FALLING PERCENTAGES, FAILING WORK CONDITIONS: A DEEPER LOOK INTO WOMEN’S EMPLOYMENT IN INDIA
THE CONTEXT: The critical appraisal of the declining participation of women in India’s labor force, particularly in rural areas, despite the country’s economic growth is a cause of concern. While 70-80% of men are in paid employment, only about 17% of urban women and even fewer rural women are in the workforce. The U-shaped curve of women’s labor force participation in economic progress, with India being an outlier where female participation remains low. Multiple factors are considered for this trend, including supply-side issues like mobility restrictions and care burdens, demand-side problems such as insufficient job creation, and inaccuracies in how women’s work is captured in surveys.
ISSUES:
Low Participation Rates: While 70-80% of men in urban and rural areas are employed, only about 17% of urban women and even fewer rural women are in the paid workforce. This discrepancy is significant and has been worsening over time.
Economic Development and Women’s Labor Force Participation: Claudia Goldin’s U-shaped curve theory suggests that women’s labor force participation initially falls with economic development but rises again at higher levels of development. However, India does not follow this pattern; despite economic growth, female participation remains low.
Supply and Demand Issues: Different academic perspectives exist on why women’s labor force participation is low. The supply side suggests that social norms, mobility restrictions, and the burden of care discourage women from entering the workforce. On the demand side, the lack of sufficient job creation in the economy means there are not enough employment opportunities for women.
Underreporting of Women’s Work: Women’s contributions are often not captured accurately in surveys. If a woman assists in a family business or farm, she might not be recognized as employed. This underreporting is exacerbated by the fact that men often respond to surveys on behalf of the entire household, particularly in conservative areas.
Motherhood Penalty: Contrary to findings in high-income countries, India does not have a significant motherhood penalty affecting women’s employment in salaried jobs. However, any employment gains for mothers are seen in informal or casual work, which is precarious and often detrimental to both the mother’s and child’s health.
Quality of Employment: The question is whether mere employment is sufficient. The focus should also be on the quality of jobs and how women manage their professional and caregiving responsibilities. The precarious nature of informal employment, often the only option available to women post-childbirth, poses significant health risks to both women and their children.
THE WAY FORWARD:
Policy Reforms: Implement policies that provide affordable and accessible childcare facilities, enabling women, especially mothers, to participate in the workforce without compromising their child’s care. Enforce laws that ensure equal pay for equal work and promote equal employment opportunities for women in all sectors. Encourage companies to adopt flexible work arrangements such as remote work, flexible hours, and part-time opportunities to accommodate the needs of women.
Societal Changes: Conduct awareness campaigns to challenge and change the traditional gender roles and norms restricting women’s participation in the labor force. Increase educational efforts focusing on the importance of women’s economic participation as beneficial to the entire society, not just to individual women or families.
Economic Incentives: Provide financial incentives or subsidies to businesses that hire and retain female employees, especially in leadership roles. Offer grants, subsidies, and training for women entrepreneurs to encourage more women to start their businesses, which can lead to more job creation and economic independence.
Strengthening Legal Protections: Strengthen legal frameworks to protect women from discrimination and harassment in the workplace. This includes strict enforcement of existing laws and the introduction of new regulations where necessary.
Health and Safety Measures: Ensure that all workplaces comply with health and safety standards that protect all employees, particularly women, who might face different and more severe risks in specific environments.
Research and Data Collection: Enhance the data collection methods in labor force surveys to capture women’s work more accurately, including informal and unpaid labor. This can help in better policy formulation and assessment.
THE CONCLUSION:
The absence of a motherhood penalty may not be positive, as it reflects the necessity for women to work in precarious conditions that can negatively impact their and their children’s health. There is a need to focus not just on employment numbers but on the quality of employment and how women manage their professional and caregiving responsibilities.
UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTIONS:
Q.1 Distinguish between ‘care economy’ and ‘monetized economy’. How can the care economy be brought into the monetized economy through women’s empowerment? 2023
Q.2 Women empowerment in India needs gender budgeting. What are the requirements and status of gender budgeting in the Indian context? 2016
Q.3 Examine the role of ‘Gig Economy’ in the process of empowerment of women in India. 2021
MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:
Q.1 Evaluate the impact of declining female labor force participation in rural India on the country’s socio-economic development and discuss the potential measures that could be implemented to reverse this trend.
THE CONTEXT: The significant legal rulings in Switzerland and India that recognize the impacts of climate change as a violation of human rights. The European Court of Human Rights decision against Switzerland for inadequate emission controls and the Supreme Court of India’s ruling align the right to be free from adverse climate impacts with constitutional rights. The latest climate data from the World Meteorological Organization emphasizes 2023 as a record-breaking year for climate extremes.
ISSUES:
Recognition of Climate Change as a Fundamental Right: The Supreme Court of India’s landmark ruling acknowledges climate change as intricately linked with fundamental rights, particularly the rights to life and equality under Articles 14 and 21 of the Indian Constitution. This decision sets a precedent for legal accountability in climate action and emphasizes the need to address climate change impacts from a rights-based perspective.
