TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The Tamil Nadu government has launched a concerted effort to assess and potentially uplift the population of the Nilgiri Tahr, a species listed as endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

EXPLANATION:

• This comprehensive survey aims to provide vital data for conservation efforts and potentially remove the species from its endangered status.

Nilgiri Tahr

• The Nilgiri Tahr, scientifically known as Nilgiritragus hylocrius, is native to the Anamalai and Nilgiris landscape in Tamil Nadu.
• Once abundant in the region, the species has dwindled in numbers due to habitat loss, poaching, and other human-induced factors.
• The Nilgiri Tahr is the only mountain ungulate in southern India amongst the 12 species present in India.
• It is the state animal of Tamil Nadu.
• The Nilgiri Tahr, which used to be found along the entire stretch of Western Ghats, is presently found only in small fragmented pockets.
• The Eravikulam National Park has the highest density and largest surviving population of Nilgiri tahr.
• October 7 is celebrated as ‘Niligiri Tahr Day’ in honour of E.R.C. Davidar, who was responsible for pioneering one of the first studies of the species in 1975.
• It is protected under Schedule-I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, and Endangered as per the IUCN Red List.

Nilgiri Tahr

Highlights of the Survey:

• The primary objective of the three-day survey is to estimate the current population of Nilgiri Tahrs in Tamil Nadu.
• The data gathered will serve as a baseline for conservation initiatives and inform future management strategies.
• The survey is a collaborative effort involving various stakeholders, including the World Wide Fund for Nature, the Wildlife Institute of India, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
• The IUCN will be represented by its country director as an observer during the survey, highlighting the international significance of the conservation endeavor.
• The survey employs advanced techniques such as the bounded-count method and the double observer method to ensure accuracy in population estimation.
• Emphasis is placed on areas along the Kerala border, where significant populations of Nilgiri Tahrs are known to inhabit.

Significance of Population Estimation

• The survey’s results will provide crucial baseline data for Project Nilgiri Tahr, a conservation initiative aimed at stabilizing the species’ population.
• Conservation efforts will focus on addressing the threats faced by Nilgiri Tahrs, including habitat degradation and human-wildlife conflict.

Future Conservation Strategies

• Based on the survey findings, Project Nilgiri Tahr will implement targeted interventions to safeguard the species’ habitat and promote its population growth.
• The possibility of reintroducing Nilgiri Tahrs into suitable habitats, such as the Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve, will be explored to bolster population numbers.

International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN):

• The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is an international organization working in the field of nature conservation and sustainable use of natural resources.
• Founded in 1948, IUCN has become the global authority on the status of the natural world and the measures needed to safeguard it.
• IUCN’s mission is to “influence, encourage and assist societies throughout the world to conserve nature and to ensure that any use of natural resources is equitable and ecologically sustainable.”
• It is involved in data gathering and analysis, research, field projects, advocacy, and education.
• IUCN has a membership of over 1,400 governmental and non-governmental organizations from over 170 countries, and around 16,000 scientists and experts participate in its work on a voluntary basis.
• Its headquarters is in Gland, Switzerland.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/iucn-representative-to-be-an-observer-in-nilgiri-tahr-survey/article68110838.ece

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: The United Nations Security Council recently witnessed the rejection of a draft resolution aimed at promoting the peaceful use of outer space and preventing an arms race beyond Earth’s atmosphere.

EXPLANATION:

• Russia’s veto, supported by China, underscores the challenges in reaching consensus on crucial issues related to space security.

Draft Resolution

• Introduced by Japan and the United States, the draft resolution called on all states, particularly those with significant space capabilities, to actively contribute to the peaceful utilization of outer space.
• It aimed to prevent the militarization of space and uphold existing treaties to safeguard international peace and security while fostering cooperation in space exploration.
• The draft resolution faced opposition from Russia, resulting in its rejection by a vote of 13 in favor to one against, with one abstention from China.
• Despite overwhelming support from the majority of Security Council members, Russia’s veto prevented the resolution from passing.

Amendment Proposed by China and Russia

• China and Russia proposed an amendment to the draft resolution, emphasizing urgent measures to prevent the placement of weapons in outer space and the use of force targeting celestial bodies.
• The amendment sought to establish legally binding multilateral agreements to ensure the peaceful exploration and utilization of outer space.

Vote on the Amendment

• The proposed amendment failed to garner the necessary support, with seven members voting in favor, seven against, and one abstention.
• The inability to secure the required nine votes for adoption highlights the contentious nature of discussions surrounding space security and arms control.

Implications and Challenges

• Russia’s veto reflects divergent perspectives among Security Council members regarding the militarization of space and the regulation of space-based activities.
• The lack of consensus poses challenges to addressing emerging threats to space security, including the proliferation of anti-satellite weapons and the potential for conflict in orbit.
• The failure to pass the resolution underscores the need for continued diplomatic efforts to promote responsible behavior in outer space and prevent destabilizing actions that could escalate into conflict.

United Nations Security Council (UNSC):

• The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the principal organs of the United Nations (UN), established to maintain international peace and security.
• It plays a critical role in addressing global conflicts, crises, and threats to international peace.
• Composition:The UNSC is composed of 15 member states, with five permanent members (P5) and ten non-permanent members. The P5, (United States, Russia, China, France & UK) also known as the “Great Powers,” have veto power, which allows them to block any substantive resolution, making their decisions particularly influential.
• Membership Rotation:Non-permanent members are elected for two-year terms, with five seats opening up each year. This rotation ensures that different regions of the world are represented over time.
• Criteria for Membership:To become a member of the UNSC, a country must meet the following criteria:
  • UN Membership:A nation must first be a member of the United Nations to be eligible for UNSC membership.
• Election:Non-permanent members are elected by the UN General Assembly through a two-thirds majority vote. The geographical distribution of seats is a key consideration, ensuring fair representation across regions.
• Rotation:Members serve two-year terms and can be re-elected, but there is a limit on consecutive terms. This rotation helps maintain diversity and a balance of interests.

Frameworks to Prevent Space Weaponization

• Outer Space Treaty -It was conceptualized by the United Nations in 1967. It emphasizes that the use of outer space should be peaceful and beneficial to all mankind. It claims that one nation cannot claim national sovereignty in outer space.
• Prevention of an outer space arms race-It stresses the use of space for peaceful purposes. Further, it calls for the importance of avoiding an arms race.

SOURCE: https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/04/1148951

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Researchers have made a groundbreaking discovery of microbial life thriving beneath the parched surface of Chile’s Atacama Desert, uncovering a rich biosphere buried 13 feet below ground.

EXPLANATION:

• This finding not only expands our understanding of extreme microbial habitats but also holds implications for astrobiology, particularly in the search for life on Mars.

Depth of Discovery

• Previous studies had identified microbial life in the Atacama Desert down to depths of 2.6 feet, but the recent discovery marks the deepest finding to date, reaching 13 feet underground.
• This newly found microbial community resides in the bone-dry Yungay Valley and is completely isolated from the surface environment, indicating a unique and unexplored ecosystem.

Composition and Characteristics

• Dominated by Actinobacteria, the microbial community at depths of 6.6 to 13 feet parallels other extreme environments like the Arctic and hot springs.
• Actinobacteria are known for their resilience and adaptability to harsh conditions, suggesting their suitability for survival in the extreme environment of the Atacama Desert.
• Additionally, Firmicutes bacteria, capable of withstanding high salt concentrations and anaerobic conditions, were discovered between 0.8 and 2 inches deep.

Methodology and DNA Analysis

• Researchers employed a novel method to differentiate between intracellular DNA from living microbes and extracellular DNA from dead cells, providing more accurate insights into microbial diversity.
• Soil samples were extracted from the Yungay Valley, and DNA fragments were analyzed to identify microbial species and understand their distribution across different depths.

Environmental Factors Influencing Microbial Life

• The transition zone from clay-rich playa deposits to ancient river deposits coincided with the emergence of a stable microbial community.
• Actinobacteria likely colonized river deposits around 19,000 years ago and became buried beneath playa sediments over millennia.
• Microbes at depth may sustain themselves by extracting water from gypsum, a process reversible at high temperatures, suggesting a mechanism for survival in the arid environment.

Astrobiological Implications

• The Atacama Desert serves as an analog for studying Martian conditions, where the surface is barren but may conceal subsurface microbial life.
• Gypsum deposits on Mars, similar to those in the Atacama Desert, could potentially serve as a water source for microbial communities, informing future Mars exploration missions.

Atacama Desert:

• The Atacama Desert is a desert plateau located on the Pacific coast of South America, in the north of Chile.
• Stretching over a 1,600 km (990 mi) strip of land west of the Andes Mountains, it covers an area of 105,000 km2 (41,000 sq mi), which increases to 128,000 km2 (49,000 sq mi) if the barren lower slopes of the Andes are included.
• The Atacama Desert is the driest nonpolar desert in the world, and the second driest overall, behind some specific spots within the McMurdo Dry Valleys.
• It is the only hot true desert to receive less precipitation than polar deserts, and the largest fog desert in the world.
• The area has been used as an experimentation site for Mars expedition simulations due to its similarities to the Martian environment.

