microplastics.
• Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR): India has adopted an EPR approach, where producers are held responsible for managing the waste generated by their products. This strategy incentivizes waste prevention, promotes eco-friendly product design, and supports recycling and materials management goals. The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has played a crucial role in formulating and implementing these initiatives.
• Un-Plastic Collective (UPC): The Un-Plastic Collective, a voluntary initiative launched by UNEP-India, Confederation of Indian Industry, and WWF-India, aims to minimize the negative impacts of plastics on the environment and society. This collective seeks to address the ecological and social health implications of plastic pollution.
• At the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC-4), India emphasized the importance of scientific and technical innovation to prevent plastic release into waterways.
• Furthermore, India advocated for the inclusion of extended producer responsibility (EPR) mechanisms in domestic waste management programs to tackle plastic pollution at its source.

Micro-plastics:

• Micro-plastics are very small (generally less than 5 millimeters in size) plastic particles that can originate from a variety of sources, such as ingredients in cigarette filters, textile fibers and cleaning or personal care products, and dust from car and truck tires, as well as from larger plastic products broken down by the effects of the sun, wind and ocean waves.
• There are two types of micro-plastics: “primary” and “secondary” micro-plastics.
  • Primary micro-plastics are manufactured to be tiny in order to serve a specific function for example, as an abrasive in a consumer product.
  • Secondary micro-plastics come from the breakdown of larger plastic items.

Challenges and Recommendations:

• Despite these efforts, challenges persist in effectively managing plastic waste and curbing microplastic pollution.
• The rise in plastic production and inadequate waste management capacity continue to outpace improvements in recycling and waste management.
• Therefore, the assumption that recycling alone can mitigate the plastics crisis is flawed, necessitating a comprehensive approach that includes reducing plastic production, enhancing waste management infrastructure, and implementing stricter regulations on plastic usage and disposal.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/waste/in-2024-india-to-be-among-top-4-contributors-of-microplastics-released-into-waterbodies-95883

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: April in India has been marked by an unprecedented surge in temperatures, leading to widespread heatwave conditions across various regions of the country.

EXPLANATION:

• The India Meteorological Department (IMD) has recorded significant heatwave occurrences, particularly in southern peninsular and southeastern coastal areas.

Areas Prone to Heatwaves:

• The Core Heatwave Zone (CHZ) spanning central, north, and peninsular India between Gujarat and West Bengal is traditionally susceptible to heatwave conditions.
• States like Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Odisha, and Telangana, among others, are recurrently affected by heatwaves during the summer months.
• However, recent observations suggest an expansion of heatwave-affected areas beyond the CHZ, encompassing states like Kerala and Sikkim.

IMD’s Criteria for Declaring Heatwaves:

• The IMD declares a heatwave when the maximum temperature recorded over at least two localities in plains reaches 40 degrees Celsius or exceeds 4.5 degrees Celsius from normal.
• For hilly and coastal regions, the threshold temperatures are 30 degrees Celsius and 37 degrees Celsius, respectively.
• A severe heatwave is declared if the temperature departure exceeds 6 degrees Celsius from normal.
• Two primary factors contribute to the extreme heat witnessed in April.
  • Firstly, the year 2024 began with an El Niño weather pattern, characterized by abnormal warming of surface waters in the equatorial Pacific Ocean.
  • El Niño events typically lead to elevated temperatures, prolonged heatwaves, and reduced pre-monsoon rainfall.
  • Secondly, the persistent presence of anticyclone systems over southern peninsular and southeastern coastal areas exacerbates the heat.
  • These high-pressure systems induce air subsidence, generating additional heat at the Earth’s surface.

Extent of Heatwaves in April:

• Except for a few days, the entirety of April has seen either localized or widespread heatwave conditions across India.
• Regions like Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Kerala have been particularly affected, experiencing prolonged periods of severe heatwaves.
• Notably, the inclusion of states like Kerala and Sikkim in the list of heatwave-affected areas underscores the expanding geographical reach of heatwaves beyond traditional hotspots.

Implications and Future Concerns:

• The intensification and broadening of heatwave occurrences in India raise concerns about the implications of climate change on weather patterns and regional climates.
• The findings align with reports from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), indicating a shift in heatwave dynamics towards previously unaffected regions.
• Addressing these challenges necessitates proactive measures in climate adaptation, urban planning, and resource management to mitigate the adverse effects of rising temperatures.

Core Heatwave Zone (CHZ):

• The Core Heatwave Zone (CHZ) refers to a region that is particularly vulnerable to severe heatwaves and high temperatures.
• This zone includes areas where heatwaves are more frequent and intense, leading to significant health risks and impacts on communities.
• Regions falling under the Core Heatwave Zone, such as Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Delhi, Haryana, Bihar, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand, have experienced extreme heat events that have resulted in adverse effects on human health and well-being.
• The Core Heatwave Zone designation helps to highlight areas where proactive measures and interventions are crucial to enhance community resilience and mitigate the impacts of heatwaves.
• Efforts by organizations like SEEDS India focus on making communities in the Core Heatwave Zone more resilient during heatwaves through targeted interventions and strategies aimed at reducing vulnerabilities and enhancing preparedness.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-climate/heatwaves-april-9297681/

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: The recent hearing in the Supreme Court regarding the acquisition and redistribution of private property has brought into focus the complex legal issue surrounding Article 31C of the Indian Constitution.

EXPLANATION:

Article 31C:

• This provision was introduced in 1971 through the Constitution (Twenty-fifth) Amendment Act.
• It aims to protect laws enacted to ensure the equitable distribution of material resources for the common good, as outlined in Article 39(b) and 39(c) of the Directive Principles of State Policy.
  • Article 39(b) and (c)-
    • Clauses (b) and (c) of Article 39 provide:
    • “The State shall, in particular, direct its policy towards securing-
    • (b) that the ownership and control of the material resources of the community are so distributed as best to subserve the common good;
    • (c) that the operation of the economic system does not result in the concentration of wealth and means of production to the common detriment.”
• Article 31C was introduced in response to the Supreme Court’s decision in the “Bank Nationalisation Case” (Rustom Cavasjee Cooper vs Union of India, 1970), which challenged the government’s ability to acquire property without adequate compensation.
• In 1976, Parliament enacted The Constitution (Forty-second) Amendment Act, which expanded the protection under Article 31C to “all or any of the principles laid down in Part IV of the Constitution”, under clause 4.
• As a result, every single directive principle (Articles 36-51) was protected from challenges under Articles 14 and 19 of the Constitution.
• • • Articles 14 states that the State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India, on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth.
    • Article 19 guarantees to every Citizen of India the following six basic, fundamental freedoms-

19(a). Freedom of speech and expression.

19(b).Freedom to assemble peaceably and without arms

19(c). Freedom to form associations or unions or co-operative societies

19(d). Freedom to move freely throughout the territory of India

19(e). Freedom to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India and

19(g). Freedom to practise any profession, or to carry on any occupation trade or business

Legal Challenges and Complications:

• The Kesavananda Bharati case (1973) introduced the concept of the “basic structure” of the Constitution, leading to the partial striking down of Article 31C.
• Subsequent amendments, notably the Constitution (Forty-second) Amendment Act in 1976, expanded the scope of Article 31C to protect all Directive Principles from challenges under Articles 14 and 19.
• However, the Minerva Mills v. Union of India case (1980) further complicated matters by striking down parts of the 42nd Amendment, raising questions about the continued validity of Article 31C.

Current SC Proceedings:

• The ongoing case in the Supreme Court revolves around the interpretation of Article 39(b) in relation to private property acquisition laws, particularly Chapter VIII-A of the Maharashtra Housing and Area Development Act, 1976.
• The key question before the court is whether Article 31C remains valid following the Minerva Mills judgment, or if it has been effectively nullified.

Arguments Presented:

• Senior Advocate contends that the original Article 31C was superseded by the 42nd Amendment, implying that its subsequent invalidation in Minerva Mills rendered it defunct.
• Conversely, Solicitor General Tushar Mehta argues for the doctrine of revival, asserting that the pre-amended provisions of Article 31C should be reinstated following the Minerva Mills decision.

Implications and Future Directions:

• The outcome of the Supreme Court’s deliberation on Article 31C will have far-reaching implications for the balance between fundamental rights and Directive Principles, particularly in matters concerning private property rights.
• The court’s decision will shape the legal landscape surrounding socio-economic reforms and the extent of judicial scrutiny over laws aimed at achieving these reforms.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-law/article-31c-supreme-court-fundamental-right-private-property-9297379/

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The pharmaceutical company AstraZeneca is being sued in a class action over claims that its vaccine against Covid-19, developed with the University of Oxford, caused death and serious injury, including TTS — Thrombosis with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome — which causes people to have blood clots and a low blood platelet count.