Economic and Social Impacts of Climate Change: The severe economic and social consequences of climate change in India include an 8% loss of GDP in 2022 and the projection of significant job losses by 2030. The report also points out the vulnerability of specific communities, such as forest dwellers and indigenous populations, to climate-related disasters.
Global Climate Litigation Trends: The European Court of Human Rights decision against Switzerland found the government’s actions to curb emissions inadequate and violated the rights of a group of elderly women. This reflects a growing trend of climate litigation, where courts are increasingly recognizing climate change as a human rights issue.
India’s Climate Action and Vulnerability: Despite its progress in decoupling emissions from economic growth and achieving some of its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) targets, India remains highly vulnerable to climate-induced disasters, which affect over 80% of its population. This vulnerability underscores the importance of integrating climate action into legal and policy frameworks.
Potential for Legal and Policy Innovations: The Supreme Court’s observation could lead to adopting an overarching climate change regulation in India, enhancing state capacities and promoting a more rights-based approach to climate action. The effectiveness of climate change framework laws was analyzed in 60 countries in the Global South and the Global North, and there is a potential for similar legislation in India.
Inter-sectoral Collaboration and Rights-based Approaches: Integrated approaches to climate action involving government, private sector, and civil society are needed. For example, the One Health initiative suggests expanding rights-based approaches to climate action in the private sector’s core operations.
Empowerment of Citizen Groups and Civil Society: The Supreme Court’s decision could empower citizens and civil society organizations to engage in a rights-based dialogue on environmental, biodiversity, and climate action. It emphasizes the need for consensus-building to address tensions between climate mitigation and conservation efforts.
Cultural and Legal Recognition of Nature: The Madras High Court’s declaration of ‘Mother Nature’ as a living being with legal status reflects India’s cultural tradition regarding nature as a living entity. This legal recognition could contribute to efforts to restore the planet’s health and protect people’s rights against the impacts of climate change.
THE WAY FORWARD:
Adoption of Comprehensive Climate Laws: The landmark rulings in Switzerland and India underscore the necessity for robust legal frameworks integrating human rights and environmental protection. Countries should adopt comprehensive climate laws that not only set ambitious emission reduction targets but also ensure the safety of vulnerable populations from the adverse impacts of climate change. For instance, the UK’s Climate Change Act sets legally binding carbon budgets that cap the amount of greenhouse gases the UK can emit over five years. Other nations could adopt similar legislation to ensure systematic and accountable climate action.
Promoting Intersectoral Collaboration: The One Health initiative in India is a prime example of interministerial collaboration that could be replicated globally. This approach brings together various sectors, including health, environment, and agriculture, to address climate change and health issues holistically. Expanding this model could involve integrating climate change mitigation strategies into all aspects of government planning and operations, thereby ensuring a unified response to the climate crisis.
Engaging the Private Sector: Private sector involvement is crucial for advancing climate action. Businesses should be encouraged to adopt sustainable practices and develop green technologies. Incentives such as tax breaks, subsidies, or public recognition programs could be used to encourage companies to reduce their carbon footprints. Additionally, integrating a rights-based approach into business operations, such as through human rights-compliant supply chains, can ensure that corporate actions contribute positively to climate goals.
Empowering Civil Society: Civil society organizations are pivotal in advocating for and implementing climate solutions. Supporting these organizations through grants and partnerships can enhance their capacity to mobilize communities, influence policy, and hold governments accountable. Furthermore, fostering a rights-based dialogue on climate action can help address potential conflicts, such as those between conservation efforts and infrastructure development, ensuring that solutions are both environmentally sustainable and socially equitable.
Enhancing Community Resilience: Adopting India’s localization model for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to climate action can significantly improve community resilience. This involves integrating climate action plans into local governance frameworks, ensuring local authorities are equipped and empowered to implement these plans effectively. Community-based adaptation strategies should be developed to address the specific vulnerabilities of local populations, taking into consideration local knowledge and practices.
THE CONCLUSION:
Addressing climate change as a human rights issue requires a multifaceted approach involving legal reforms, intersectoral collaboration, community engagement, and public education. Strengthening legal frameworks, enhancing public sector capacity, promoting private sector involvement, and empowering civil society can make significant progress in safeguarding human rights in the face of climate change. These strategies address the immediate impacts of climate change and contribute to our planet’s long-term sustainability.
UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTIONS:
Q.1 Effectiveness of the government system at various levels and people’s participation in the governance system are interdependent.” Discuss their relationship with each other in the context of India. 2016
Q.2 The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has predicted a global sea level rise of about one meter by AD 2100. What would be its impact in India and the other countries in the Indian Ocean region? 2023
Q.3 Explain the purpose of the Green Grid Initiative launched at the World Leaders Summit of the COP 26 UN Climate Change Conference in Glasgow in November 2021. When was this idea first floated in the International Solar Alliance (ISA)? 2022
Q.4 Describe the significant outcomes of the 26th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). What are India’s commitments at this conference? 2021
MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:
Q.1 Discuss the implications of recent judicial decisions on climate change in India and Switzerland, highlighting the judiciary’s role in addressing the climate crisis as a human rights issue.