      Atacama Desert

SOURCE: https://www.livescience.com/planet-earth/microbiology/hidden-biosphere-of-extreme-microbes-discovered-13-feet-below-atacama-desert-is-deepest-found-there-to-date

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The recent viral video depicting a child in distress after consuming a ‘smoking’ biscuit has prompted food safety officials to take action regarding the use of liquid nitrogen in food preparation.

EXPLANATION:

• We will look into the implications of such practices and the response from food safety departments across various regions.

Concerns Raised by Food Safety Officials

• Food safety authorities have expressed alarm over the misuse of liquid nitrogen in food items such as biscuits and ice creams, leading to potential health hazards.
• The Food Safety and Standards Act 2006 empowers designated officers to take enforcement action against any food business operator found using liquid nitrogen for direct consumption without proper precautions.

Incidents of Misuse and Regulatory Measures

• Previous incidents, such as the arrest of a vendor in Tiruchi and enforcement actions taken at Chennai’s trade fair, highlight the dangers associated with ‘smoking’ biscuits.
• Liquid nitrogen, with its extremely low boiling point, can cause severe injuries upon contact with body parts, including the lips, tongue, throat, lungs, and stomach.
• Vendors infusing food with liquid nitrogen for novelty effects risk endangering consumers’ health and violating food safety regulations.

Health Risks and Safety Guidelines

• Food safety officers emphasize that liquid nitrogen can cause frostbite-like injuries, tissue damage, organ perforation, unconsciousness, and even fatalities if mishandled or consumed.
• The necessity for complete evaporation of liquid nitrogen from food or beverages before consumption is stressed to mitigate health risks.
• Only trained professionals, such as doctors, are permitted to handle liquid nitrogen safely in medical settings, underscoring its hazardous nature.

Legal Action and Enforcement Measures

• Instances of vendors endangering consumers’ health by incorporating liquid nitrogen into food have resulted in immediate closures of stalls and subsequent arrests.
• Food safety departments have issued bans on the use of liquid nitrogen in food preparation, except for specific purposes like storing food items.

Regional Variations in Usage and Trend Observations

• While ‘smoking’ food items like panipuri and paan have gained popularity in certain regions, such as Tiruchi, they remain rare in regular eateries.
• Local culinary experts note a shift in the trend towards larger cities, indicating changing consumer preferences and culinary practices.
• Food safety officers in regions like Thoothukudi have issued detailed guidelines on the safe use of liquid nitrogen for food storage purposes, highlighting its potential benefits when utilized appropriately.

Liquid Nitrogen:

• It is a colorless, odorless, non-flammable, non-corrosive and extremely cold element.
• It is an inert cryogenic fluid with a temperature of −196 °C produced by compressing and cooling nitrogen gas below its evaporation point.
• Applications: Freezing and transporting of food products, Cryotherapy, etc.
• Harmful Effects: It can rapidly freeze skin tissue and eye fluid, resulting in cold burns, frostbite, etc.

Food Safety and Standards Act 2006:

• The Food Safety and Standards (FSS) Act, 2006 consolidates various acts & orders that had earlier handled food-related issues in various Ministries and Departments.
• The acts that were repealed after commencement of FSS Act, 2006 are as follows:
  • Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954
  • Fruit Products Order, 1955
  • Meat Food Products Order, 1973
  • Vegetable Oil Products (Control) Order, 1947
  • Edible Oils Packaging (Regulation) Order 1988
  • Milk and Milk Products Order, 1992
• Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) is an autonomous statutory body established under the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006.
• The Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India is the Administrative Ministry for the implementation of FSSAI.
• Before the formation of FSSAI, from 1954 onwards Prevention of Food Adulteration was part of the Directorate General of Health Services.
• After having detached from the direct administrative control of the Health Ministry, this authority is holding independent authority and has attained a special status.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/liquid-nitrogen-can-be-used-only-to-preserve-food-stress-food-safety-officials/article68106601.ece

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The state of Tamil Nadu has launched a significant initiative targeting the prevention of cervical cancer through the administration of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines to girls aged nine to 14 years.

EXPLANATION:

• This comprehensive program aims to address the prevalence of cervical cancer, the second most common cancer among women in India.

Current Status of Cervical Cancer in India

• Cervical cancer ranks as the second most prevalent cancer among women in India.
• Diagnosis often occurs at advanced stages due to the lack of symptoms, leading to limited treatment options and poor prognosis.
• The Crude Incidence Rate (CIR) of cervical cancer in Tamil Nadu, according to the Tamil Nadu Cancer Registry Project report 2018, was 17.7 per one lakh population.
• Variations in CIR across different regions of Tamil Nadu highlight the need for targeted interventions.
• Despite a decreasing trend in Chennai over the last decade, cervical cancer remains a significant health concern in urban areas.

Significance of HPV Vaccination

• The HPV vaccine aims to raise immunity against the Human Papillomavirus, a known cause of cervical cancer.
• By targeting girls aged nine to 14 years, the initiative aims to provide long-term protection against HPV infection, reducing the risk of malignancy in adulthood.
• Vaccination is a key strategy endorsed by the International Papillomavirus Society, emphasizing the slogan “One less worry” to promote awareness and uptake of the vaccine.

National and International Efforts

• Sikkim led the way in 2018 by introducing the HPV vaccine, achieving impressive coverage.
• India’s National Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation (NTAGI) recommended incorporating the vaccine into the Universal Immunisation Programme, targeting 9 to 14-year-old girls.
• Despite reports suggesting a rollout in 2023, uncertainty persists, with the Union Health Ministry yet to confirm plans.
• Globally, 100 countries have introduced the HPV vaccine, covering 30% of the target population.
• Pediatricians now advocate routine HPV vaccination for girls aged nine to 15, emphasizing early dosing for optimal efficacy and protection.
• Addressing vaccine hesitancy is crucial, with effective communication playing a key role in dispelling anxieties and misinformation.

Implementation and Progress of the Initiative

• The HPV vaccination initiative was launched at Villupuram Government Hospital in early March.
• Despite logistical challenges, nearly 150 girls have received the first dose of the vaccine, indicating positive uptake within the community.
• The vaccination schedule involves administering two doses six months apart, ensuring comprehensive protection.
• The initiative coincides with summer vacation, providing an opportunity to raise awareness at the community level about the importance of HPV vaccination.
• Importantly, the vaccine is provided free of cost, ensuring accessibility for all eligible individuals.

Cervical Cancer:

• It is a type of cancer that occurs in the cells of the cervix – the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina.
• Various strains of the Human papillomavirus (HPV) play a role in causing most cervical cancer.
• When exposed to HPV, the body’s immune system typically prevents the virus from doing harm. In a small percentage of people, however, the virus survives for years, contributing to the process that causes some cervical cells to become cancer cells.
• The HPV vaccine (Cervarix) protects against two of the cancer-causing strains, which are HPV 16 and 18.

Human papillomavirus:

• Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common viral infection of the reproductive tract.
• There are more than 100 types of HPV.
• More than 40 types of HPV are spread through direct sexual contact.
• Out of these 40, two cause genital warts, while about a dozen of HPV cause different types of cancer including cervical, anal, oropharyngeal, penile, vulvar and vaginal.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/nearly-150-girls-receive-first-dose-against-hpv-vaccine-against-cervical-cancer/article68110618.ece

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: On April 23, a rare celestial event occurred with four solar flares erupting simultaneously.

EXPLANATION:

• These flares, captured by NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory, originated from three sunspots and a large magnetic filament, demonstrating complex magnetic interactions.
• As the Sun nears or reaches the peak of its 11-year solar cycle, known as solar maximum, it exhibits heightened activity.

Sympathetic Flares

• Sympathetic flares are caused by multiple eruptions across the Sun’s magnetic field, linked by massive magnetic field loops that lie above the solar surface. When one spot detonates, others follow suit.
• This leads to coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and massive bursts of plasma.
• Such solar activity is likely an indication of the Sun reaching the peak of its 11-year solar cycle known as solar maximum.
• The peak is marked by increased solar events like flares and CMEs.
• As scientists continue to monitor the event and its aftermath, the event offers a peek into understanding the Sun’s complex life cycle.
• This is the third sympathetic solar flare this year, following a pair of explosions in January and a duo of X-class flares in March.
• While sympathetic flares typically involve two linked flares, the emission of four flares in unison makes this event “super-sympathetic.”
• This rarity underscores the dynamic and unpredictable nature of solar activity, challenging our understanding of solar phenomena.

Potential Impact on Earth

• Disruption of Technology:
  • Solar flares and CMEs, if directed towards Earth, have the potential to disrupt power grids, telecommunication networks, and orbiting satellites.
  • The influx of charged particles can interfere with electronics and communication systems, posing challenges for technological infrastructure.
• Radiation Exposure:
  • Astronauts in space may be exposed to dangerous doses of radiation during solar events, highlighting the risks associated with space exploration.
• Geomagnetic Storms and Auroras:
  • Minor class G1 geomagnetic storms, expected around April 25 and April 26, could result in auroras visible at lower latitudes.
  • While these phenomena are visually stunning, they also indicate disturbances in Earth’s magnetic field caused by solar activity.