EXPLANATION:

• The legal action, involving 51 cases in the High Court, seeks damages estimated to be up to £100 million.
• The first case, initiated by Jamie Scott in 2023, highlights the severity of the situation, with victims and their families seeking justice for the adverse effects experienced after receiving the vaccine.

AstraZeneca’s Admission and Response:

• While AstraZeneca is contesting the claims, it admitted in court documents submitted to the High Court in February that its vaccine can cause TTS in very rare cases.
• This acknowledgment marks a significant development in the legal proceedings, indicating a shift in AstraZeneca’s stance on the vaccine’s potential side effects.
• However, the company maintains its position on the vaccine’s efficacy and denies the allegations of defects and overstatement of efficacy.

Impact on Affected Individuals and Families:

• Victims and their families affected by the adverse effects of the Covishield vaccine express frustration over the delayed acknowledgment by AstraZeneca.
• The need for accountability, fair compensation, and swift resolution of the issue have been emphasized.
• The prolonged legal battle underscores the emotional and financial toll on those affected, who seek closure and restitution for their suffering.

Legal and Ethical Considerations:

• The legal claims against AstraZeneca raise questions about patient safety, accountability, and corporate responsibility in the development and distribution of vaccines.
• The role of regulatory authorities in ensuring stringent standards for vaccine safety is scrutinized, highlighting the complexities of balancing public health interests with individual rights and concerns.

AstraZeneca Covishield:

• The AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine, also known as Covishield, is a viral vector vaccine developed by Oxford University and AstraZeneca.
• It is marketed under the brand name Covishield by the Serum Institute of India and has been widely administered in the country.
• The vaccine has been associated with rare cases of unusual blood clots with low blood platelets, particularly in women under the age of 60.
• Despite these rare side effects, regulatory agencies emphasize that the benefits of the AstraZeneca vaccine in preventing COVID-19 and reducing severe illness and death outweigh the risks.
• The vaccine is typically administered in two doses, with the second dose given between 4 and 12 weeks after the first dose, except in specific circumstances where major thrombosis with thrombocytopenia has occurred or for individuals under 40 without underlying health conditions who may be offered an alternative vaccine based on national guidelines.

Thrombosis with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome:

• Thrombosis with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (TTS) is a rare condition characterized by the formation of blood clots (thrombosis) combined with low platelet counts (thrombocytopenia).
• This syndrome has been associated with the AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine, particularly in rare cases where individuals develop unusual blood clots with low platelets after vaccination.
• Symptoms of TTS can affect various parts of the body, including the brain, leading to severe and persistent headaches, blurred vision, difficulty speaking, seizures, and confusion.
• Other symptoms may involve difficulty breathing, chest pain, leg swelling, abdominal pain, and tiny blood spots under the skin.
• Treatment for TTS typically includes anticoagulant medications, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), and high-dose steroids.
• Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial due to the potential rapid deterioration of patients with TTS.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/world/astrazeneca-covid-19-vaccine-covishield-side-effects-9298024/

TAG: GS 1: GEOGRAPHY

THE CONTEXT: Indonesia’s Ruang volcano, located approximately 100 km from the provincial capital of Manado, erupted once again, unleashing “explosive” flows of incandescent lava into the night sky.

EXPLANATION:

• The eruption, which occurred recently, led to a dramatic increase in volcanic activity, prompting authorities to elevate the alert status to its highest level.
• The eruption of Ruang volcano recently was characterized by the spewing of incandescent lava and rocks into the air, illuminated by flashes of lightning within the crater.
• Footage shared by Indonesia’s disaster mitigation agency captured the intensity of the eruption, with fiery red clouds billowing from the crater and lava raining down on the surrounding area.
• The eruption column reached a height of 2 km, indicating the significant magnitude of the event.
• In response to the eruption, the Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation raised the alert status to the highest level, urging residents within a 6-km radius to evacuate immediately.
• The spike in seismic activity, particularly deep volcanic earthquakes, further underscored the urgency of the situation.
• The authorities emphasized the potential for further “explosive eruptions,” necessitating swift evacuation measures to ensure public safety.

Impact on Infrastructure and Communities:

• The eruption forced the closure of Sam Ratulangi airport in Manado due to the potential spread of volcanic ash, disrupting air travel in the region.
• This closure is reminiscent of similar actions taken earlier in the month following previous eruptions.
• Additionally, the eruption caused damage to homes in the vicinity, highlighting the direct impact on local communities.
• Most notably, over 800 residents of the island of Ruang were evacuated in the wake of the recent eruptions, emphasizing the need for ongoing support and relief efforts.

Alert Status and Regional Context:

• Indonesia’s strategic location within the “Pacific Ring of Fire” exposes it to high seismic activity, with multiple tectonic plates converging in the region.
• The escalation of Ruang volcano’s alert status from level 3 to level 4 reflects the evolving nature of volcanic activity and the need for continued monitoring and preparedness.
• This event serves as a reminder of the constant threat posed by volcanic eruptions in Indonesia and the broader implications for regional safety and infrastructure.

Mount Ruang:

SOURCE: https://www.deccanherald.com/world/indonesias-ruang-volcano-erupts-again-alert-status-at-highest-3000702

THE CONTEXT: The importance of statistical thinking in the context of the Supreme Court of India’s decision on the sample size for Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT)–based audit of Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) cannot be ignored. It emphasizes that truths in science, mathematics, and statistics cannot be established through legislative or judicial fiats, highlighting the need for statistically significant sample sizes in the audit of EVMs to ensure election integrity.

ISSUES:

• Inadequacy of Sample Size: The Supreme Court’s decision on the statistically inadequate sample size for VVPAT-based audits of EVMs is questionable. The prescribed sample size does not conform to the fundamental principles of statistical sampling theory, potentially failing to detect defective EVMs.
• Lack of Transparency: The Election Commission of India (ECI) and the Supreme Court lack clarity and transparency regarding the definition of the ‘population’ of EVMs for sampling and the subsequent steps if a defective EVM is found.
• Risk of EVM Malfunction or Manipulation: Despite claims of no mismatches, EVMs are susceptible to malfunction or manipulation, and the current audit system may not adequately address or reveal these issues due to the small sample size.
• Judicial and Administrative Oversight: The judiciary and administrative bodies are being criticized for not demanding more rigorous statistical methods and transparency in the auditing process of EVMs.
• Misunderstanding of Statistical Principles: Political figures and parties are criticized for demanding arbitrary percentage samples for EVM audits, which reflects a misunderstanding of how statistical accuracy is achieved.
• Need for a Statistically Sound Audit System: A statistically sound VVPAT-based audit system that can detect mismatches with high accuracy is quintessential. Results should be declared based on EVM counts only where there is a perfect match. Otherwise, manual counting of VVPAT slips should be mandated.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Define the Population: Clearly define the ‘population’ of EVMs for each Assembly and Parliamentary Constituency. This clarity is essential for determining the appropriate sample size and subsequent steps in case a defective EVM is detected.
• Determine Statistically Significant Sample Size: Use statistical sampling theory to determine a sample size that can detect defective EVMs with high confidence (99% or 99.9%). This involves calculating the sample size based on the population size, the acceptable risk level (type I and type II errors), and the expected rate of defective EVMs.
• Random Sampling: Ensure that the sample of EVMs for VVPAT verification is selected randomly from the defined population. This randomness is crucial for the integrity and reliability of the audit process.
• Immediate Verification: Conduct the matching exercise between EVM counts and VVPAT slips at the beginning rather than at the end of the counting day. This allows for immediate action in case of discrepancies.
• Action in Case of Mismatch: If a mismatch between the EVM count and the VVPAT count is detected in the sample, manual counting of VVPAT slips should be conducted for all remaining EVMs of the ‘population’. The results should then be declared based on the VVPAT count.
• Transparency and Public Trust: Transparently disclose the methodology used for sampling, the results of the VVPAT verification, and the actions taken in case of mismatches. This transparency is vital for building and maintaining public trust in the electoral process.
• Continuous Review and Improvement: Regularly review and update the sampling methodology and audit process based on technological advancements, electoral landscape changes, and stakeholder feedback. This ensures that the system remains robust and effective in detecting and addressing any issues with EVMs.

THE CONCLUSION:

The Supreme Court’s decision not to demand transparency from the Election Commission of India regarding the definition of ‘population’ for sample size is criticized, and the steps to be taken in case of a mismatch are also criticized. It argues for implementing a statistically sound VVPAT-based EVM audit system that can detect mismatches with high accuracy, advocating for a ‘management by exception’ approach to ensure the integrity of election results.

UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTION:

Q. In the light of recent controversy regarding the use of Electronic Voting Machines (EVM), what are the challenges before the Election Commission of India to ensure the trustworthiness of elections in India? 2018

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q. Discuss the significance of adopting a statistically sound VVPAT-based system for EVM audit in ensuring the integrity of electoral processes. Evaluate the implications of the Supreme Court’s verdict on the sample size for the VVPAT audit in the context of the Association for Democratic Reforms vs Election Commission of India and Another (2024). Suggest measures to enhance the reliability of the electoral audit process.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-evm-vvpat-case-judgment-is-disappointing/article68122171.ece

THE CONTEXT: The Model Code of Conduct (MCC) in India represents a significant effort to ensure fair and ethical conduct during elections. Initially established as a simple set of guidelines for the Kerala Assembly election in 1960, the MCC has evolved through consultations with political parties and amendments. It aims to regulate the behavior of political parties and candidates, preventing abuse of power and ensuring a level playing field. Despite its evolution, the MCC faces challenges in enforcement, with increasing instances of violations that exploit the gaps between the letter and spirit of the code.

ISSUES:

• Evolution and Expansion of the MCC: The MCC began as a modest set of guidelines for the Assembly election in Kerala in 1960 and has evolved over the years. It now includes comprehensive rules that govern the conduct of political parties and candidates during elections to ensure fair play.
• Challenges in Enforcement: Despite its comprehensive nature, the MCC’s enforcement faces challenges. Violations have become more common, with political leaders using their influence and resources to circumvent the rules. This has led to a need for stricter enforcement and clearer consequences for violations.
• Need for Stronger Penalties: The current MCC framework does not clearly spell out the consequences for violations, which dilutes its deterrent effect. A proposal to impose more severe penalties for violations, such as bans on campaigning and public appearances and even disqualification from the election process for repeated violations, is being considered.
• Vicarious Liability of Political Parties: A significant shift in approach is the introduction of vicarious liability, where political parties are held accountable for violations committed by their members. This includes serving notices to parties instead of just the individuals, which could lead to punitive actions against the parties.
• Streamlining the Violation Handling Process: There is a call for a more streamlined and efficient process for handling violations. This includes taking punitive action within 72 hours of a breach to maintain the impact and credibility of the enforcement process.
• Public Confidence and Transparency: Enhancing public confidence in the electoral process is crucial. This involves strict enforcement of the MCC and maintaining transparency about the actions taken against violations. Publicly displaying cases of breaches and their status on the EC website could help in building trust among the electorate.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Strengthening Enforcement Mechanisms: Clearly define the punitive measures for violations of the MCC. This could include fines, temporary bans from campaigning, or even longer-term bans for repeated offenses. Establish a protocol for the Election Commission (EC) to take immediate action within a set timeframe (e.g., 72 hours) to address violations. This would help maintain the integrity of the electoral process and enhance public confidence in the EC’s responsiveness.
• Enhancing Transparency and Accountability: Maintain a public database of all reported MCC violations and their resolution status. This transparency would help hold political parties and candidates accountable and educate the public and media on ongoing issues. The EC should provide regular updates about actions taken on violations during the election period, which would help maintain a clean electoral environment.
• Legal and Regulatory Reforms: Work towards legislative backing for the MCC to give it statutory power, allow legal proceedings against violators, and make the code more formidable and respected. Regularly update and revise the MCC guidelines to keep up with new electioneering methods and technologies that may be exploited to skirt existing rules.
• Involving Stakeholders: Continuously engage with political parties to revise and update the MCC, ensuring it reflects a consensus among all stakeholders and is respected by all. Increase efforts to educate voters and the community about the MCC, why it is essential, and how they can report suspected violations. This could involve partnerships with NGOs and civil society organizations.
• Integration with Law Enforcement: Collaboration with Police and Judiciary: Ensure that any MCC violation connected with legal provisions is immediately handed over to law enforcement agencies. This would require a seamless interface between the EC and law enforcement to ensure swift action.
• Leadership and Ethical Campaigning: Launch campaigns to promote ethical campaigning among political parties and candidates. Highlight the importance of integrity and ethics in securing public trust and the successful conduct of elections.

THE CONCLUSION:

The effectiveness of the Model Code of Conduct hinges on its strict enforcement and the introduction of clear, punitive consequences for violations. The Election Commission’s recent approach of holding political parties accountable for individual violations suggests a move towards greater responsibility and accountability. However, the ultimate success of the MCC in fostering fair and ethical election practices depends on the collective will of political leaders to adhere to its principles. Beyond regulations, the character and integrity of political leaders play a crucial role in upholding the spirit of democracy and ensuring the conduct of free and fair elections.

UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTION:

Q. Discuss the role of the Election Commission of India in the light of the evolution of the Model Code of Conduct. 2022

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q. Evaluate the effectiveness of the Model Code of Conduct (MCC) in ensuring free and fair elections in India. Discuss the challenges in its enforcement and suggest measures to enhance its efficacy.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/election-commission-model-code-of-conduct-reform-9293757/

TAG: GS 1:  GEOGRAPHY

THE CONTEXT: The “kallakkadal phenomenon” has emerged as a significant threat to the coastal areas of Kerala and Tamil Nadu, prompting alerts from central agencies and raising concerns among fishermen and coastal residents.

EXPLANATION:

Nature of the “Kallakkadal Phenomenon”

• The “kallakkadal phenomenon” refers to the sudden swell of the seas, leading to rough waves along the coastline.
• This phenomenon is characterized by its unpredictability, as it can occur suddenly without specific indications or warnings.
• Strong winds in the southern part of the Indian Ocean are believed to trigger these sudden surges, earning the term “kallakkadal,” meaning a sea that comes suddenly like a thief.
• The sudden swell of the seas poses various risks to fishermen, coastal residents, and maritime activities.
• Rough waves can endanger fishing vessels and other boats, increasing the risk of collisions and accidents.
• Coastal communities may face disruptions to livelihoods and infrastructure damage due to the impact of rough seas.
• Additionally, activities at sea, such as fishing and recreational boating, become hazardous during this phenomenon, necessitating caution and preventive measures.

Alerts and Precautionary Measures

• Central agencies like the Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) play a crucial role in issuing alerts and advisories to mitigate risks associated with the “kallakkadal phenomenon.”
• Recommendations include staying away from danger zone areas, safely mooring fishing vessels in harbors, and maintaining a safe distance between boats to prevent collisions.
• Coastal residents are advised to avoid trips to the beach and refrain from engaging in activities at sea until the phenomenon subsides.

Response and Preparedness

• Efforts to enhance preparedness and response to the “kallakkadal phenomenon” involve coordination among government agencies, coastal communities, and relevant stakeholders.
• Training programs, awareness campaigns, and the dissemination of timely information help build resilience and minimize the impact of sudden sea swells.
• Additionally, investing in early warning systems and monitoring technologies strengthens the capacity to anticipate and respond to such events effectively.

Future Considerations

• As climate change continues to influence weather patterns and ocean dynamics, the frequency and intensity of extreme events like the “kallakkadal phenomenon” may increase.
• Therefore, there is a need for ongoing research, monitoring, and adaptation strategies to address emerging risks and safeguard coastal communities’ well-being.
• Collaborative efforts at the national and regional levels are essential to build resilience and ensure the sustainable management of coastal ecosystems.

Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS):

• INCOIS was established as an autonomous body in 1999 under the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) and is a unit of the Earth System Science Organisation (ESSO).
• It is mandated to provide the best possible ocean information and advisory services to society, industry, government agencies and the scientific community through sustained ocean observations and constant improvements through systematic and focussed research.
• It provides round-the-clock monitoring and warning services for the coastal population on tsunamis, storm surges, high waves, etc. through the in-house Indian Tsunami Early Warning Centre (ITEWC).
• It provides daily advisories to fisher folk to help them easily locate areas of abundant fish in the ocean while saving on both fuel and time used to search for the same.

SOURCE: https://www.deccanherald.com/india/tamil-nadu/kallakkadal-phenomenon-threatens-kerala-southern-tamil-nadu-coastlines-2999183

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: The recent appointments of A Ganesh Kumar and Debasis Kundu to the National Statistical Commission mark a significant step towards strengthening India’s statistical infrastructure.

EXPLANATION:

• It highlights the importance of the National Statistical Commission, the role of its newly appointed members, and the broader context of reforms in the country’s statistical system.