ANTARCTIC VOLCANIC ACTIVITY: A HOTBED BENEATH THE ICE
TAG: GS 1: GEOGRAPHY
THE CONTEXT: Antarctica, despite its frozen exterior, harbors a surprising amount of volcanic activity. With 138 volcanoes concealed beneath the ice, the continent presents a unique landscape of geological phenomena. In this article, we will explore the volcanic activity in Antarctica, focusing on Mount Erebus, its gold-rich emissions, potential environmental impacts, and the challenges of monitoring and predicting eruptions.
EXPLANATION:
Antarctica boasts 138 volcanoes, 91 of which were only recently discovered in 2017.
While many are deemed dormant or extinct, notable eruptions have occurred in recent history, including those of Penguin Island in 1905, Deception Island in 1970, and Mount Erebus in 1972.
Mount Erebus, standing as Antarctica’s tallest active volcano, features a perpetual lava lake within its summit crater, making it a subject of scientific intrigue.
These eruptions, known as strombolian eruptions, emit plumes of gas and steam, occasionally containing tiny specks of gold.
Despite their minuscule size, these gold particles accumulate, resulting in an estimated daily output of 80 grams, valued at over $6,000.
The dispersion of gold particles over vast distances highlights the unique nature of volcanic emissions in Antarctica.
Monitoring and Predicting Eruptions
Antarctic volcanoes pose significant challenges for monitoring and prediction due to logistical and climatic obstacles.
Accessing these remote locations is arduous, and monitoring instruments must withstand harsh conditions and long polar nights.
Consequently, predicting eruptions and assessing their potential impact remain complex tasks for researchers.
Environmental Implications
While the eruptive activity of Antarctic volcanoes may seem benign, historical evidence suggests potential environmental consequences.
Studies suggest that past eruptions, such as those of Mount Takahe approximately 18,000 years ago, released ozone-depleting halogens, contributing to ozone layer depletion and climate warming.
Although the likelihood of such events recurring is uncertain, the environmental impact of future eruptions remains a subject of scientific inquiry.
Antarctica:
Antarctica is Earth’s southernmost and least-populated continent.
Situated almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle and surrounded by the Southern Ocean (also known as the Antarctic Ocean), it contains the geographic South Pole.
Antarctica is the fifth-largest continent, being about 40% larger than Europe, and has an area of 14,200,000 km2 (5,500,000 sq mi).
Most of Antarctica is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet, with an average thickness of 1.9 km (1.2 mi).
THE CONTEXT: The Union Consumer Affairs Ministry has raised concerns over reports of Nestle selling baby products, particularly Nestle Cerelac baby cereals, with high sugar content in India.
According to reports from Public Eye, an investigation agency based in Switzerland, Nestle has been accused of adding 2.7 grams of sugar per serving to Nestle Cerelac baby cereals sold in India.
Interestingly, the report highlights that Nestle refrains from such practices in other countries like Germany, Switzerland, France, and the UK.
This discrepancy in sugar content between countries raises concerns about Nestle’s manufacturing practices and its adherence to safety standards.
Health Implications
Consumer Affairs Secretary emphasized the serious concerns raised by high sugar content in baby products, particularly regarding the potential implications for the health and safety of children in India.
Excessive sugar intake during infancy and early childhood can lead to various health issues, including obesity, dental problems, and metabolic disorders.
Therefore, ensuring the safety and nutritional quality of baby products is crucial for safeguarding the well-being of infants and young children.
Call for Action
In response to the alarming reports, the Consumer Affairs Ministry has called upon the FSSAI to initiate appropriate action against Nestle.
The ministry underscores the paramount importance of upholding safety standards and ensuring compliance with regulations governing the composition of baby cereals.
Prompt action by the FSSAI is deemed necessary to address the concerns raised by the alleged discrepancies in sugar content in Nestle Cerelac products.
Importance of Regulatory Oversight
The incident underscores the critical role of regulatory authorities like the FSSAI in monitoring and enforcing food safety standards.
Oversight and vigilance are essential to prevent lapses in manufacturing practices and to safeguard consumer health.
Additionally, it highlights the need for stringent regulations and regular inspections to maintain the integrity of the food industry and protect consumers, particularly vulnerable populations such as infants and young children.
Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI):
It is an autonomous body established under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India.
The FSSAI has been established under the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006, which is a consolidating statute related to food safety and regulation in India.
It aims to build a new India by enabling citizens to have safe and nutritious food, prevent diseases, and lead a healthy and happy life.
FSSAI is responsible for protecting and promoting public health through the regulation and supervision of food safety.
It lays down standards and guidelines in relation to articles of food, and provides for licensing, registration, and accreditation for food business operators.
Anyone selling or importing food in India needs a food licence issued by FSSAI.