Solar flares:

• A solar flare is a tremendous explosion on the Sun that happens when energy stored in ‘twisted’ magnetic fields (usually above sunspots) is suddenly released.
• In a matter of just a few minutes they heat material to many millions of degrees and produce a burst of radiation across the electromagnetic spectrum, from radio waves to X-rays and gamma rays.
• Scientists classify solar flares according to their peak brightness in X-ray wavelengths. There are five categories, listed here in order from most intense to least intense:
• X-class flares are the biggest; they are major events that can trigger radio blackouts around the whole world and long-lasting radiation storms in the upper atmosphere.
• M-class flares are medium-sized; they generally cause brief radio blackouts that affect Earth’s polar regions. Minor radiation storms sometimes follow an M-class flare.
• C-class flares are small with few noticeable consequences here on Earth. At its peak, a C-class flare is ten times less powerful than an M-class flare.
• B-class flares are ten times smaller or weaker than C-class flares.
• A-class flares are at least ten times less intense than B-class flares, with no noticeable consequences on Earth.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/quadruple-flares-sun-rare-celestial-event-earth-9289056/

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: Introduction SJVN Limited, a leading hydropower company, has inaugurated India’s first multipurpose green hydrogen pilot project at its Nathpa Jhakri Hydro Power Station (NJHPS) in Himachal Pradesh.

EXPLANATION:

• This groundbreaking initiative signifies a significant step towards sustainable energy production and aligns with the government’s National Green Hydrogen Mission.

Project Details

• Location: The project is located at the 1,500 MW Nathpa Jhakri Hydro Power Station in Jhakri, Himachal Pradesh.
• Objectives: The primary objective of the project is to produce green hydrogen, a clean and renewable form of energy. It aims to generate 14 kg of green hydrogen daily during eight hours of operation.
• Utilization of Surplus: Any surplus green hydrogen produced will be utilized to create electricity through a 25 kW capacity fuel cell, thereby maximizing the project’s efficiency and contributing to the overall energy transition.
• Generation Process: The green hydrogen generation plant employs an alkaline electrolyzer with a capacity of 20 Nm/hour, powered by renewable energy sourced from a 1.31 MW solar power plant located at SJVN’s Wadhal site in Shimla.
• Application: The project will produce high-velocity oxygen fuel coating material for the fuel cell at NJHPS, highlighting its multifaceted utility beyond hydrogen production alone.

Significance and Implications

• Environmental Impact: By harnessing renewable energy sources for hydrogen production, the project significantly reduces carbon emissions and environmental pollution, contributing to India’s efforts to combat climate change.
• Technology Advancement: The adoption of green hydrogen technology represents a leap forward in India’s energy landscape, showcasing the nation’s commitment to innovation and sustainable development.
• Infrastructure Development: The project accelerates the establishment of a green hydrogen production infrastructure within the power sector, laying the foundation for broader adoption of green hydrogen as a viable clean energy solution.
• Alignment with National Initiatives: The project’s alignment with the National Green Hydrogen Mission underscores the government’s strategic focus on promoting renewable energy technologies and achieving energy security and sustainability goals.

National Green Hydrogen Mission:

• It is a program to incentivise the commercial production of green hydrogen and make India a net exporter of the fuel.
• The Mission will facilitate demand creation, production, utilization and export of Green Hydrogen.
• Its sub schemes are:
  • Strategic Interventions for Green Hydrogen Transition Programme (SIGHT): It will fund the domestic manufacturing of electrolysers and produce green hydrogen.
  • Green Hydrogen Hubs: States and regions capable of supporting large scale production and/or utilization of hydrogen will be identified and developed as Green Hydrogen Hubs.
• Its comes under the Nodal Ministry: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy.
• It aims at developing green hydrogen production capacity of at least 5 MMT (Million Metric Tonne) per annum, alongside adding renewable energy capacity of about 125 GW (gigawatt) in India by 2030.
• It aims to entail over Rs 8 lakh crore of total investments and is expected to generate six lakh jobs.
• It will also lead to a cumulative reduction in fossil fuel imports by over Rs 1 lakh crore and an abatement of nearly 50 MT of annual greenhouse gas emissions.

SOURCE: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/renewables/indias-first-multi-purpose-green-hydrogen-pilot-project-inaugurated/articleshow/109570402.cms

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: The United States has confirmed providing long-range Army Tactical Missile Systems (ATACMS) to Ukraine, responding to a request made by Ukrainian President.

EXPLANATION:

• This development comes amidst ongoing conflict between Ukraine and Russia, with the latter’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022.
• The recent confirmation follows the passage of a $61 billion funding bill for Ukraine by the US Congress.

ATACMS System:

• The ATACMS is a conventional surface-to-surface artillery weapon system capable of striking targets well beyond the range of existing Army cannons, rockets and other missiles.”
• Manufactured by Lockheed Martin, its maximum range is 300km.
• Notably, this is not the first time that the ATACMS system has been delivered, although the earlier systems had much shorter ranges of around 160 km.
• For instance, in October 2023, the US provided missiles with cluster munitions.
• When fired, they would open in the air and release hundreds of “bomblets” rather than a single warhead, the Associated Press reported at the time.
• ATACMS missiles are fired from the High Mobility Artillery Rocket System (HIMARS) and Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS) M270 platforms, which have the US and the United Kingdom earlier provided to Ukraine.

ATACMS missiles are fired from the HIMARS and MLRS M270 platforms, which have been provided earlier to Ukraine by the US and the United Kingdom respectively

Significance of Transfer to Ukraine

• The transfer of ATACMS missiles to Ukraine significantly enhances its long-range capabilities, artillery firepower, and air defense systems.
• These capabilities are deemed crucial by President for achieving a just peace sooner in the ongoing conflict with Russia.
• The decision to send the ATACMS system now is attributed to Russia’s intensified attacks on civilian infrastructure in Ukraine.
• The US has cited readiness concerns and the need to maintain its own supply of the system as reasons for delaying the transfer until now.
• Reports indicate that Ukraine has already utilized the ATACMS missiles, targeting Russian troops in the port city of Berdiansk.
• This underscores the immediate operational significance of the system in bolstering Ukraine’s defense capabilities and deterring further aggression from Russia.
• The transfer of ATACMS missiles also reflects broader geopolitical dynamics, including concerns over North Korea’s recent provision of ballistic missiles to Russia.
• The US perceives the need to counter such developments and support Ukraine’s defense efforts in the face of external threats.

Status of the Ukraine-Russia War and Funding Issues

• The conflict between Ukraine and Russia continues, with Russia’s military forces maintaining a numerical advantage over Ukraine.
• Ukraine President has consistently appealed for aid from the US and Europe to bolster Ukraine’s defense capabilities.
• Russia President has been vocal in his support for providing aid to Ukraine, emphasizing its role in promoting global security.
• The passage of the aid bill by the US Congress reflects bipartisan efforts to support Ukraine’s defense against Russian aggression.
• However, some Republican leaders, including former President Donald Trump, have opposed further aid to Ukraine, calling for increased contributions from Europe.
• Despite differing opinions within US political circles, the provision of ATACMS missiles underscores America’s commitment to supporting Ukraine’s sovereignty and territorial integrity.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/everyday-explainers/army-tactical-missile-systems-us-ukraine-9290863/

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: The Election Commission’s first ever notices to political parties for alleged Model Code of Conduct (MCC) violations by their star campaigners marks a significant shift in the institution’s response to such complaints.

EXPLANATION:

• The Election Commission of India (EC) has historically sent notices to individuals rather than political parties in response to complaints regarding violations of the Model Code of Conduct (MCC).
• However, a recent development marks a significant shift in the EC’s approach, as it has issued notices directly to political parties for alleged MCC violations by their star campaigners.

Past Practice vs. Current Approach

• Previously, the EC issued general advisories to political parties regarding MCC compliance.
• When individual complaints arose, notices were directed at the specific individual rather than the party.
• This traditional practice aimed at holding individuals accountable for their actions during election campaigns.

Recent Notices to Political Parties

• In a departure from past practices, the EC has issued notices to the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and the Indian National Congress (INC) regarding complaints against Prime Minister and Opposition leader, respectively.
• The notices emphasize that individual star campaigners bear responsibility for their speeches, and parties may be held accountable for MCC violations on a case-by-case basis.

Challenges and Concerns

• Some observers view the EC’s move as fraught with challenges.
• Questions arise regarding the extent of action the EC can take against individual leaders if notices are issued to their respective parties.
• Additionally, concerns exist regarding the clarity of intent behind this shift in approach and the potential consequences if parties’ responses to notices are deemed unsatisfactory.
• While high-profile political leaders have previously received notices directly from the EC for MCC breaches, no sitting Prime Minister has been issued a notice for MCC violation to date.

Calibrated Approach

• The issuance of notices to political parties reflects a calibrated approach announced by the Chief Election Commissioner during a press conference on Lok Sabha elections.
• This approach entails tougher actions against repeat offenders among campaigners, with increased responsibility linked legally to the political parties to whom the star campaigners belong.

Legal Implications and Reminders

• The EC’s decision to hold political parties accountable for MCC violations aligns with the legal framework surrounding party registration and commitment to constitutional ideals.
• This reminder serves to underscore the gravity of adhering to MCC guidelines and reinforces the EC’s commitment to upholding electoral integrity.