National Statistical Commission

• The Government of India through a resolution dated 1st June, 2005 set up the National Statistical Commission (NSC).
• It is an autonomous organization which works under Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation.
• The setting up of the NSC followed the decision of the Cabinet to accept the recommendations of the Rangarajan Commission, which reviewed the Indian Statistical System in 2001.
• The NSC was constituted with effect from 12th July 2006 with a mandate to evolve policies, priorities and standards in statistical matters.
• The NSC has four Members besides a Chairperson, each having specialization and experience in specified statistical fields.
• Its mandate includes enhancing the quality of statistical surveys, suggesting standards, and coordinating with various departments to ensure comprehensive data collection and analysis.
• The primary purpose of the National Statistical Commission is to serve as the nodal body for basic statistical activities in India.
• It sets standards for statistical surveys, recommends methodologies for data collection, and fosters coordination among different government departments.
• Over the years, the commission has played a vital role in shaping the country’s statistical policies and practices.

Manner of selection of part-time Chairman and Members of the NSC and the Chief Statistician of India:

• The Chairman, Members and Chief Statistician of India will be selected on the basis of the recommendations of a Search Committee duly constituted by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation for the purpose.
• The Search Committee shall recommend names of three persons to the Government of India for selection as Chairperson and one of them would be nominated as the Chairperson.
• The Search Committee shall also recommend the names of two persons from each of the four categories of fields of specialization and names of two persons for Chief Statistician of India.
• The Government of India shall nominate one member from each of the categories and one person as the Chief Statistician of India and appoint them.

Resignation, Removal etc. of a Chairperson or a Member

• The Chairperson and any other member, may, by notice in writing under his hand address to the President, resign his post.
• Notwithstanding this, the President may by order remove from office the Chairperson or a Member if he/she
  • Is adjudged an insolvent or
  • Gets convicted and sentenced to imprisonment for an offence which in the opinion of the President involves moral turpitude or
  • Is, in the opinion of the President, unfit to continue in office by reason of infirmity of mind or body or
  • If in the opinion of the President has so abused his/her position has to render that persons continuance in office detrimental to the interest of the statistical system, or
  • Becomes an un-discharged solvent and
  • Refuses to act or becomes incapable of acting.

Recent Initiatives and Committees

• In the past year, the commission has undertaken several initiatives to improve survey processes and enhance the quality of statistical data.
• This includes the establishment of expert committees to address issues such as the integration of technology into surveys, sampling methodologies, and statistical methods.
• These efforts underscore the commission’s commitment to modernizing India’s statistical infrastructure.

Context of Reforms in Statistical System

• The appointments of new members come at a time when there are calls for reforming India’s statistical system.
• The Prime Minister’s recent meeting to discuss the overhaul of the statistical system reflects the government’s recognition of the need for modernization and strengthening of statistical infrastructure.
• Empowering the National Statistical Commission is seen as a crucial step in this direction.

Future Directions

• As India continues to evolve economically and socially, the role of accurate and reliable statistical data becomes increasingly critical.
• The National Statistical Commission, with its newly appointed members, is poised to lead the country towards a more robust and transparent statistical framework.
• By leveraging expertise, embracing technological advancements, and fostering collaboration, the commission can contribute significantly to evidence-based policymaking and national development.

SOURCE: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/national-statistical-commission-gets-two-more-members/articleshow/109653750.cms?from=mdr

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Looking at the current trends of climate change, Aedes will spread into large parts of southern Europe and the United States, putting another 2bn people at risk of getting dengue.

EXPLANATION:

• Dengue fever, transmitted primarily by the Aedes aegypti mosquito, poses a growing threat to global health as its incidence continues to rise.
• The incidence of dengue fever has seen a dramatic increase in recent years, with the number of cases surpassing 5.9 million in 2024.
• This rise is attributed to various factors, including urbanization, climate change, and the expansion of the Aedes mosquito’s range.

Impacts of Dengue

• Dengue fever inflicts significant suffering on individuals and communities, characterized by severe joint pain, hemorrhage, and in some cases, death.
• Furthermore, the after-effects of the disease, such as fatigue and cognitive impairment, contribute to its burden on public health systems.
• The economic consequences are also notable, with affected countries experiencing decreased productivity and increased healthcare costs.

Factors Contributing to Dengue Spread

• Urbanization plays a significant role in the spread of dengue, as densely populated cities provide ample breeding grounds for Aedes mosquitoes.
• Additionally, climate change exacerbates the problem by expanding the mosquito’s habitat into previously unaffected regions.
• The disease’s emergence in new areas, including California, southern Europe, and subtropical Africa, underscores its global threat.

Challenges in Combatting Dengue

• Combatting dengue poses several challenges, particularly in resource-constrained regions.
• Traditional methods, such as bed nets used for malaria prevention, are ineffective against Aedes mosquitoes, which bite during the day.
• Furthermore, the vast territories and limited resources in some countries hinder efforts to control mosquito breeding grounds effectively.

Innovative Solutions

• Singapore’s approach to dengue prevention serves as a model for innovative solutions.
• By releasing mosquitoes infected with wolbachia bacteria, which prevents the transmission of dengue virus, Singapore has achieved significant reductions in dengue incidents.
• This approach, coupled with the development of new vaccines, offers a promising alternative to traditional control methods.

Way Forward

• As dengue continues to spread, it is essential to adopt a multifaceted approach to combat the disease effectively.
• Investment in innovative technologies, such as wolbachia-infected mosquitoes, alongside traditional mosquito control measures, is crucial.
• Additionally, international collaboration and knowledge-sharing can facilitate the implementation of successful strategies in regions heavily impacted by dengue.

Dengue:

• Dengue fever is a viral infection transmitted by mosquitoes, particularly the Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus species.
• It is a significant global health concern, affecting millions of people each year, with up to 400 million infections annually.
• Dengue can lead to severe illness and even death, with approximately 100 million people falling sick from the infection and around 40,000 deaths attributed to severe dengue.
• The disease is characterized by symptoms such as high fever, severe headache, muscle and joint pain, and in severe cases, symptoms like bleeding gums, fast breathing, and extreme fatigue.
• There is no specific treatment for dengue, and management focuses on alleviating symptoms, with severe cases requiring hospitalization.
• Prevention strategies include mosquito control measures and avoiding mosquito bites through protective clothing, insect repellent, and mosquito nets.
• Dengue is a mosquito-borne disease that poses a significant public health challenge globally, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions.

SOURCE: https://www.livemint.com/science/health/a-mosquito-borne-disease-is-spreading-as-the-planet-warms-11714354732023.html

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: The Election Commission of India (EC), under Sections 58(2) and 58A(2) of the Representation of People Act, 1951 (RPA), declared void the poll on April 19, in 11 polling stations of Manipur, and 8 polling stations of Arunachal Pradesh. Repolls were conducted on April 22 and April 24 respectively.

Elections were also adjourned in Madhya Pradesh’s Betul Lok Sabha constituency due to the death of a candidate on April 9. The polling, originally scheduled on April 26, will now be held on May 7.

EXPLANATION:

• The electoral process forms the cornerstone of democracy, ensuring that the voice of the people is heard through the ballot box.
• However, disruptions to this process can occur due to various factors, including intentional interference, natural disasters, or unforeseen events such as the death of a candidate.
• In such situations, it becomes imperative to understand the mechanisms in place to maintain the integrity and fairness of elections.
• We will look into the provisions outlined in the Indian electoral framework, particularly focusing on the role of the Election Commission of India (EC) in addressing disruptions to the normal polling process.

Disruptions and Provisions: An Overview

• Disruptions to the normal polling process can encompass a wide range of scenarios, from intentional destruction of Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) to natural disasters impeding the voting process.
• Understanding these disruptions and the corresponding provisions within the electoral framework is crucial for upholding the democratic principles of fairness and transparency.

Intentional Destruction of EVMs

• Under Section 58 of the RPA (‘Fresh poll in the case of destruction, etc., of ballot boxes’), the EC can declare the poll at a polling station to be void if:
  1. an unauthorised person has unlawfully taken away any EVM;
  2. any EVM has been accidentally or intentionally destroyed, or lost, or damaged, or tampered with; or
  3. a mechanical failure develops in any EVM during the recording of votes.
• In such cases, the Returning Officer (RO) immediately informs the EC and the Chief Electoral Officer of the state about the relevant facts and material circumstances, after considering which, the EC can declare the poll void and formally fix the date and time for a new poll.
• This provision aims to safeguard the sanctity of the electoral process and ensure that every vote counts.