THE CONTEXT: The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), Mumbai Circle, celebrated World Heritage Day at Panhala Fort, situated 20 kilometers northwest of Kolhapur, Maharashtra.
EXPLANATION:
The event aimed to raise awareness about the historical and cultural significance of the fort and promote its heritage among locals and visitors.
As part of the celebrations, ASI officials organized a photo exhibition titled ‘Maratha Military Landscapes,’ showcasing the history and heritage of Panhala Fort.
The exhibition provided insights into the rich Maratha military history and the strategic importance of forts in India’s defense architecture.
The event attracted participants from various segments of society, including school and college students, residents of Panhala, and government officials.
Panhala Fort
Panhala Fort holds immense historical significance, dating back to the 11th century CE during the rule of the Shilahara dynasty.
Strategically located atop a triangular hill, the fort served as a vital stronghold for various dynasties, including the Yadavas of Devgiri, the Bahamani of Bidar, the Adilshahi of Bijapur, the Marathas, and the Mughals.
Over the centuries, the fort witnessed numerous battles and changes in ownership, reflecting the region’s tumultuous history.
Locally, the site was known as the abode of serpents and traditionally associated with the sage Parashar
Architectural Features
The architectural features of Panhala Fort are testament to its rich heritage and cultural legacy.
The fort’s design and layout, fortified with basalt stone fortifications and natural scarp, reflect the military engineering prowess of its builders.
Notable structures within the fort complex include the Teen Darwaja (Triple Gate), Chaar Darwaja (Four Gate), Wagh Darwaja, Andhar Vav (Step Well), Nayikinicha Sajja (Dancing Girl’s Tower), and Ambarkhana (Granary).
Each of these structures bears historical and architectural significance, offering glimpses into the past.
Inclusion in UNESCO World Heritage List
In January 2022, ASI submitted nominations for 12 forts from India, including Panhala Fort, for inclusion in the UNESCO World Heritage List.
These nominations were part of the ‘Maratha Military Landscapes’ initiative, highlighting the extraordinary fortification and military systems envisioned by the Maratha rulers.
The inclusion of Panhala Fort and other nominated forts in the UNESCO list would further enhance their global recognition and conservation efforts.
Future Conservation and Development Plans
ASI has outlined plans for conservation and development works at Panhala Fort to preserve its historical and architectural heritage.
These efforts include restoration of structures, maintenance of water bodies, and enhancement of visitor facilities.
TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
THE CONTEXT: Recently, India’s BrahMos supersonic cruise missiles were delivered to the Philippines, as part of a $375 million deal signed by the two countries in 2022.
EXPLANATION:
The BrahMos supersonic cruise missile project traces its roots to the early 1990s when India recognized the strategic need for cruise missiles after witnessing their effectiveness during the 1991 Gulf War.
This led to the signing of an Inter-Governmental Agreement between India and Russia in 1998, resulting in the formation of BrahMos Aerospace Private Limited (BAPL), a joint venture between India’s Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and Russia’s NPO Mashinostroyenia.
Named after the Brahmaputra River in India and the Moskva River in Russia, BrahMos Aerospace was established with the aim of developing a versatile and highly capable supersonic cruise missile system.
The joint venture marked a significant collaboration between Indian and Russian defense establishments, with India holding a majority stake of 50.5% and Russia holding 49.5%.
Development work on the BrahMos missile commenced in 1999, with funding from both governments.
The missile underwent rigorous testing and achieved its first successful test flight in 2001.
BrahMos is a two-stage missile equipped with a solid propellant booster engine and a liquid ramjet engine, enabling it to achieve supersonic speeds and precise targeting capabilities.
Significance of BrahMos
The BrahMos missile holds immense strategic significance for India due to its advanced capabilities and versatility.
It is designed to be highly maneuverable, with a low radar signature, making it difficult to detect and intercept.
With a cruising altitude of up to 15 kilometers and the ability to strike targets at sea-skimming altitudes as low as 10 meters, BrahMos offers a potent deterrent against both land and naval threats.
BrahMos is a “fire and forget” type missile capable of striking targets with precision from stand-off ranges.
Its ability to deliver large warheads over long distances with high accuracy makes it a valuable asset for various operational scenarios, including anti-ship warfare, land attack missions, and coastal defense.
The missile’s adaptability across different platforms, including land-based launchers, naval vessels, aircraft, and submarines, enhances India’s operational flexibility and deterrence posture.
The successful development and deployment of BrahMos have positioned India as a significant player in the global arms market.
With the BrahMos missile system being made available for export, it serves as a potent tool for defense diplomacy and strategic partnerships.
The recent delivery of BrahMos missiles to the Philippines underscores India’s growing stature as an arms exporter and strengthens bilateral defense ties with partner countries.
Future Enhancements and Upgrades
Continued research and development efforts are underway to enhance the capabilities of the BrahMos missile system further.
This includes the development of extended-range variants with ranges of up to 800 kilometers and hypersonic speed capabilities.
Upgrades aimed at improving maneuverability, reducing signature, and enhancing accuracy are also in progress.