Model code of conduct:

• The Model Code of Conduct (MCC) is a set of guidelines established by the Election Commission of India (ECI) to regulate the behavior of political parties and candidates during elections.
• It serves to ensure fair and ethical practices in electoral processes and prevent the misuse of government resources for partisan gains.
• The MCC becomes operational from the moment the election schedule is announced and remains in force until the declaration of election results.
• This period marks a crucial phase in the electoral cycle, where political parties and candidates are bound by the provisions outlined in the MCC.
• The MCC comprises a comprehensive set of provisions covering various aspects of electioneering:
  • General Conduct:Political parties and candidates are expected to conduct themselves in a manner that upholds the integrity of the electoral process and fosters a fair and level playing field.
  • Campaign Activities:Restrictions are imposed on activities such as rallies, processions, and public meetings to maintain order and prevent disruptions.
  • Use of Government Resources:The MCC prohibits the use of official government machinery, resources, and media for election campaigning to prevent undue advantage to the ruling party.
  • Advertisement and Publicity:Parties are barred from advertising at the expense of public funds and using government-sponsored advertisements to influence voter behavior.
  • Equitable Treatment:The MCC mandates equitable treatment of political parties in terms of access to public facilities and resources for campaign purposes.
  • Content of Campaigns:Campaigns should focus on the performance and record of political parties and candidates, without resorting to divisive tactics based on caste, religion, or other communal sentiments.
  • Election Silence:A 48-hour ‘election silence’ period is enforced before polling day to allow voters a campaign-free environment for reflection.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/model-code-of-conduct-violations-sending-notice-to-party-not-candidate-marks-shift-in-ec-response-9291258/

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: In a significant development, the Supreme Court on April 26 rejected the plea seeking 100% cross-verification of Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) data with Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT) records.

EXPLANATION:

• The EVM-VVPAT case, adjudicated by a bench of Justices Sanjiv Khanna and Dipankar Datta, addressed various pleas concerning the integrity and transparency of India’s electoral process.
• These included demands for 100% cross-verification of votes cast using Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) with Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT), as well as a request to revert to the traditional ballot paper system.
• The Supreme Court rendered two concurring verdicts, dismissing all pleas presented before it, emphasizing the importance of balanced scrutiny over unwarranted scepticism towards the electoral system.

Directives Issued by the Supreme Court

• Sealing and Storage of EVM Units: Justice Khanna directed the Election Commission of India (ECI) to seal and securely store units responsible for loading symbols onto EVMs in strong rooms for a duration of 45 days after the symbols have been loaded.
• Verification of Microcontrollers: The Supreme Court permitted engineers of EVM manufacturers to verify the microcontroller of the machines post the declaration of results. This verification can be initiated upon the request of candidates securing second and third positions. Candidates must make this request within seven days of result declaration, and payment of fees is required for this verification.
• Verification of Burnt Memory Semicontroller: Candidates securing the second and third positions in the election results are entitled to request verification of burnt memory semicontrollers in 5% of EVMs per assembly segment in a Parliamentary constituency. This request must be made within seven days of result declaration, specifying the serial numbers of the EVMs to be checked. Candidates and their representatives can be present during this verification process.
• Notification of Authenticity: Following the verification process, the district electoral officer should notify the authenticity of the burnt memory.
• Expense Bearings: Candidates initiating the verification process are liable to bear the expenses associated with it, as notified by the Election Commission of India (ECI).
• Refund in Case of Tampering: If any tampering is detected during the verification process, the fees paid by the candidates will be refunded.

Supreme Court’s Assertion

• The bench emphasized that while maintaining a balanced perspective is crucial, blindly distrusting any aspect of the system can lead to unwarranted scepticism.
• This underlines the importance of critical evaluation without fostering undue mistrust.

Petitioners and Their Demands

• NGO Association for Democratic Reforms was one of the petitioners, seeking reversal of the poll panel’s 2017 decision regarding the replacement of transparent glass on VVPAT machines with opaque glass.
• Additionally, petitioners called for a return to the traditional ballot paper system.

Electronic Voting Machine:

• EVM is a device used to record votes electronically.
• They were first used in the Paravur Assembly Constituency of Kerala in the year 1982.
• Since 1998, the Election Commission has increasingly used EMVs instead of ballot boxes.
• In 2003, all state elections and by-elections were held using EVMs.
• Encouraged by this, in 2004, the Commission took a historic decision to use only EVMs for the Lok Sabha elections.
• EVMs eliminate the occurrence of ‘Invalid Votes’ seen frequently with paper ballots, ensuring a more accurate reflection of voter choice and reducing complaints and legal disputes.
• EVMs streamline the voting process, making it faster and more efficient. They eliminate the need for manual counting, reducing the time required to declare election results.

Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT):

• A VVPAT was first used in Noksen (Assembly Constituency) of Nagaland in September 2013.
• On a large scale, VVPAT along with EVMs, used for the first time in India in the 2013 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election, in 10 assembly seats out of 40.
• By using a ballotless voting system it provides feedback to voters.
• It is an independent verification system for voting machines as it allows voters to verify whether their vote was cast correctly or not.
• It also detects malfunction or possible election fraud and acts as a means of an audit tool for the stored electronic results by enabling electronic voting machines to record each vote cast by generating the EVM slip.

SOURCE: https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/-supreme-court-rejects-pleas-seeking-100-evm-vvpat-cross-verification-issues-directions-to-seal-symbol-loading-unit-256174?infinitescroll=1

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: A recent study by Harrison B. Smith and Lana Sinapayen, published in LiveScience, delves into the feasibility of detecting alien organisms that may be arriving on Earth via meteorites.

EXPLANATION:

• This research highlights the potential implications of panspermia and its relevance to the search for extraterrestrial life.

Panspermia:

• The concept of panspermia, a fringe theory in astrobiology, proposes that life may exist throughout the universe and can be distributed via meteoroids, asteroids, comets, or even spacecraft.
• This theory suggests that alien organisms could potentially hitch rides on meteors, traveling between planets, including Earth.
• Humans have long been intrigued by the possibility of extraterrestrial life. With over 5,000 confirmed exoplanets considered potential hosts for life, the theory of panspermia offers a novel perspective on the exploration of life beyond Earth.

Alien Colonization and Atmospheric Alterations:

• The report suggests that these alien organisms may be seeking to colonize Earth.
• As they traverse between planets, they could inadvertently alter atmospheric conditions, potentially impacting the environment of their destination planet.
• While panspermia presents intriguing possibilities, identifying these alien life forms remains a significant challenge.
• Scientists lack a clear understanding of what to look for, complicating efforts to detect extraterrestrial organisms.
• The study posits that characteristic changes in atmospheric composition could serve as clues in the search for extraterrestrial existence.
• On Earth, the presence of abundant oxygen in the atmosphere, a byproduct of photosynthesis by terrestrial life forms, serves as an example of how life can influence planetary conditions.

Limitations and Future Directions:

• The researchers acknowledge the limitations of their work, including the untested nature of panspermia as a hypothesis.
• Additionally, their methodology relies on the availability of sufficient data about exoplanets, which may pose challenges in practical implementation.

SOURCE: https://www.livemint.com/science/news/aliens-hitching-rides-on-meteors-to-colonise-earth-study-says/amp-11713964116320.html

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: The 2024 Global Report on Food Crisis (GRFC) reveals alarming statistics regarding acute food insecurity worldwide.

EXPLANATION:

• Over 282 million people in 59 countries faced high levels of acute food insecurity in 2023, marking the fifth consecutive year of rising numbers.
• This figure represents approximately 22% of the analyzed population, surpassing pre-COVID-19 levels.

Drivers of Food Crisis:

• Conflict and insecurity emerged as the primary driver of food crisis in 20 countries, directly impacting 135 million people.
• Notably, regions like Palestine (Gaza Strip) and Sudan experienced severe crises, with Sudan facing one of the worst food crises globally.
• The conflict in Sudan expanded to its southeastern regions, crucial for national cereal production.
• Extreme weather events were another significant driver, affecting 18 countries and over 72 million people.
• The El Nino event and climate change-induced phenomena led to record-high temperatures, exacerbating droughts and floods worldwide, including in India.
• Economic shocks also contributed to the crisis, affecting 21 countries, particularly low-income and import-dependent nations.
• Despite decreasing global food prices, economic shocks left over 75 million people facing acute food insecurity.

Impact of Displacement:

• The report highlights the correlation between displacement and acute food insecurity, with 90 million forcibly displaced people across 59 countries, the highest in eight years.
• Sudan, grappling with conflict-induced displacement, became the world’s largest internal displacement crisis.
• Similarly, Gaza Strip saw around 80% of its population internally displaced by the end of 2023.

Forecast and Warning:

• An Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) analysis projected a further deterioration, with famine looming in North Gaza and a risk of famine across the rest of the strip.
• Approximately 1.1 million people were estimated to be experiencing catastrophic acute food insecurity.

Response and Recommendations:

• UN Secretary-General stressed the need for urgent action to address the crisis.
• Transforming food systems and tackling underlying causes of food insecurity and malnutrition were deemed vital.
• The report emphasizes the importance of utilizing its data to inform policy and interventions.

Improvements and Initiatives:

• Despite the dire situation, food security improved in 17 countries compared to the previous year, resulting in 7.2 million fewer people facing acute food insecurity.
• This underscores the potential for targeted interventions to mitigate crisis situations.