Booth Capturing

• Booth-capturing, defined in Section135A of the RPA, includes all or any of the following activities by any person or persons:
  1. seizure of a polling station, affecting the conduct of elections;
  2. taking possession of a polling station, allowing only his or their supporters to vote;
  3. intimidating or threatening any elector and preventing him from going to the polling station;
  4. seizure of a counting place affecting the counting of votes;
  5. involvement of any person in government service in any of the above activities.
• Booth capturing is punishable for a term of not less than one year, which may extend to three years for lay people, and not less than three years, extending to five years for government servants.
• Under Section 58A (‘Adjournment of poll or countermanding of election on the ground of booth capturing’) in case booth capturing has taken place at a polling Station, the Presiding Officer of a polling station immediately closes the Control Unit of EVM and detaches the Ballot Unit(s) from the Control Unit under Rule 49X of the Conduct of Election Rules, 1961.

Natural Disasters and Other Disruptions

• The Presiding Officer of a polling station can adjourn the poll at a polling station under section 57(1) of the Representation of the People Act, 1951, in case of:
  • a natural calamity like a flood, a severe storm;
  • non-receipt or loss or damage to essential polling materials like EVM, electoral roll etc;
  • interruption or obstruction due to any riot or, open violence;
  • non-arrival of the polling party due to obstruction or any other serious difficulty; or
  • non-commencement of the poll within two hours from the scheduled time due to malfunctioning of EVM, or any other reason.
• After seeking the EC’s approval on the date and hours, the adjourned poll will recommence from the stage at which it was left immediately before the adjournment.
• Contesting candidates or their agents are informed, and only electors who have not already voted before the poll was adjourned are permitted to vote.

Death of a Candidate

• The unfortunate event of a candidate’s death necessitates specific protocols outlined in Section 52 of the RPA.
• The EC mandates the adjournment of polls in the case of a recognized political party’s candidate, followed by a nomination process for a replacement candidate.
• This provision ensures electoral continuity and upholds the democratic right to representation.

Election Commission of India

• The Election Commission of India (ECI) is an autonomous constitutional authority responsible for administering Union and State election processes in India.
• It was established in accordance with the Constitution on 25th January 1950 (celebrated as national voters’ day). The secretariat of the commission is in New Delhi.
• The body administers elections to the Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, and State Legislative Assemblies in India, and the offices of the President and Vice President in the country.
• It is not concerned with the elections to panchayats and municipalities in the states. For this, the Constitution of India provides for a separate State Election Commission.

Constitutional Provisions:

• Part XV (Article 324-329) of the Indian Constitution: It deals with elections and establishes a commission for these matters.
• Article 324: Superintendence, direction and control of elections to be vested in an Election Commission.
• Article 325: No person to be ineligible for inclusion in, or to claim to be included in a special, electoral roll-on grounds of religion, race, caste or sex.
• Article 326: Elections to the House of the People and to the Legislative Assemblies of States to be based on adult suffrage.
• Article 327: Power of Parliament to make provision with respect to elections to Legislatures.
• Article 328: Power of Legislature of a State to make provision with respect to elections to such Legislature.
• Article 329: Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/repolls-election-commission-polling-process-9294027/

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Geologists from MIT and Oxford University have made a groundbreaking discovery, unearthing ancient rocks in Greenland that provide the oldest evidence yet of Earth’s early magnetic field.

EXPLANATION:

• This finding shed new light on the planet’s evolutionary history and its potential role in creating habitable conditions.
• The study revealed that the ancient magnetic field had a strength of at least 15 microtesla, comparable to Earth’s present-day magnetic field, which measures around 30 microtesla.
  • Microtesla (μT) is a unit of measurement for magnetic field strength, where 1 tesla (T) is equal to 1,000,000 microtesla (μT).
• This indicates that Earth possessed a robust magnetic shield early in its history.

The Significance of Magnetic Fields

• The Earth’s magnetic field acts as a shield, deflecting the solar wind and cosmic radiation that would otherwise strip away the planet’s atmosphere and ozone layer, making it inhospitable for life.
• The Earth’s magnetic field is crucial for the development and sustenance of life on the planet. It has played an important role in the emergence of life in the Earth’s first billion years.
• The Earth’s magnetic field is used for navigation and orientation by many organisms, including humans using compasses, as well as migratory animals like pigeons that use magnetoreception.
• Studying the Earth’s past magnetic field through paleomagnetism provides valuable information about the planet’s history, including the motion of continents and ocean floors, as well as the timing of magnetic field reversals. This information is crucial for understanding the Earth’s geological and climatic evolution.
• Magnetic fields are used extensively in modern technology, particularly in electrical engineering and electromechanics, such as in electric motors, generators, and transformers. The interaction of magnetic fields is conceptualized and investigated as magnetic circuits.
• Magnetic fields can be used for medical imaging and cancer treatment, by combining them with dynamic nuclear polarization techniques.

Unveiling Ancient Rocks

• The researchers focused their efforts on rocks located in the Isua Supracrustal Belt in southwestern Greenland.
• These rocks, specifically banded iron formations, were chosen for their potential to retain unaltered signatures of Earth’s ancient magnetic field.
• Using advanced techniques such as uranium-lead ratio analysis, the team determined that the rocks were approximately 3.7 billion years old.
• This places them among the oldest known remnants of Earth’s magnetic field, extending its documented existence by another 200 million years.

                   Greenland

Implications for Habitability

• The presence of a magnetic field dating back 3.7 billion years suggests that Earth’s early environment may have been more conducive to life than previously thought.
• The magnetic shield would have helped retain a life-sustaining atmosphere and protected the planet from the harsh effects of solar radiation.

Future Implications and Research

• This discovery opens up new avenues for further exploration into Earth’s early geological history and the development of its magnetic field.
• Understanding the evolution of Earth’s magnetic shield can provide valuable insights into the conditions that shaped the planet and its potential for hosting life.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/rocks-with-the-oldest-evidence-of-earths-magnetic-field-discovered/article68110683.ece

THR CONTEXT: The Congress party’s Nyaya Patra election manifesto has sparked a significant debate on inequality and wealth concentration in India. This discussion has been further fueled by Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s remarks about the manifesto’s content, particularly wealth redistribution. The debate is set against rising inequality in India, where the top 1% of the population now holds a disproportionately large share of the nation’s wealth and income.

ISSUES:

• Evidence of Increasing Inequality: The World Inequality Database has highlighted a stark increase in income and wealth inequality in India. In 2022-23, the top 1% of the population received 22.6% of the national income, the highest proportion since 1922. Furthermore, this same demographic holds 40.1% of the nation’s wealth.
• Economic Growth vs. Inequality: The prevailing economic model, which emphasizes growth with the expectation that benefits will trickle down, has repeatedly failed to distribute wealth equitably. This model has been criticized for prioritizing economic growth over addressing the widening wealth gap, a trend not unique to India but observed globally.
• Taxation and Redistribution: India’s tax-GDP ratio stands at 17%, lower than that of other middle-income countries like Brazil, which has a 25% ratio. The tax structure is regressive, with indirect taxes making up two-thirds of tax revenue. Even direct taxes are not progressive, with lower effective tax rates for highly profitable companies than those with smaller profits.
• Welfare Spending Deficiencies: India’s public spending on welfare and social sectors is low. Health spending is around 1.3% of GDP, falling short of the National Health Policy’s target of 2.5% by 2025. Other critical areas, such as employment guarantee schemes, education, and children’s budgets, have also seen a decline in allocation relative to total government expenditure or GDP.
• Job Creation and Employment Quality: Recent economic growth in India has been accompanied by joblessness, with a decline in employment elasticity of output. Profit shares have increased, and real wages have stagnated. The focus should be on creating decent jobs with fair remuneration. Government programs like NREGA and the Public Distribution System and cash transfer schemes like the Mahalakshmi scheme proposed by Congress can help address this issue.
• Addressing Inequality Through Employment-Centered Growth: An employment-centered growth model would involve government policies that support labor-intensive small and medium enterprises, promote skill training, and improve overall human capital. Measures to enable women’s participation in the labor market, such as maternity entitlements, childcare, transportation, and safe accommodation, are also crucial. This approach can help tackle both inequality and employment issues.

The way forward:

• Progressive Taxation: Implementing a more progressive tax system where wealthier individuals and profitable corporations pay a higher rate could help redistribute wealth more effectively.
• Increase Public Spending: Significantly increase public health, education, and welfare investment to improve living standards and support economic equality.
• Direct Job Creation: Fill existing vacancies in public services and create new positions to address the employment gap. Improve the quality of jobs and working conditions for frontline workers.
• Support for SMEs and Labor-Intensive Industries: Promote policies that support small and medium enterprises and other labor-intensive sectors to create more jobs.
• Enhance Social Security Measures: Implement schemes like the proposed Mahalakshmi scheme for direct cash transfers to support the poor and vulnerable, alongside other social security measures.