The BrahMos missile system is evolving to meet the evolving requirements of modern warfare, ensuring India’s strategic edge in the region.
Deployment Across Platforms
Land-Based Systems
The land-based BrahMos missile complex comprises mobile autonomous launchers equipped with multiple missiles.
These systems are strategically deployed along India’s land borders, enhancing the country’s defense capabilities and deterrence posture.
Ship-Based Systems
The Indian Navy has integrated BrahMos missiles onto its frontline warships, enabling them to engage sea-based targets beyond the radar horizon.
These ship-based systems provide the Navy with a potent anti-ship and land-attack capability, enhancing maritime security and power projection capabilities.
Air-Launched Systems
BrahMos-equipped Sukhoi-30MKI aircraft serve as a critical component of India’s air defense strategy.
The successful integration of BrahMos missiles onto Su-30MKI fighters significantly enhances the aircraft’s offensive capabilities, allowing for precision strikes against both land and naval targets.
Submarine-Launched Systems
The submarine-launched variant of the BrahMos missile system enables submerged platforms to engage surface and land-based targets with precision.
Submarines equipped with BrahMos missiles significantly enhance India’s maritime deterrence capabilities, providing a potent second-strike capability in the event of a conflict.
THE CONTEXT: The fourth global mass coral bleaching event has been triggered by extraordinary ocean temperatures, the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) said recently.
EXPLANATION:
Corals:
Corals, often mistaken as plants or rocks due to their stationary nature, are actually living animals.
They belong to the phylum Cnidaria and class Anthozoa. These sessile organisms permanently attach themselves to the ocean floor, forming colonies of genetically identical polyps.
Each individual polyp has a cylindrical body surrounded by tentacles used for feeding.
Corals come in two main types: hard corals and soft corals. Hard corals, such as those belonging to the genus Acropora, build the intricate limestone skeletons that form coral reefs, while soft corals lack this rigid structure.
Coral reefs are diverse underwater ecosystems built by the accumulation and growth of coral colonies over thousands of years.
They are often referred to as the “rainforests of the sea” due to their extraordinary biodiversity and importance in supporting marine life.
The Great Barrier Reef in Australia, spanning over 2,000 kilometers, stands as the largest coral reef system globally.
Coral reefs host a vast array of marine species, including fish, mollusks, sea turtles, and countless others, making them one of the most biologically productive ecosystems on Earth.
Significance of Corals and Coral Reefs
Coral reefs play a crucial role in marine ecosystems by providing habitats for thousands of marine species.
The intricate structures of coral reefs offer shelter, breeding grounds, and feeding areas for various organisms, contributing to the rich biodiversity found in these environments.
Research suggests that coral reefs may harbor millions of undiscovered species, underscoring their significance in global biodiversity.
Beyond their ecological importance, coral reefs provide substantial economic benefits to human societies.
The ecosystem services provided by coral reefs, such as fisheries, tourism, and coastal protection, are estimated to be worth approximately $375 billion annually.
Over 500 million people worldwide rely on coral reefs for sustenance, livelihoods, and protection from natural disasters like storms and floods.
Coral Bleaching
Corals maintain a symbiotic relationship with tiny photosynthetic algae called zooxanthellae, which reside within their tissues.
These algae provide corals with essential nutrients through photosynthesis while receiving shelter and nutrients in return.
The symbiotic algae also impart vibrant colors to the corals, contributing to their visual appeal.
Coral bleaching occurs when corals expel their zooxanthellae due to environmental stressors, such as elevated sea temperatures, pollution, or changes in water chemistry.
Without the presence of zooxanthellae, corals lose their vibrant colors and appear white or pale. While coral bleaching does not immediately result in coral death, it increases their susceptibility to mortality and reduces their reproductive capacity.
Current Global Mass Coral Bleaching Event
The ongoing fourth global mass coral bleaching event, triggered by unprecedented ocean temperatures, is affecting coral reefs worldwide.
Nearly 54% of the world’s coral area has experienced bleaching-level heat stress, with the Great Barrier Reef witnessing particularly severe bleaching.
Bleaching has been confirmed in various regions, including the Western Indian Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, affecting marine ecosystems and coastal communities.
The primary driver of the current bleaching event is rising ocean temperatures exacerbated by climate change.
While events like El Niño can intensify bleaching episodes, the long-term trend of global warming poses a significant threat to coral reef ecosystems.
Scientists warn that if global temperatures continue to rise unchecked, the majority of the world’s coral reefs could perish, leading to devastating consequences for marine biodiversity and human societies that depend on reef ecosystems.
Mitigation and Conservation Efforts:
Mitigating the impacts of coral bleaching requires urgent global action to address climate change and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
The Paris Agreement’s goal of limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius is crucial for safeguarding coral reefs and marine ecosystems.
Achieving this target necessitates ambitious measures to transition to renewable energy sources, enhance carbon sequestration, and promote sustainable land and ocean management practices.
In addition to climate mitigation efforts, conservation strategies focused on reef resilience and adaptation are essential for protecting coral reefs.