Collaborative Efforts:

• The GRFC is produced annually by the Food Security Information Network and launched by the Global Network Against Food Crises, a multistakeholder initiative involving UN agencies, the European Union, the United States Agency for International Development, and non-governmental agencies.
• This collaborative effort aims to address food crises comprehensively.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/food/global-food-crisis-1-in-5-people-in-need-of-urgent-action-95773

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: Recently, in Assam’s tribal-majority Diphu Lok Sabha constituency candidates of all parties have promised the implementation of Article 244(A) of the Constitution to create an autonomous ‘state within a state’.

EXPLANATION:

• In recent years, despite various peace settlements with militant groups, discussions around Article 244(A) have persisted.
• The attitude of successive state and central governments has been perceived as hesitant towards granting more autonomy, focusing instead on centralizing power.

Article 244(A) and its Importance:

• Article 244(A) of the Constitution of India pertains to the formation of autonomous states within the existing states.
• It grants Parliament the power to create autonomous states within Assam, comprising tribal areas.
• This provision aims to provide a higher level of autonomy to these regions, surpassing the provisions already laid out in the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution.

Historical Context and the Demand for Autonomy:

• The demand for autonomy in Assam’s tribal areas, particularly in regions like Karbi Anglong, has deep historical roots dating back to the 1950s.
• During this time, movements for a separate hill state were initiated.
• However, when Meghalaya was carved out as a separate state in 1972, the leaders of Karbi Anglong region opted to remain within Assam, with the assurance of autonomy under Article 244(A).
• The Autonomous State Demand Committee (ASDC), formed as a mass organization advocating for autonomy, played a significant role in pressing for the region’s autonomy.
• In 1995, a Memorandum of Settlement was signed between ASDC, student bodies, and the governments, aiming to enhance the powers of autonomous councils in the region.

Political Landscape and Representation in Diphu Lok Sabha Constituency:

• Diphu Lok Sabha constituency, reserved for Scheduled Tribes, encompasses tribal-majority hill districts of Assam, including Karbi Anglong, West Karbi Anglong, and Dima Hasao.
• Despite the diverse communities residing in the area, the seat has been predominantly represented by members of the Karbi community since 1977.
• Presently, all Assembly segments under Diphu seat are held by the BJP.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/article-244a-diphu-assam-9288844/

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) and Infrastructure Investment Trusts (InvITs) have emerged as dynamic investment vehicles in India, mobilizing significant capital in recent years.

EXPLANATION:

• With the Indian economy experiencing rapid growth, these instruments have gained traction, particularly among high net-worth individuals seeking diversified investment opportunities.

Mobilization of Capital

• According to data from the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), REITs and InvITs have collectively mobilized a staggering ₹1.3 lakh crore over the past four years, signaling their growing importance in the investment landscape.
• This influx of capital underscores the increasing appeal of these instruments among both domestic and foreign investors.

Market Maturation and Regulatory Support

• Despite being a late adopter, India’s REIT and InvIT market is flourishing. Regulatory initiatives, such as SEBI’s progressive reduction in minimum investment size and trading lot, have facilitated greater retail participation in these investment vehicles.
• The recent notification of regulations for small and medium REITs further enhances accessibility and regulatory oversight, fostering the continued growth of the sector.

Industry Perspectives

• Industry experts and stakeholders emphasize the positive impact of regulatory reforms and market developments on the growth trajectory of REITs and InvITs.
• The regulatory framework allows banks to lend to InvITs, enhancing liquidity and security for lenders.
• Additionally, SEBI’s efforts to standardize financial reporting and disclosures contribute to investor confidence and transparency within the sector.

Transformation of Investment Landscape

• The evolution of REITs and InvITs has transformed the investment landscape in India.
• These instruments provide investors with opportunities for fixed income, stable cash flows, and diversification without the need for substantial capital typically associated with direct investments in real estate and infrastructure projects.
• The market’s response to SEBI’s initiatives, including the introduction of small-medium REITs, reflects the growing investor interest and confidence in these instruments.

Future Outlook

• Looking ahead, industry experts anticipate further growth and participation in India’s REIT and InvIT market.
• Government initiatives to promote infrastructure development and improve the ease of doing business are expected to bolster investor confidence and stimulate investment activity.
• As regulatory frameworks evolve and awareness of these investment vehicles increases, REITs and InvITs are poised to play a significant role in driving the development and growth of the infrastructure and real estate sectors in India.

Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs):

• A REIT is a company that owns, operates, or finances income-producing properties.
• REITs generate a steady income stream for investors but offer little capital appreciation.
• Most REITs are publicly traded like stocks, which makes them highly liquid, unlike real estate investments.
• REITs invest in apartment buildings, cell towers, data centers, hotels, medical facilities, offices, retail centers, and warehouses.

Infrastructure Investment Trusts (InvITs):

• Infrastructure Investment Trusts (InvITs) are mutual fund like institutions that enable investments into the infrastructure sector by pooling small sums of money from multitude of individual investors for directly investing in infrastructure so as to return a portion of the income (after deducting expenditures) to unit holders of InvITs, who pooled in the money.
• For these purposes, Infrastructure is as defined by Ministry of Finance vide its notification dated October 07, 2013 and would include any amendments/additions made thereof.
• InvITs can invest in infrastructure projects, either directly or through a special purpose vehicle (SPV). In case of Public Private Partnership (PPP) projects, such investments can only be through SPV.
• InvITs are regulated by the securities market regulator in India- Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI).
• SEBI notified SEBI (Infrastructure Investment Trusts) Regulations, 2014 on September 26, 2014, providing for registration and regulation of InvITs in India. The objective of InvIT is to facilitate investment into the infrastructure sector in India.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/business/reits-invits-mobilise-13-lakh-crore-in-four-years-rbi-data/article68102966.ece

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: A consortium of scientists, funded by the Wellcome Trust, embarked on a revolutionary approach to antivenom development, bypassing animal-derived antibodies and instead harnessing human antibodies.

EXPLANATION:

• Led by Kartik Sunagar from the Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, the team focused on synthesizing broadly applicable human antibodies against snake venom toxins.
• Snakebites, though often considered exotic, pose a significant threat to millions of people worldwide, particularly in low and middle-income countries such as India and Africa.
• With more than 100,000 fatalities annually and around 400,000 individuals left permanently disabled, snakebites represent a critical yet neglected health crisis.
• The burden is especially pronounced in regions where access to proper healthcare is limited, exacerbating the mortality rate.
• Traditional methods of producing antivenom involve injecting large animals like horses with snake venom and harvesting the antibodies produced in their blood.
• However, this process has inherent limitations.
• The antibodies obtained from animals may target other microorganisms and non-harmful components of the venom, resulting in variability and the need for larger doses.
• Moreover, using animal-derived antibodies increases the risk of adverse reactions in humans.

Targeting Three-Finger Toxins (3FTxs)

• The scientists honed in on three-finger toxins (3FTxs), a prevalent and lethal component found in elapid venoms, which include species like cobras, kraits, and mambas.
• Specifically, they targeted α-neurotoxins, a class of 3FTxs that disrupt human nerve and muscle cell receptors, leading to paralysis and eventual death.

Innovative Screening Process

• Utilizing advanced techniques, the researchers screened billions of human antibodies expressed on yeast cells to identify those that bound most effectively to the targeted toxins.
• This method allowed them to select antibodies with unprecedented precision, surpassing the capabilities of traditional animal-based approaches.

Identification of 95Mat5: A Potent Antidote

• After rigorous screening, the team identified an antibody, 95Mat5, which demonstrated remarkable efficacy in neutralizing a wide range of snake venoms, including those from cobras, kraits, and mambas.
• In in vitro experiments conducted by Nicholas Casewell’s group at the Liverpool School for Tropical Medicine, 95Mat5 showed promising results in neutralizing toxins in human cells.

In Vivo Validation

• Further validation in live mice confirmed the efficacy of 95Mat5 in protecting against lethal doses of snake venom.
• Notably, the antibody provided significant protection against various elapid venoms, with the exception of king cobras, where it only delayed death.

Unprecedented Success and Future Prospects

• The success of 95Mat5 marks a significant advancement in antivenom development, offering a potential solution to the complex challenge of snakebite envenoming.
• By targeting a specific toxin present in multiple snake venoms, this antibody represents a crucial step towards a universal antivenom.

Towards a Universal Antivenom

• While 95Mat5 effectively neutralizes a specific toxin, the quest for a universal antivenom continues.
• Sunagar and his team express optimism in discovering additional antibodies targeting toxins in other snake venoms, such as vipers.
• This pursuit holds the promise of a comprehensive solution to snakebite envenoming, transcending geographical and species-specific barriers.

Three-Finger Toxins (3FTxs):

• Three-finger toxins (3FTx) are a superfamily of small toxin proteins found in the venom of snakes, primarily from the Caenophidia lineage.
• They are named after their characteristic structure, which consists of three beta strand loops (fingers) projecting from a small hydrophobic core containing four conserved disulfide bonds.
• The proteins are typically 60-74 amino acid residues long, and despite their conserved structure, they have a wide range of pharmacological effects, with most members being neurotoxins that act on cholinergic intercellular signaling.
• Three-finger toxins are divided into three classes: short-chain toxins, long-chain toxins, and three-finger protein domains.
• Short-chain toxins have under 66 residues and four core disulfide bonds, while long-chain toxins have at least 66 residues, a disulfide bond in loop II, and possibly a C-terminal extension.
• Three-finger protein domains, on the other hand, are non-toxic proteins that share a similar structure with three-finger toxins but have different functions.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/team-including-indian-scientists-designs-potent-antidote-to-cobra-krait-venom-toxins/article68101244.ece

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Between September 2020 and April 2024, food safety authorities in the European Union detected contamination in 527 products linked to India. The

EXPLANATION:

• majority of these products included nuts and sesame seeds, herbs and spices, dietetic foods, and other food products.