THE CONCLUSION:

Addressing inequality in India requires a multifaceted approach that includes redistribution through progressive taxation, enhanced public spending, and a reorientation of economic policies towards inclusive growth and employment generation. The discussion around these issues, especially in the context of the upcoming elections, is a positive step towards acknowledging and tackling the deep-seated economic disparities in the country.

UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTIONS:

Q.1 Development and welfare schemes for the vulnerable, by its nature, are discriminatory in approach. Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. 2023

Q.2 Skill development programs have succeeded in increasing human resources supply to various sectors. In the context of the statement, analyze the linkages between education, skill, and employment. 2023

Q.3 Do the government’s schemes for uplifting vulnerable and backward communities by protecting required social resources for them lead to their exclusion in establishing businesses in urban economics? 2014

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q.1 Critically analyze the implications of rising income and wealth inequality in India on the nation’s socio-economic fabric. Considering the recent debates triggered by political manifestos and government policies, discuss the effectiveness of direct redistribution measures in addressing these inequalities.

SOURCE:

https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/inequality-can-no-longer-be-ignored/article68118448.ece

THE CONTEXT: There is a complex interplay between global warming and local weather patterns, particularly focusing on the formation and impact of heat waves in India. It highlights the role of anticyclonic circulations and the influence of phenomena like El Niño in exacerbating heat conditions. It also emphasizes the importance of accurate weather predictions and early warning systems to mitigate the effects of heat waves, especially in the context of India’s general elections and the broader implications for public health and safety.

ISSUES:

• Global Warming and Local Weather Patterns: Global warming is not just a uniform increase in temperature; it modifies local weather patterns in complex ways. For instance, while the global average temperature increases, specific areas like India experience unique local effects such as intensified heat waves due to persistent anticyclonic conditions. These conditions are exacerbated by global warming but manifest distinctly in regional areas.
• Role of Anticyclones in Heat Waves: Anticyclones, weather systems with high atmospheric pressure where air moves away from a high central area, contribute significantly to heat waves in India. During the pre-monsoon season, forming a strong anticyclone over the Indian subcontinent leads to dry and hot weather, intensifying local heat waves. The strength and persistence of these anticyclones, influenced by global warming, are crucial in determining the severity of heat waves.
• Impact of El Niño: The El Niño phenomenon, particularly its waning phase, has contributed to warmer temperatures globally and more intense heat waves in India. El Niño typically leads to temporary warming of the Pacific Ocean waters, which affects global weather patterns. In 2023, this effect was powerful, adding to the heat intensity experienced during India’s pre-monsoon season.
• Early Warning Systems and Predictions: Effective early warning systems are essential for mitigating the impact of heat waves. India’s involvement in the Sub-seasonal-to-seasonal Predictions project aims to improve the accuracy of weather predictions on a sub-seasonal-to-seasonal basis. This initiative is crucial for preparing for and responding to extreme weather events, including heat waves.
• Challenges in Weather Prediction: Despite advancements in meteorological technology and early warning systems, predicting heat waves’ exact nature and impact remains challenging. This is due to the complex interplay of global warming, local atmospheric conditions, and transient phenomena like El Niño. Prediction models need continuous improvement to enhance preparedness and response strategies.
• Preparedness and Recovery: India’s readiness to handle the adverse effects of heat waves involves a multi-tiered approach, from national to local levels. The ‘ready-set-go’ system outlines steps from long-term preparedness to immediate response mechanisms. This comprehensive approach is vital for minimizing health and economic impacts of heat waves, particularly in densely populated and vulnerable regions like India.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Enhanced Modeling and Localized Predictions: Develop and refine global climate models incorporating local geographical and meteorological data. This will improve the accuracy of local weather predictions, particularly for heat waves, which are influenced by global climate patterns and local atmospheric conditions.
• Strengthening Early Warning Systems: Implement a robust ‘ready-set-go’ system for the sub-seasonal-to-seasonal Predictions project. This involves improving the seasonal outlook (‘ready’), enhancing resource allocation based on sub-seasonal predictions (‘set’), and optimizing short- to medium-range forecasts for immediate actions (‘go’).
• Infrastructure Adaptation and Urban Planning: Focus on urban planning that mitigates the urban heat island effect. This includes increasing green spaces, enhancing building materials to reflect rather than absorb heat, and designing cities to facilitate airflow.
• Public Health Initiatives and Heat Action Plans: Roll out comprehensive heat action plans that include public education on heat risks, establishing cooling centers, and ensuring that vulnerable populations (like the elderly and outdoor workers) receive targeted warnings and support during heat waves.
• Research on Anticyclonic Patterns and Their Impacts: Conduct targeted research to understand the role of anticyclonic patterns in exacerbating heat waves, particularly in regions like India. This research should aim to predict the occurrence and intensity of these patterns more accurately, aiding in better preparation and response strategies.
• International Collaboration and Data Sharing: Enhance international cooperation in climate research, especially in data sharing and joint modeling efforts. This collaboration could lead to a better understanding and forecasting of complex meteorological phenomena contributing to extreme weather events like heat waves.

THE CONCLUSION:

There is a critical need for improved prediction systems and early warning mechanisms to handle the increasing frequency and intensity of heat waves due to global warming. It underscores the importance of these systems in safeguarding public health, ensuring political stability during events like elections, and supporting sustainable development. The ongoing efforts to enhance weather prediction capabilities in India at both local and national levels are portrayed as essential steps toward building resilience against future climate-related challenges.

UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTIONS:

Q.1 Tropical cyclones are largely confined to the South China Sea, the Bay of Bengal, and the Gulf of Mexico. Why? 2014

Q.2 How far do you agree that the behavior of the Indian monsoon has been changing due to humanizing landscapes? Discuss. 2015

Q.3 Explain the factors responsible for the origin of ocean currents. How do they influence regional climates, fishing, and navigation? 2015

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q.1 Examine the role of anticyclonic patterns in exacerbating heat waves in the Indian subcontinent. Discuss the importance of sub-seasonal to seasonal predictions in mitigating the adverse effects of heat waves.

SOURCE:

https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/anticyclones-hanging-even-now-over-india-link-warming-to-heat/article

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The Tamil Nadu government has launched a concerted effort to assess and potentially uplift the population of the Nilgiri Tahr, a species listed as endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

EXPLANATION:

• This comprehensive survey aims to provide vital data for conservation efforts and potentially remove the species from its endangered status.

Nilgiri Tahr

• The Nilgiri Tahr, scientifically known as Nilgiritragus hylocrius, is native to the Anamalai and Nilgiris landscape in Tamil Nadu.
• Once abundant in the region, the species has dwindled in numbers due to habitat loss, poaching, and other human-induced factors.
• The Nilgiri Tahr is the only mountain ungulate in southern India amongst the 12 species present in India.
• It is the state animal of Tamil Nadu.
• The Nilgiri Tahr, which used to be found along the entire stretch of Western Ghats, is presently found only in small fragmented pockets.
• The Eravikulam National Park has the highest density and largest surviving population of Nilgiri tahr.
• October 7 is celebrated as ‘Niligiri Tahr Day’ in honour of E.R.C. Davidar, who was responsible for pioneering one of the first studies of the species in 1975.
• It is protected under Schedule-I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, and Endangered as per the IUCN Red List.

Nilgiri Tahr

Highlights of the Survey:

• The primary objective of the three-day survey is to estimate the current population of Nilgiri Tahrs in Tamil Nadu.
• The data gathered will serve as a baseline for conservation initiatives and inform future management strategies.
• The survey is a collaborative effort involving various stakeholders, including the World Wide Fund for Nature, the Wildlife Institute of India, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
• The IUCN will be represented by its country director as an observer during the survey, highlighting the international significance of the conservation endeavor.
• The survey employs advanced techniques such as the bounded-count method and the double observer method to ensure accuracy in population estimation.
• Emphasis is placed on areas along the Kerala border, where significant populations of Nilgiri Tahrs are known to inhabit.

Significance of Population Estimation

• The survey’s results will provide crucial baseline data for Project Nilgiri Tahr, a conservation initiative aimed at stabilizing the species’ population.
• Conservation efforts will focus on addressing the threats faced by Nilgiri Tahrs, including habitat degradation and human-wildlife conflict.