These include measures such as marine protected areas, sustainable fishing practices, coral restoration initiatives, and reducing local stressors like pollution and overfishing.
Collaborative efforts involving governments, scientists, local communities, and stakeholders are critical for implementing effective conservation measures and safeguarding the future of coral reef ecosystems.
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Question 1 of 5
1. Question
1. Consider the following statements regarding Lake Retba, recently seen in the news:
1. It is situated a few kilometers away from the Dakar Region in Senegal.
2. The pink colour of the lake is imparted by the higher concentration of nitrates in it.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Correct
Answer: A
Context- Senegal’s pink lake (lake Retba) is on the verge of disappearing, threatened by the excessive artisanal salt mining, dilution of its waters with a low salinity that is incompatible with the development of the green algae and accumulation of extremely high levels of nitrates in its waters.
Explanation-
Statement 1 is correct: Lake Retba, better known as Lac Rose (the Pink Lake), is located around 35km from the city of Dakar, Senegal. It sits in a depression with a shoreline 6.5 metres below sea level.The lake is isolated from the sea by about 1 km of sand dunes. Its fresh water comes from the seasonal water table in the dunes, which are higher than the lake. Thus, the sea provides most of the lake’s water and all of its salt.
Statement 2 is incorrect: The Pink Lake is one of the main tourist destinations in the Dakar region, primarily because of the pink colour of its waters. The pink coloration is due to the proliferation of halophilic green algae (living in a salty environment), Dunaliella salina, which contain red pigments. The alga is associated with halophilic bacteria of the genus Halobacterium. This microscopic alga’s resistance to salt comes from its high concentration of carotenoid pigments, which protect it from light, and its high glycerol content.
Incorrect
Answer: A
Context- Senegal’s pink lake (lake Retba) is on the verge of disappearing, threatened by the excessive artisanal salt mining, dilution of its waters with a low salinity that is incompatible with the development of the green algae and accumulation of extremely high levels of nitrates in its waters.
Explanation-
Statement 1 is correct: Lake Retba, better known as Lac Rose (the Pink Lake), is located around 35km from the city of Dakar, Senegal. It sits in a depression with a shoreline 6.5 metres below sea level.The lake is isolated from the sea by about 1 km of sand dunes. Its fresh water comes from the seasonal water table in the dunes, which are higher than the lake. Thus, the sea provides most of the lake’s water and all of its salt.
Statement 2 is incorrect: The Pink Lake is one of the main tourist destinations in the Dakar region, primarily because of the pink colour of its waters. The pink coloration is due to the proliferation of halophilic green algae (living in a salty environment), Dunaliella salina, which contain red pigments. The alga is associated with halophilic bacteria of the genus Halobacterium. This microscopic alga’s resistance to salt comes from its high concentration of carotenoid pigments, which protect it from light, and its high glycerol content.
Question 2 of 5
2. Question
2. Consider the following pairs:
Regions mentioned in news – Countries where they are located
1. Bashkortostan – Afghanistan
2. Sistan Baluchistan – Iran
3. Kurdistan – Iraq
4. Idlib – Lebanon
How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?
Correct
Answer. B
Context- Places in News due to conflicts/protests.
Explanation- Only Pairs 2 and 3 are correctly matched.
Bashkortostan Region- Russia
Places in News and their location Reason for being in news
Bashkortostan Region- Russia Hundreds of protesters have clashed with police in the Russian republic of Bashkortostan in a rare display of public outrage against the prison sentence given to a local eco-activist Faiz Alsynov.
Sistan Baluchistan- Iran
Terrorist group Jaish-al-Adl (A sunni Islamist group) claimed an attack on the police station in Sistan Baluchistan region recently.
This terrorist group backs the separatist movement in Sistan Baluchistan region which has a majority of Sunni population.
Kurdistan- Iraq, Turkey, Iran, Syria
Iran’s Revolutionary Guards claimed the recent attacks on the spy headquarters of Israel in Iraq’s semi-autonomous Kurdistan region.
Islamic State claimed responsibility for two explosions in Iran this month that killed nearly 100 people and wounded scores at a memorial for top commander Qassem Soleimani.
Idlib – Syria
Iran has also attacked the military bases of terror groups based in Idlib, Syria. This region is controlled by the Jihadists and rebels.
Incorrect
Answer. B
Context- Places in News due to conflicts/protests.
Explanation- Only Pairs 2 and 3 are correctly matched.
Bashkortostan Region- Russia
Places in News and their location Reason for being in news
Bashkortostan Region- Russia Hundreds of protesters have clashed with police in the Russian republic of Bashkortostan in a rare display of public outrage against the prison sentence given to a local eco-activist Faiz Alsynov.
Sistan Baluchistan- Iran
Terrorist group Jaish-al-Adl (A sunni Islamist group) claimed an attack on the police station in Sistan Baluchistan region recently.
This terrorist group backs the separatist movement in Sistan Baluchistan region which has a majority of Sunni population.