Presence of Ethylene Oxide

• The European Food Safety Authority discovered the presence of ethylene oxide, a cancer-causing chemical, in numerous Indian food products.
• Ethylene oxide, originally intended for sterilizing medical devices, is now used as a pesticide and sterilizing agent in the food industry.
• Exposure to ethylene oxide is associated with various health risks, including lymphoma and leukemia.
• Additionally, the chemical can lead to the formation of other hazardous compounds such as ethylene glycol, which has caused fatalities in the past, particularly in cough syrups in Africa.

Response and Suggestions

• Experts emphasize the need for proactive measures to address the contamination issue.
• Chief Operating Officer at Ramaiah Advanced Testing Labs underscores the importance of exploring safe alternatives to ethylene oxide and conducting studies to assess their feasibility.
• There is a call for the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) and the Union government to undertake studies and encourage industries to adopt alternative sterilization methods, such as gamma ray treatment.
• Concerns are raised regarding the quality of exported products, highlighting the necessity for thorough safety checks in local markets as well.
• Despite advisories from authorities like the Spices Board to test for ethylene oxide, contamination incidents persist, indicating the need for enhanced quality control measures.

Ethylene oxide:

• It is a colourless, flammable gas with a sweet odor. It is industrially produced by oxidizing ethylene in the presence of a silver catalyst.
• It is used as a pesticide and sterilizing agent for medical equipment.
• Ethylene oxide, with the chemical formula C₂H₄O, is a significant organic compound used in various industrial applications.
• It is a cyclic ether and the simplest epoxide, characterized by a three-membered ring comprising one oxygen atom and two carbon atoms.
• Ethylene oxide is a versatile raw material employed in the production of a wide range of consumer products, detergents, thickeners, solvents, plastics, and various organic chemicals like ethylene glycol and ethanolamines.
• Despite its utility, ethylene oxide poses significant hazards due to its flammability, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, irritant properties, and anesthetic effects.
• It is used as a surface disinfectant in medical settings and is a key component in thermobaric weapons.
• Exposure to ethylene oxide can occur through inhalation, ingestion, or environmental contact, with potential health risks including DNA damage, cancer, and other adverse effects.
• Workers in industries utilizing ethylene oxide, such as those involved in antifreeze production, textiles, detergents, and medical equipment sterilization, are particularly at risk.

SOURCE: https://www.deccanherald.com/india/eu-found-cancer-causing-chemical-in-527-indian-items-2991515

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is set to conduct the second test flight of the uncrewed Gaganyaan mission, marking a significant milestone in India’s space exploration endeavors.

EXPLANATION:

• The mission is part of ISRO’s ambitious human spaceflight program aimed at demonstrating India’s capability for human spaceflight.

Gaganyaan Mission

• The Gaganyaan project aims to showcase India’s prowess in human spaceflight by sending a three-person crew into a 400-kilometer orbit for a three-day trip before safely returning them to Earth by landing in the Indian Ocean seas.
• ISRO Chairman S Somanath announced that the second test flight of the uncrewed Gaganyaan mission is scheduled for April 24.
• Additionally, the project involves further trials, including a test vehicle flight mission and an airdrop test, to be conducted later this year.
• Following the uncrewed test flights, ISRO plans to conduct two more uncrewed missions next year.
• If all goes according to plan, the manned mission is expected to take place by the end of next year, marking a significant milestone for India’s space program.

Significance of Gaganyaan Mission

• Global Spacefaring Nation: Successful completion of the Gaganyaan mission will elevate India to the ranks of leading spacefaring nations, including the United States, Russia, and China, which have active human spaceflight programs.
• Indigenous Technology Stack: ISRO’s human spaceflight program is distinguished by its reliance on indigenous technology, with ISRO working closely with partner vendors to develop a fully indigenous technology stack for Gaganyaan’s space infrastructure. This sets India apart from countries like the US, which often contracts private firms for such projects.

Gaganyaan and India’s Position in the Global Space Ecosystem

• India’s success in space exploration is further exemplified by its Chandrayaan missions, which have made significant observations regarding the presence of water on the lunar surface, contributing to applied research projects in space.
• Through Gaganyaan and other space missions, India is expected to enhance its stature in applied research projects in space, solidifying its position in the global space ecosystem.

SOURCE: https://www.livemint.com/science/news/isro-all-set-for-2nd-test-flight-of-uncrewed-gaganyaan-mission-today-11713921719214.html

TAG: GS 2: GOVERNANCE AND SOCIAL JUSTICE

THE CONTEXT: As the current Union government completes two terms, one of its flagship programmes was Housing For All (HfA) by 2022, both in urban and rural areas, planned under the PMAY (Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana) scheme in 2015.

EXPLANATION:

Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY):

• The Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) was launched in 2015 as a flagship program aimed at providing “Housing for All” by 2022.
• The two basic components of the scheme are Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Urban) (PMAY-U) for the urban poor and Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana (Gramin) (PMAY-G or PMAY-R ) for the rural poor.
• It encompasses both urban and rural areas, with a focus on addressing the housing needs of economically weaker sections and low-income groups.
• Under PMAY, various verticals are designed to cater to different segments of the population, including in-situ slum redevelopment, affordable housing partnerships, and beneficiary-led construction.
• Objectives of the PMAY Scheme are:
  • Rehabilitation of Slum Dwellers: One of the primary objectives of PMAY is to rehabilitate slum dwellers by involving private developers in the process.
  • Promotion of Affordable Housing: PMAY aims to promote affordable housing for weaker sections through Credit Linked Subsidy Schemes (CLSS) and partnerships with public and private sectors.
  • In-Situ Slum Redevelopment (ISSR): The scheme targets the redevelopment of slums in their existing locations to provide better housing conditions for residents.
  • Subsidy for Beneficiary-led Construction (BLC): PMAY provides subsidies to beneficiaries for constructing their own houses.

Performance of the PMAY Scheme

• Despite the initial target of achieving “Housing for All” by 2022, the scheme has faced challenges in implementation and has been extended until December 31, 2024.
• However, the progress has been inadequate, with significant shortfalls in the number of houses constructed compared to the actual demand.
• The scheme has fallen short of its objectives, with an estimated shortage of around 20 million houses in rural areas and three million in urban centers.
• The in-situ slum redevelopment (ISSR) vertical, which addresses a critical need in cities, has particularly underperformed, with only a fraction of the sanctioned houses completed.
• Several factors contribute to the challenges faced by PMAY, including land acquisition issues, inadequate community involvement in planning, and discrepancies between city master plans and PMAY objectives.
• Additionally, reliance on large capital-intensive solutions and limited government contribution to investment expenditure pose significant hurdles.

Private Sector Participation in Social Housing

• Role of the Private Sector:
  • The PMAY scheme relies on private sector participation to bridge the gap in social housing.
  • However, the success of private sector involvement has been mixed, with some projects failing to address the needs of slum dwellers effectively.
• Challenges in Private Sector Participation:
  • Issues such as vertical growth leading to increased utility costs, inadequate housing design, and land ownership complexities have hampered the effectiveness of private sector participation.
  • Moreover, the dichotomy between city master plans and PMAY objectives further complicates private sector engagement in social housing initiatives.
• Financial Contribution:
  • While the private sector plays a role in PMAY, the bulk of the financial burden falls on beneficiary households, highlighting the need for greater government investment and support.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/an-overview-of-the-pmay-u-scheme-explained/article68099465.ece/amp/

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: On Earth Day, NABARD unveiled its Climate Strategy 2030 document, aiming to address India’s pressing need for green financing.

EXPLANATION:

• The initiative acknowledges the significant shortfall in green finance inflows, with only $49 billion garnered annually against the required $170 billion to achieve India’s climate goals by 2030.

Challenges and Focus Areas:

• The strategy identifies key challenges, particularly the lack of private sector engagement in adaptation and resilience efforts due to perceived bankability and commercial viability issues.
• To overcome these challenges, NABARD’s Climate Strategy 2030 is structured around four pillars: accelerating green lending across sectors, playing a broader market-making role, internal green transformation, and strategic resource mobilization.

Sustainable Practices in Real Estate Development

• DLF, a leading real estate developer, highlights its sustainable construction initiatives, including zero-discharge water systems and sewage treatment plants.
• By recycling millions of liters of water daily and prioritizing greenery preservation, DLF exemplifies a commitment to environmental, social, and governance excellence, as evidenced by its inclusion in the Dow Jones Sustainability Index.
• Signature Global (India) Ltd. emphasizes its commitment to sustainability through EDGE certification and IGBC gold ratings for its projects.
• The company implements water-saving practices such as low-flow faucets and rainwater harvesting systems to reduce water usage by 52%.
• By integrating these techniques into its developments, Signature Global aims to enhance urban water system resilience while conserving natural resources.

Emphasis on Sustainability and Economic Benefits

• Real estate developers underscore the economic benefits of sustainable practices, including energy and cost savings for homeowners.
• By emphasizing self-regulation and behavioral changes among workers, the industry aims to address environmental challenges comprehensively and promote sustainability within the construction sector.