Future Conservation Strategies

• Based on the survey findings, Project Nilgiri Tahr will implement targeted interventions to safeguard the species’ habitat and promote its population growth.
• The possibility of reintroducing Nilgiri Tahrs into suitable habitats, such as the Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve, will be explored to bolster population numbers.

International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN):

• The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is an international organization working in the field of nature conservation and sustainable use of natural resources.
• Founded in 1948, IUCN has become the global authority on the status of the natural world and the measures needed to safeguard it.
• IUCN’s mission is to “influence, encourage and assist societies throughout the world to conserve nature and to ensure that any use of natural resources is equitable and ecologically sustainable.”
• It is involved in data gathering and analysis, research, field projects, advocacy, and education.
• IUCN has a membership of over 1,400 governmental and non-governmental organizations from over 170 countries, and around 16,000 scientists and experts participate in its work on a voluntary basis.
• Its headquarters is in Gland, Switzerland.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/iucn-representative-to-be-an-observer-in-nilgiri-tahr-survey/article68110838.ece

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: The United Nations Security Council recently witnessed the rejection of a draft resolution aimed at promoting the peaceful use of outer space and preventing an arms race beyond Earth’s atmosphere.

EXPLANATION:

• Russia’s veto, supported by China, underscores the challenges in reaching consensus on crucial issues related to space security.

Draft Resolution

• Introduced by Japan and the United States, the draft resolution called on all states, particularly those with significant space capabilities, to actively contribute to the peaceful utilization of outer space.
• It aimed to prevent the militarization of space and uphold existing treaties to safeguard international peace and security while fostering cooperation in space exploration.
• The draft resolution faced opposition from Russia, resulting in its rejection by a vote of 13 in favor to one against, with one abstention from China.
• Despite overwhelming support from the majority of Security Council members, Russia’s veto prevented the resolution from passing.

Amendment Proposed by China and Russia

• China and Russia proposed an amendment to the draft resolution, emphasizing urgent measures to prevent the placement of weapons in outer space and the use of force targeting celestial bodies.
• The amendment sought to establish legally binding multilateral agreements to ensure the peaceful exploration and utilization of outer space.

Vote on the Amendment

• The proposed amendment failed to garner the necessary support, with seven members voting in favor, seven against, and one abstention.
• The inability to secure the required nine votes for adoption highlights the contentious nature of discussions surrounding space security and arms control.

Implications and Challenges

• Russia’s veto reflects divergent perspectives among Security Council members regarding the militarization of space and the regulation of space-based activities.
• The lack of consensus poses challenges to addressing emerging threats to space security, including the proliferation of anti-satellite weapons and the potential for conflict in orbit.
• The failure to pass the resolution underscores the need for continued diplomatic efforts to promote responsible behavior in outer space and prevent destabilizing actions that could escalate into conflict.

United Nations Security Council (UNSC):

• The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the principal organs of the United Nations (UN), established to maintain international peace and security.
• It plays a critical role in addressing global conflicts, crises, and threats to international peace.
• Composition:The UNSC is composed of 15 member states, with five permanent members (P5) and ten non-permanent members. The P5, (United States, Russia, China, France & UK) also known as the “Great Powers,” have veto power, which allows them to block any substantive resolution, making their decisions particularly influential.
• Membership Rotation:Non-permanent members are elected for two-year terms, with five seats opening up each year. This rotation ensures that different regions of the world are represented over time.
• Criteria for Membership:To become a member of the UNSC, a country must meet the following criteria:
  • UN Membership:A nation must first be a member of the United Nations to be eligible for UNSC membership.
• Election:Non-permanent members are elected by the UN General Assembly through a two-thirds majority vote. The geographical distribution of seats is a key consideration, ensuring fair representation across regions.
• Rotation:Members serve two-year terms and can be re-elected, but there is a limit on consecutive terms. This rotation helps maintain diversity and a balance of interests.

Frameworks to Prevent Space Weaponization

• Outer Space Treaty -It was conceptualized by the United Nations in 1967. It emphasizes that the use of outer space should be peaceful and beneficial to all mankind. It claims that one nation cannot claim national sovereignty in outer space.
• Prevention of an outer space arms race-It stresses the use of space for peaceful purposes. Further, it calls for the importance of avoiding an arms race.

SOURCE: https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/04/1148951

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Researchers have made a groundbreaking discovery of microbial life thriving beneath the parched surface of Chile’s Atacama Desert, uncovering a rich biosphere buried 13 feet below ground.

EXPLANATION:

• This finding not only expands our understanding of extreme microbial habitats but also holds implications for astrobiology, particularly in the search for life on Mars.

Depth of Discovery

• Previous studies had identified microbial life in the Atacama Desert down to depths of 2.6 feet, but the recent discovery marks the deepest finding to date, reaching 13 feet underground.
• This newly found microbial community resides in the bone-dry Yungay Valley and is completely isolated from the surface environment, indicating a unique and unexplored ecosystem.

Composition and Characteristics

• Dominated by Actinobacteria, the microbial community at depths of 6.6 to 13 feet parallels other extreme environments like the Arctic and hot springs.
• Actinobacteria are known for their resilience and adaptability to harsh conditions, suggesting their suitability for survival in the extreme environment of the Atacama Desert.
• Additionally, Firmicutes bacteria, capable of withstanding high salt concentrations and anaerobic conditions, were discovered between 0.8 and 2 inches deep.

Methodology and DNA Analysis

• Researchers employed a novel method to differentiate between intracellular DNA from living microbes and extracellular DNA from dead cells, providing more accurate insights into microbial diversity.
• Soil samples were extracted from the Yungay Valley, and DNA fragments were analyzed to identify microbial species and understand their distribution across different depths.

Environmental Factors Influencing Microbial Life

• The transition zone from clay-rich playa deposits to ancient river deposits coincided with the emergence of a stable microbial community.
• Actinobacteria likely colonized river deposits around 19,000 years ago and became buried beneath playa sediments over millennia.
• Microbes at depth may sustain themselves by extracting water from gypsum, a process reversible at high temperatures, suggesting a mechanism for survival in the arid environment.

Astrobiological Implications

• The Atacama Desert serves as an analog for studying Martian conditions, where the surface is barren but may conceal subsurface microbial life.
• Gypsum deposits on Mars, similar to those in the Atacama Desert, could potentially serve as a water source for microbial communities, informing future Mars exploration missions.

Atacama Desert:

• The Atacama Desert is a desert plateau located on the Pacific coast of South America, in the north of Chile.
• Stretching over a 1,600 km (990 mi) strip of land west of the Andes Mountains, it covers an area of 105,000 km2 (41,000 sq mi), which increases to 128,000 km2 (49,000 sq mi) if the barren lower slopes of the Andes are included.
• The Atacama Desert is the driest nonpolar desert in the world, and the second driest overall, behind some specific spots within the McMurdo Dry Valleys.
• It is the only hot true desert to receive less precipitation than polar deserts, and the largest fog desert in the world.
• The area has been used as an experimentation site for Mars expedition simulations due to its similarities to the Martian environment.

      Atacama Desert

SOURCE: https://www.livescience.com/planet-earth/microbiology/hidden-biosphere-of-extreme-microbes-discovered-13-feet-below-atacama-desert-is-deepest-found-there-to-date

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The recent viral video depicting a child in distress after consuming a ‘smoking’ biscuit has prompted food safety officials to take action regarding the use of liquid nitrogen in food preparation.

EXPLANATION:

• We will look into the implications of such practices and the response from food safety departments across various regions.

Concerns Raised by Food Safety Officials

• Food safety authorities have expressed alarm over the misuse of liquid nitrogen in food items such as biscuits and ice creams, leading to potential health hazards.
• The Food Safety and Standards Act 2006 empowers designated officers to take enforcement action against any food business operator found using liquid nitrogen for direct consumption without proper precautions.

Incidents of Misuse and Regulatory Measures

• Previous incidents, such as the arrest of a vendor in Tiruchi and enforcement actions taken at Chennai’s trade fair, highlight the dangers associated with ‘smoking’ biscuits.
• Liquid nitrogen, with its extremely low boiling point, can cause severe injuries upon contact with body parts, including the lips, tongue, throat, lungs, and stomach.
• Vendors infusing food with liquid nitrogen for novelty effects risk endangering consumers’ health and violating food safety regulations.

Health Risks and Safety Guidelines

• Food safety officers emphasize that liquid nitrogen can cause frostbite-like injuries, tissue damage, organ perforation, unconsciousness, and even fatalities if mishandled or consumed.
• The necessity for complete evaporation of liquid nitrogen from food or beverages before consumption is stressed to mitigate health risks.
• Only trained professionals, such as doctors, are permitted to handle liquid nitrogen safely in medical settings, underscoring its hazardous nature.