Kurdistan- Iraq, Turkey, Iran, Syria
Iran’s Revolutionary Guards claimed the recent attacks on the spy headquarters of Israel in Iraq’s semi-autonomous Kurdistan region.
Islamic State claimed responsibility for two explosions in Iran this month that killed nearly 100 people and wounded scores at a memorial for top commander Qassem Soleimani.
Idlib – Syria
Iran has also attacked the military bases of terror groups based in Idlib, Syria. This region is controlled by the Jihadists and rebels.
Question 3 of 5
3. Question
3. In the context of temple entry movements during freedom struggle, consider the following statements regarding Kalaram Temple Satyagraha:
1. It was started under the guidance of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar.
2. Mahatma Gandhi urged depressed classes to withdraw from Kalaram Temple Satyagraha.
3. Satyagraha was not successful in its objective of gaining entry to the temple for depressed classes.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
Correct
Answer: C
Explanation:
Context:
The Prime Minister of India recently visited the Kalaram Temple on the banks of the Godavari in the Panchavati area of the city.
• In March 1930, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar launched the famous Kalaram Temple Entry Satyagraha at Nasik, which became a landmark in the Dalit liberation movement in the history of modern Maharashtra.
• Kalaram Temple Entry Satyagraha was a movement from the masses and involved active participation of the people. Hence statement 1 is correct.
• From 3rd March 1930, the squatting started around the temple. The Bombay Government imposed Article 144 of Civil Procedure Code around the temple. On April 7th, the day of Ram Navami, Dr. Ambedkar led a procession of two hundred volunteers.
o On 9th April, the caste Hindus made an attack on the satyagrahis There were several attempts made to conciliate the issue. In the beginning, B.G Kher, Swami Anand the Congress leaders from Bombay, supported the cause of Ambedkar.
• Meanwhile Gandhiji started the nationwide Civil Disobedience Movement. He did not want any other movement at the same time. In his article in Young India he mentioned Kalaram Temple Entry Satyagraha and urged depressed classes to give up the entry movement. The first phase of Satyagraha came to an end when Dr. Ambedkar gave the permission for its suspension. Hence statement 2 is correct.
• In January 1933 Dr. Subarayan’s temple entry bill was rejected in the Imperial Council. The decisions of the Bombay High Court were unfavourale to the satyagraha. Dr. Ambedkar did not give permission to restart the satyagraha in April 1933.
o When in 1934 the Satyagraha Committee wanted to start satyagrala, Dr Amedkar in his letter to Bhaurao Gaikwad expressed that he wanted to stop satyagraha permanently. He came to the decision that he would not use other temple entries. On the advice of Dr. Ambedkar, the Satyagraha Committee gave up the cause. Thus the satyagraha was not successful in its objective of gaining temple entry for depressed classes. Hence statement 3 is correct.
Incorrect
Answer: C
Explanation:
Context:
The Prime Minister of India recently visited the Kalaram Temple on the banks of the Godavari in the Panchavati area of the city.
• In March 1930, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar launched the famous Kalaram Temple Entry Satyagraha at Nasik, which became a landmark in the Dalit liberation movement in the history of modern Maharashtra.
• Kalaram Temple Entry Satyagraha was a movement from the masses and involved active participation of the people. Hence statement 1 is correct.
• From 3rd March 1930, the squatting started around the temple. The Bombay Government imposed Article 144 of Civil Procedure Code around the temple. On April 7th, the day of Ram Navami, Dr. Ambedkar led a procession of two hundred volunteers.
o On 9th April, the caste Hindus made an attack on the satyagrahis There were several attempts made to conciliate the issue. In the beginning, B.G Kher, Swami Anand the Congress leaders from Bombay, supported the cause of Ambedkar.
• Meanwhile Gandhiji started the nationwide Civil Disobedience Movement. He did not want any other movement at the same time. In his article in Young India he mentioned Kalaram Temple Entry Satyagraha and urged depressed classes to give up the entry movement. The first phase of Satyagraha came to an end when Dr. Ambedkar gave the permission for its suspension. Hence statement 2 is correct.
• In January 1933 Dr. Subarayan’s temple entry bill was rejected in the Imperial Council. The decisions of the Bombay High Court were unfavourale to the satyagraha. Dr. Ambedkar did not give permission to restart the satyagraha in April 1933.
o When in 1934 the Satyagraha Committee wanted to start satyagrala, Dr Amedkar in his letter to Bhaurao Gaikwad expressed that he wanted to stop satyagraha permanently. He came to the decision that he would not use other temple entries. On the advice of Dr. Ambedkar, the Satyagraha Committee gave up the cause. Thus the satyagraha was not successful in its objective of gaining temple entry for depressed classes. Hence statement 3 is correct.
Question 4 of 5
4. Question
4. With reference to the Vidyanjali scholarship programme, consider the following statements:
1. The programme is targeted to benefit meritorious students of Navodaya Vidyalaya only.
2. The scholarship would be funded by the government only.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Correct
Answer: A
Context: The Union Education minister has launched the Vidyanjali Scholarship Programme on 7 February 2024, which is aligned with the NEP 2020.