Recognition of Environmental Excellence

• Remsons Industries Ltd., an auto ancillary manufacturer, received a Gold Medal in the Ecovadis Sustainability Assessment, placing it among the top 5% of evaluated companies globally.
• The recognition reaffirms the company’s commitment to environmental stewardship, social responsibility, and corporate ethics.
• Remsons Industries’ exemplary performance in key areas such as environment, labor rights, and ethics underscores its dedication to sustainability and ESG excellence.

Corporate Commitment to Sustainability

• Executive Director of Remsons Industries emphasizes sustainability as a core value ingrained in the company’s ethos.
• The company remains committed to developing environmentally responsible products while upholding social responsibility standards throughout its supply chain.
• Remsons Industries’ Gold Medal achievement reflects its dedication to promoting environmental conservation and social welfare through sustainable business practices.

National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD):

• NABARD is a development bank focusing primarily on the rural sector of the country.
• It is the apex banking institution to provides finance for Agriculture and rural development.
• Its headquarter is located in Mumbai, the country’s financial capital.
• It is responsible for the development of small industries, cottage industries, and any other such village or rural projects.
• It is a statutory body established in 1982 under Parliamentary act-National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development Act, 1981.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/business/nabard-unveils-climate-strategy-2030-to-mobilise-green-financing/article68099195.ece

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Recent research conducted at the Institute of Molecular Virology at Ulm University Medical Centre, Germany, sheds light on a novel defense mechanism employed by the human body to inhibit viral transmission via non-conventional routes.

EXPLANATION:

• Published in Nature Microbiology, the study reveals the role of extracellular vesicles in bodily fluids, such as saliva and semen, in inhibiting viral infection.

Extracellular Vesicles as Defense Agents

• Extracellular vesicles, small structures enclosed by fat, play a crucial role in intercellular communication and substance transport.
• The researchers found that these vesicles are abundant in saliva and semen and contain PS proteins on their surfaces, similar to those exploited by viruses for entry.
• Through a series of experiments, they demonstrated that these vesicles compete with viruses for entry receptors, thereby impeding viral infection.

Implications of the Discovery

• The study’s findings extend beyond Zika virus to encompass other viruses that utilize the PS receptor for entry, including dengue, chikungunya, West Nile, ebola, and vesicular stomatitis viruses.
• Importantly, viruses that do not utilize the PS receptor, such as HIV and SARS-CoV-2, remain unaffected by the presence of extracellular vesicles.
• This discovery represents a significant advancement in our understanding of host defense mechanisms against viral infections.

Viruses:

• Viruses, such as Zika, dengue, and chikungunya, are adept at transmitting themselves from host to host, a crucial aspect of their life cycle.
• Achieving successful transmission is a complex interplay between the virus and the host’s immune system.
• For a virus to successfully infect a new host, it must first gain access to target cells, a process known as tropism.
• Tropism is driven by specific interactions between viral surface proteins and receptors on host cells.
• These receptors are typically highly selective, dictating which cells the virus can infect.
• For instance, HIV targets cells expressing the CD4 protein, while SARS-CoV-2 uses the ACE2 receptor for entry.
• One such receptor of interest is phosphatidyl serine (PS), typically expressed by dying cells in the body.
• PS acts as a signal for immune cells to initiate the clearance of these dying cells.
• However, viruses have evolved a strategy known as apoptotic mimicry, wherein they express PS on their own surfaces.
• By doing so, viruses can exploit the PS pathway to infect host cells, effectively hijacking the immune response for their benefit.

Challenges in Studying Viral Transmission

• Studying viral transmission presents significant challenges, particularly when viruses utilize receptors like PS for entry.
• These receptors are often expressed by various cell types, complicating the understanding of transmission routes.
• Additionally, the mere presence of a virus in a bodily fluid does not guarantee transmission through that route.
• For example, although Zika virus can be detected in saliva, semen, and breast milk, it primarily spreads via mosquitoes rather than orally or sexually.

Future Directions and Speculations

• While the therapeutic implications of this discovery are yet to be fully realized, it opens up new avenues for research into potential antiviral strategies.
• Furthermore, the study raises intriguing questions about the evolutionary dynamics between viruses and their hosts.
• The notion that PS-containing vesicles in humans may have influenced the evolution of mosquito-borne viruses presents a thought-provoking avenue for further investigation.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/new-type-of-host-defence-against-zika-dengue-infections-revealed/article68097589.ece/amp/

THE CONTEXT: The Supreme Court of India delivered a verdict in the Association of Democratic Reforms vs. Election Commission of India, addressing the petitioner’s demands to return to paper ballots and 100% vote verification through VVPAT slips. The court rejected these demands, emphasizing the need for a balanced perspective on the electoral system and cautioning against undue skepticism that could hinder progress.

ISSUES:

• Rejection of Pleas for Paper Ballots and Full VVPAT Verification: The Supreme Court bench, comprising Justices Sanjiv Khanna and Dipankar Datta, unequivocally rejected the petitioner’s pleas for a return to paper ballots, the issuance of printed paper ballots to each voter to be placed in a ballot box and counted in total, and the counting of every vote through a Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT) slip, which would have amounted to 100% verification of votes.
• Interventions to Enhance Trust in the Voting System: Despite rejecting the pleas, the Court issued two significant directions to enhance the transparency and credibility of the voting process. The first direction mandates that Symbol Uploading Units (SULs) be kept in a substantial room for 45 days after election results are declared for examination and scrutiny. The second direction allows candidates who finish in second or third place to request a check of EVMs in their constituency, with 5% of machines per assembly segment to be examined.
• Maintaining a Balanced Perspective: The verdict emphasized the importance of maintaining a balanced perspective when evaluating systems or institutions and cautioned against blind distrust, which can lead to unwarranted skepticism and hinder progress.
• Affirmation of the Current Voting System: Justice Datta, in his judgment, stated that the question of returning to ballot papers does not arise, as the current electronic voting system has no significant flaws and has received global acclaim.
• Unnecessary Criticism of the Petitioner’s Intentions: Justice Datta’s suggestion that the petitioner’s intentions might be malicious or an attempt to undermine the nation’s accomplishments was unnecessary and avoidable. The petitioner, Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR), has a history of monitoring the electoral process and raising legitimate concerns.
• Election Commission’s Efforts to Assuage Concerns: The Election Commission of India has consistently addressed EVMs through hackathons and introduced the VVPAT system in 2012 to ensure a paper trail for verifying the electronic vote.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Enhanced Transparency with Symbol Loading Units (SLUs): The Court’s directive to seal and store SLUs in a substantial room for 45 days post-elections allow for a period during which these units can be scrutinized if necessary. This measure adds a layer of transparency to the process, ensuring that the symbols loaded into the EVMs are the ones that were intended and used during the election.
• Provision for Candidate-Requested EVM Examination: Allowing candidates in second or third place to request the examination of 5% of EVMs per assembly segment provides a formal mechanism for addressing concerns about the vote count. This process should be communicated to all candidates and parties to ensure they know their rights and procedures.
• Exploration of Technological Advancements: Justice Khanna’s suggestion that the Election Commission consider using electronic machines to count paper slips and barcodes should be taken seriously. The EC should conduct feasibility studies and pilot projects to assess these technologies’ practicality and potential benefits.
• Continued Public Education and Outreach: The Election Commission should continue educating the public about the EVM and VVPAT systems. This could include more hackathons, public demonstrations, and informational campaigns to build trust and understanding among voters.
• Regular System Audits and Upgrades: Independent experts can conduct regular EVM and VVPAT systems audits to help identify and address potential vulnerabilities. Additionally, the EC should stay abreast of technological advancements and upgrade systems as necessary to maintain the highest standards of election integrity.
• Strengthening Legal Frameworks: The legal frameworks governing the use of EVMs and VVPATs should be reviewed and strengthened to ensure they are robust and capable of addressing emerging challenges.
• Addressing Concerns Constructively: While skepticism about the electoral process can be healthy, it is essential to address such concerns constructively. The EC and the judiciary should remain open to legitimate inquiries and criticisms and respond in a manner that reinforces the credibility of the electoral system.

THE CONCLUSION:

The Supreme Court’s decision reaffirmed the credibility of India’s electronic voting system and introduced additional measures for vote verification to enhance trust. The ruling underscored the importance of maintaining confidence in the electoral process, which is crucial for the functioning of democracy. It highlighted the ongoing efforts to address concerns about the voting system through technological and procedural safeguards.

UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTIONS:

Q.1 Discuss the role of the Election Commission of India, considering the evolution of the Model Code of Conduct. 2022

Q.2 Considering the recent controversy regarding the use of Electronic Voting Machines (EVM), what are the challenges before the Election Commission of India to ensure the trustworthiness of elections in India? 2018

Q.3 To enhance the quality of democracy in India, the Election Commission of India has proposed electoral reforms in 2016. What are the suggested reforms, and how significant are they in making democracy successful? 2017

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q.1 Evaluate the implications of the Supreme Court’s recent directives on using Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) and Voter-Verified Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT) systems to enhance the transparency and credibility of elections in India. Discuss the role of judicial interventions in maintaining the integrity of electoral processes.