Legal Action and Enforcement Measures

• Instances of vendors endangering consumers’ health by incorporating liquid nitrogen into food have resulted in immediate closures of stalls and subsequent arrests.
• Food safety departments have issued bans on the use of liquid nitrogen in food preparation, except for specific purposes like storing food items.

Regional Variations in Usage and Trend Observations

• While ‘smoking’ food items like panipuri and paan have gained popularity in certain regions, such as Tiruchi, they remain rare in regular eateries.
• Local culinary experts note a shift in the trend towards larger cities, indicating changing consumer preferences and culinary practices.
• Food safety officers in regions like Thoothukudi have issued detailed guidelines on the safe use of liquid nitrogen for food storage purposes, highlighting its potential benefits when utilized appropriately.

Liquid Nitrogen:

• It is a colorless, odorless, non-flammable, non-corrosive and extremely cold element.
• It is an inert cryogenic fluid with a temperature of −196 °C produced by compressing and cooling nitrogen gas below its evaporation point.
• Applications: Freezing and transporting of food products, Cryotherapy, etc.
• Harmful Effects: It can rapidly freeze skin tissue and eye fluid, resulting in cold burns, frostbite, etc.

Food Safety and Standards Act 2006:

• The Food Safety and Standards (FSS) Act, 2006 consolidates various acts & orders that had earlier handled food-related issues in various Ministries and Departments.
• The acts that were repealed after commencement of FSS Act, 2006 are as follows:
  • Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954
  • Fruit Products Order, 1955
  • Meat Food Products Order, 1973
  • Vegetable Oil Products (Control) Order, 1947
  • Edible Oils Packaging (Regulation) Order 1988
  • Milk and Milk Products Order, 1992
• Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) is an autonomous statutory body established under the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006.
• The Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India is the Administrative Ministry for the implementation of FSSAI.
• Before the formation of FSSAI, from 1954 onwards Prevention of Food Adulteration was part of the Directorate General of Health Services.
• After having detached from the direct administrative control of the Health Ministry, this authority is holding independent authority and has attained a special status.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/liquid-nitrogen-can-be-used-only-to-preserve-food-stress-food-safety-officials/article68106601.ece

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The state of Tamil Nadu has launched a significant initiative targeting the prevention of cervical cancer through the administration of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines to girls aged nine to 14 years.

EXPLANATION:

• This comprehensive program aims to address the prevalence of cervical cancer, the second most common cancer among women in India.

Current Status of Cervical Cancer in India

• Cervical cancer ranks as the second most prevalent cancer among women in India.
• Diagnosis often occurs at advanced stages due to the lack of symptoms, leading to limited treatment options and poor prognosis.
• The Crude Incidence Rate (CIR) of cervical cancer in Tamil Nadu, according to the Tamil Nadu Cancer Registry Project report 2018, was 17.7 per one lakh population.
• Variations in CIR across different regions of Tamil Nadu highlight the need for targeted interventions.
• Despite a decreasing trend in Chennai over the last decade, cervical cancer remains a significant health concern in urban areas.

Significance of HPV Vaccination

• The HPV vaccine aims to raise immunity against the Human Papillomavirus, a known cause of cervical cancer.
• By targeting girls aged nine to 14 years, the initiative aims to provide long-term protection against HPV infection, reducing the risk of malignancy in adulthood.
• Vaccination is a key strategy endorsed by the International Papillomavirus Society, emphasizing the slogan “One less worry” to promote awareness and uptake of the vaccine.

National and International Efforts

• Sikkim led the way in 2018 by introducing the HPV vaccine, achieving impressive coverage.
• India’s National Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation (NTAGI) recommended incorporating the vaccine into the Universal Immunisation Programme, targeting 9 to 14-year-old girls.
• Despite reports suggesting a rollout in 2023, uncertainty persists, with the Union Health Ministry yet to confirm plans.
• Globally, 100 countries have introduced the HPV vaccine, covering 30% of the target population.
• Pediatricians now advocate routine HPV vaccination for girls aged nine to 15, emphasizing early dosing for optimal efficacy and protection.
• Addressing vaccine hesitancy is crucial, with effective communication playing a key role in dispelling anxieties and misinformation.

Implementation and Progress of the Initiative

• The HPV vaccination initiative was launched at Villupuram Government Hospital in early March.
• Despite logistical challenges, nearly 150 girls have received the first dose of the vaccine, indicating positive uptake within the community.
• The vaccination schedule involves administering two doses six months apart, ensuring comprehensive protection.
• The initiative coincides with summer vacation, providing an opportunity to raise awareness at the community level about the importance of HPV vaccination.
• Importantly, the vaccine is provided free of cost, ensuring accessibility for all eligible individuals.

Cervical Cancer:

• It is a type of cancer that occurs in the cells of the cervix – the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina.
• Various strains of the Human papillomavirus (HPV) play a role in causing most cervical cancer.
• When exposed to HPV, the body’s immune system typically prevents the virus from doing harm. In a small percentage of people, however, the virus survives for years, contributing to the process that causes some cervical cells to become cancer cells.
• The HPV vaccine (Cervarix) protects against two of the cancer-causing strains, which are HPV 16 and 18.

Human papillomavirus:

• Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common viral infection of the reproductive tract.
• There are more than 100 types of HPV.
• More than 40 types of HPV are spread through direct sexual contact.
• Out of these 40, two cause genital warts, while about a dozen of HPV cause different types of cancer including cervical, anal, oropharyngeal, penile, vulvar and vaginal.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/nearly-150-girls-receive-first-dose-against-hpv-vaccine-against-cervical-cancer/article68110618.ece

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: On April 23, a rare celestial event occurred with four solar flares erupting simultaneously.

EXPLANATION:

• These flares, captured by NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory, originated from three sunspots and a large magnetic filament, demonstrating complex magnetic interactions.
• As the Sun nears or reaches the peak of its 11-year solar cycle, known as solar maximum, it exhibits heightened activity.

Sympathetic Flares

• Sympathetic flares are caused by multiple eruptions across the Sun’s magnetic field, linked by massive magnetic field loops that lie above the solar surface. When one spot detonates, others follow suit.
• This leads to coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and massive bursts of plasma.
• Such solar activity is likely an indication of the Sun reaching the peak of its 11-year solar cycle known as solar maximum.
• The peak is marked by increased solar events like flares and CMEs.
• As scientists continue to monitor the event and its aftermath, the event offers a peek into understanding the Sun’s complex life cycle.
• This is the third sympathetic solar flare this year, following a pair of explosions in January and a duo of X-class flares in March.
• While sympathetic flares typically involve two linked flares, the emission of four flares in unison makes this event “super-sympathetic.”
• This rarity underscores the dynamic and unpredictable nature of solar activity, challenging our understanding of solar phenomena.

Potential Impact on Earth

• Disruption of Technology:
  • Solar flares and CMEs, if directed towards Earth, have the potential to disrupt power grids, telecommunication networks, and orbiting satellites.
  • The influx of charged particles can interfere with electronics and communication systems, posing challenges for technological infrastructure.
• Radiation Exposure:
  • Astronauts in space may be exposed to dangerous doses of radiation during solar events, highlighting the risks associated with space exploration.
• Geomagnetic Storms and Auroras:
  • Minor class G1 geomagnetic storms, expected around April 25 and April 26, could result in auroras visible at lower latitudes.
  • While these phenomena are visually stunning, they also indicate disturbances in Earth’s magnetic field caused by solar activity.

Solar flares:

• A solar flare is a tremendous explosion on the Sun that happens when energy stored in ‘twisted’ magnetic fields (usually above sunspots) is suddenly released.
• In a matter of just a few minutes they heat material to many millions of degrees and produce a burst of radiation across the electromagnetic spectrum, from radio waves to X-rays and gamma rays.
• Scientists classify solar flares according to their peak brightness in X-ray wavelengths. There are five categories, listed here in order from most intense to least intense:
• X-class flares are the biggest; they are major events that can trigger radio blackouts around the whole world and long-lasting radiation storms in the upper atmosphere.
• M-class flares are medium-sized; they generally cause brief radio blackouts that affect Earth’s polar regions. Minor radiation storms sometimes follow an M-class flare.
• C-class flares are small with few noticeable consequences here on Earth. At its peak, a C-class flare is ten times less powerful than an M-class flare.
• B-class flares are ten times smaller or weaker than C-class flares.
• A-class flares are at least ten times less intense than B-class flares, with no noticeable consequences on Earth.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/quadruple-flares-sun-rare-celestial-event-earth-9289056/