SOURCE:

https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/express-view-message-from-supreme-court-evms-are-safe-9292839/

THE CONTEXT: The Green Credit Program, introduced by India’s Environment Ministry, incentivizes environmental restoration through market-based mechanisms. Critics argue it may bypass existing conservation laws, focusing narrowly on tree planting without considering broader ecosystem impacts. The program aims to restore degraded forest land but raises concerns about promoting monocultures and overlooking the complexity of forest ecosystems.

ISSUES:

• Incentive Structure and Implementation: The Green Credit Program is a market-based incentive mechanism to promote environmental restoration, including afforestation and water conservation. However, the effectiveness of these incentives depends significantly on how they are implemented on the ground and whether the implementers have a deep understanding of local ecological challenges.
• Potential for Negative Ecological Impacts: There is a concern that the program could lead to ecological damage, such as promoting monocultures or inappropriate vegetation, which might not suit the local environment. This could potentially harm biodiversity and disrupt local ecosystems.
• Complexity in Measuring Environmental Impact: The program aims to quantify environmental benefits, such as carbon sequestration or biodiversity improvement, which are inherently complex to measure. This complexity could lead to challenges in accurately assessing the impact of green credits and ensuring that they contribute positively to environmental goals.
• Integration with Existing Environmental Laws: The Green Credit Program might conflict with environmental regulations, particularly the Forest Conservation Act. The program might bypass some of the stringent requirements of forest conservation, thus weakening overall ecological governance.
• Market Dynamics and Fungibility Issues: The market-based approach raises issues about the fungibility of green credits. Different environmental credits (e.g., for water conservation, biodiversity, or carbon sequestration) may not be readily comparable or tradable on a single platform, complicating the market dynamics.
• Impact on Mandatory Compliance and Environmental Laws: The program could influence how industries comply with mandatory environmental regulations. Allowing industries to use green credits to expedite the forest clearance process might undermine the thorough assessment and mitigation strategies required under environmental law.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Incentivizing Biodiversity and Local Species Conservation: Establish guidelines prioritizing planting native and diverse species over monocultures. This would help maintain the ecological balance and support local wildlife. Set up robust monitoring systems to ensure that the green credits are awarded for actions that genuinely contribute to biodiversity conservation.
• Engage Local Communities: Involve local communities in the planning and implementing afforestation projects to leverage their traditional ecological knowledge and ensure the selection of appropriate species.
• Conduct Ecological Assessments: Before any plantation activity, conduct thorough ecological assessments to understand the specific needs of the area and to plan plantations that enhance, rather than disrupt, local ecosystems.
• Adopt Ecological Restoration Practices: Encourage ecological restoration practices that focus on allowing natural regeneration, which can be more effective and less invasive than planting trees.
• Standardize Measurement Methods: Develop standardized methods for measuring the environmental impact of various actions to ensure that credits reflect real, quantifiable benefits.
• Ensure Fungibility: Work towards creating a system where different environmental credits (e.g., biodiversity, water conservation) can be traded on a common platform, possibly by establishing conversion factors that reflect their relative ecological value.
• Harmonize with Existing Laws: Amend the Green Credit Program guidelines to ensure they complement rather than conflict with existing environmental regulations. Clearly define terms such as “forest” and “degraded forest” within the program to prevent misclassification and ensure that the program supports the objectives of existing laws.

THE CONCLUSION:

The Green Credit Program’s market-based approach to forest restoration is challenged by fungibility issues and compliance with environmental laws. Experts fear it may conflict with the Forest Conservation Act and simplify complex ecological considerations to facilitate industrial growth. The program’s success hinges on balancing economic incentives with the preservation of biodiversity and adherence to environmental principles.

UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTIONS:

Q.1 Should the pursuit of carbon credit and clean development mechanisms set up under UNFCCC be maintained even though there has been a massive slide in the value of carbon credit? Discuss India’s energy needs for economic growth. 2014

Q.2 How does the draft Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification, 2020, differ from EIA Notification, 2006? 2020

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q.1 Critically analyze the effectiveness of the Green Credit Program as a tool for environmental and ecological restoration in India. Discuss the potential benefits and drawbacks of implementing such a market-based incentive mechanism, particularly in forest conservation and biodiversity.

SOURCE:

https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/can-green-credits-benefit-indias-forests/article68106159.ece

THE CONTEXT: The National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) launched by the Indian government in 2019, aimed at reducing particulate matter in the air by 20-30% by 2024 from 2017 levels, later revised to 40% by 2026. It highlights the challenges in implementing the Clean Air Action Plans (CAAPs) due to inconsistent fund utilization, bureaucratic delays, and lack of effective standard operating procedures. It emphasizes the importance of Emissions Inventory (EI), Air Quality (AQ) modeling, and Source Apportionment (SA) studies in identifying pollution sources and formulating targeted strategies.

ISSUES:

• Inconsistent Implementation of Clean Air Action Plans (CAAPs): While most cities have submitted their CAAPs, the implementation has been inconsistent. On average, only 60% of the allocated funds have been utilized, with some cities like Visakhapatnam and Bengaluru spending almost none of their designated budgets.
• Delays in Implementation: There are significant delays in implementing NCAP, often due to slow approvals from competent authorities. These delays are related to technical specifications, tendering processes, and procurement of necessary products like mechanical sweepers and electric buses.
• Lack of Standard Operating Procedures: The absence of well-defined standard operating procedures for the implementation process contributes to delays. The lack of clear timelines and bureaucratic hurdles further exacerbate these issues.
• Doubts About Effectiveness of Mitigation Measures: Recent findings questioning the efficacy of specific mitigation measures, such as outdoor smog towers, have led to hesitation among decision-makers regarding adopting proposed solutions.
• Underutilization of Scientific Tools: Tools like Emissions Inventory (EI), Air Quality (AQ) modeling, and Source Apportionment (SA) studies are underutilized. Only 37% of cities have completed EI and SA studies, crucial for identifying pollution sources and shaping targeted control strategies.
• Challenges in Pollution Source Identification: SA studies, while helpful, cannot predict future emissions and require substantial resources. They also struggle to distinguish between pollution sources that are close together due to similar chemical signatures.
• Limited Use of Air Quality Modeling: Air Quality modeling, which can help understand pollution dispersion from distant sources, is not being fully exploited to inform mitigation strategies.
• Focus on Primary PM Emissions Only: Many control measures focus solely on primary particulate matter emissions, neglecting secondary precursors, also significant contributors to air pollution.
• Lack of Comprehensive Infrastructure: Apart from a few cities like Delhi, Pune, Mumbai, and Ahmedabad, most do not have the necessary decision-support systems to forecast and manage air quality effectively.
• Funding Linked to Performance: NCAP funding is performance-based, linked to the annual average PM concentration reduction. This requires precise budgeting and time management, which are currently lacking in many cases.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Expand Emissions Inventory (EI) and Source Apportionment (SA) Studies: Increase funding and resources to ensure that all cities complete EI and SA studies. This will help identify local and transboundary pollution sources accurately. Use sophisticated air quality modeling tools to understand pollution dispersion patterns and the impact of various mitigation measures. This will also help in addressing the impact of transboundary pollution.
• Streamlining Implementation Processes: Develop and enforce standard operating procedures for the implementation of clean air action plans. This includes standardizing the technical specifications for procurement and reducing bureaucratic delays. Define clear timelines for each stage of the implementation process to ensure timely execution of pollution control measures.
• Improving Policy and Regulatory Framework: Foster cooperation between states and regions to manage transboundary pollution effectively. This could include agreements on pollution reduction targets and joint action plans. Strengthen the enforcement of existing pollution control laws and update them as necessary to address new challenges and scientific findings.
• Increasing Public Engagement and Awareness: Conduct extensive public awareness campaigns to educate citizens about the sources and health impacts of air pollution and the importance of pollution reduction measures. Engage community groups in monitoring air quality and implementing local clean air initiatives. This can increase public support and compliance with regulatory measures.
• Leveraging Technology and Innovation: Promote cleaner technologies in industries, transportation, and energy sectors. This includes encouraging the adoption of electric vehicles, cleaner fuels, and industrial processes. Implement intelligent technologies like IoT-based sensors for real-time air quality monitoring and data collection. This can provide accurate and timely data to policymakers and the public.
• Securing Financial Resources and Incentives: Ensure adequate funding for implementing clean air plans and provide financial incentives for industries and municipalities to adopt pollution control technologies. Link the disbursement of NCAP funds to achieving predefined air quality improvement targets to encourage better performance and accountability.
• Building Capacity and Expertise: Conduct training programs for local government officials and technical staff on air quality management, including EI, SA, and air quality modeling. Partner with universities and research institutions to access technical expertise and innovative solutions for air pollution control.

THE CONCLUSION:

For NCAP to be successful, a comprehensive approach that includes rigorous scientific studies, strategic funding, and swift implementation of mitigation measures is necessary. It stresses the need for cities to utilize EI and SA data effectively to understand pollution sources and tailor their mitigation strategies accordingly.

UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTION:

Q. What are the key features of the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) initiated by the Government of India? 2020

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q. Examine the challenges and strategies for effectively implementing the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) in India. Discuss the role of scientific tools such as Emissions Inventory (EI), Air Quality (AQ) modeling, and Source Apportionment (SA) studies in aiding the NCAP’s objectives.

SOURCE:

https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/national-clean-air-programme-air-quality-all-you-need-to-know/