Explanation:
Statement 1 is correct: The initiative guarantees access to high-quality learning systems by facilitating a seamless transition from secondary to higher education and extending financial support for the meritorious Navodaya Vidyalaya students, particularly for students belonging to economically disadvantaged sections.
Statement 2 is incorrect: In addition to extending financial assistance to economically marginalized and meritorious students of Navodaya Vidyalayas, this endeavor also encourages involvement from the private sector through Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiatives, thereby making way of joining forces between the government and corporates towards an educated India.
● A fintech platform was also launched, and the sponsorship will be disbursed to students through this platform as Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT).
Incorrect
Answer: A
Context: The Union Education minister has launched the Vidyanjali Scholarship Programme on 7 February 2024, which is aligned with the NEP 2020.
Explanation:
Statement 1 is correct: The initiative guarantees access to high-quality learning systems by facilitating a seamless transition from secondary to higher education and extending financial support for the meritorious Navodaya Vidyalaya students, particularly for students belonging to economically disadvantaged sections.
Statement 2 is incorrect: In addition to extending financial assistance to economically marginalized and meritorious students of Navodaya Vidyalayas, this endeavor also encourages involvement from the private sector through Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiatives, thereby making way of joining forces between the government and corporates towards an educated India.
● A fintech platform was also launched, and the sponsorship will be disbursed to students through this platform as Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT).
Question 5 of 5
5. Question
5. Consider the following statements:
1. The National Centre for Good Governance (NCGG) is an autonomous institution under the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions.
2. The NCGG serves as a think tank for governance and policy reforms, cutting across administrative, social, economic, and financial spheres.
3. The NCGG is managed under the overall superintendence and direction of the Governing Body, which is headed by the CEO of NITI Aayog.
How many of the above statements are correct?
Correct
Answer: B
Context: The National Centre for Good Governance (NCGG) achieved a significant milestone in February 2024, by completing the first Two-Week Advanced Leadership Development Programme on Public Policy and Governance for Senior Civil Servants of the African Region in Delhi in partnership with the Ministry of External Affairs.
Explanation:
Statement 1 is correct: The National Centre for Good Governance (NCGG) was set up in 2014 by the Government of India as an apex–level autonomous institution under the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions. The Centre traces its origin to the National Institute of Administrative Research (NIAR), which was set up in 1995 by the Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration (LBSNAA), the Government of India’s topmost training institute for civil services. NIAR was subsequently rechristened and subsumed into NCGG.
Statement 2 is correct: The objectives of NCGG are:
• To be a think tank for governance and policy reforms, cutting across administrative, social, economic, and financial spheres;
• To function as a national repository of information on best practices, initiatives and methodologies that promote good governance, e-governance, innovation and change management within the government and its parastatal organizations;
• To initiate and participate in action research and capacity-building on various aspects of regulatory and development administration, public policy, governance, and public management at the national, state, and local levels;
• To engage in provision of consultancy services in and outside the country.
• To advise on key issues in governance and develop synergy across various ministries/ departments of the Government of India and various state governments;
• To promote sharing and replication of innovative ideas and best practices in governance;
• To interact with national and international organizations, in and outside the government, engaged in research and capacity building in these spheres;
• To raise resources in support of the activities of ‘the society’ and maintain and manage a fund to which shall be credited;
• Any other work to be entrusted by the Government.
Statement 3 is incorrect: the NCGG are managed under the overall superintendence and direction of the Governing Body, which is headed by the Cabinet Secretary.
Incorrect
Answer: B
Context: The National Centre for Good Governance (NCGG) achieved a significant milestone in February 2024, by completing the first Two-Week Advanced Leadership Development Programme on Public Policy and Governance for Senior Civil Servants of the African Region in Delhi in partnership with the Ministry of External Affairs.
Explanation:
Statement 1 is correct: The National Centre for Good Governance (NCGG) was set up in 2014 by the Government of India as an apex–level autonomous institution under the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions. The Centre traces its origin to the National Institute of Administrative Research (NIAR), which was set up in 1995 by the Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration (LBSNAA), the Government of India’s topmost training institute for civil services. NIAR was subsequently rechristened and subsumed into NCGG.
Statement 2 is correct: The objectives of NCGG are:
• To be a think tank for governance and policy reforms, cutting across administrative, social, economic, and financial spheres;
• To function as a national repository of information on best practices, initiatives and methodologies that promote good governance, e-governance, innovation and change management within the government and its parastatal organizations;
• To initiate and participate in action research and capacity-building on various aspects of regulatory and development administration, public policy, governance, and public management at the national, state, and local levels;
• To engage in provision of consultancy services in and outside the country.
• To advise on key issues in governance and develop synergy across various ministries/ departments of the Government of India and various state governments;
• To promote sharing and replication of innovative ideas and best practices in governance;
• To interact with national and international organizations, in and outside the government, engaged in research and capacity building in these spheres;
• To raise resources in support of the activities of ‘the society’ and maintain and manage a fund to which shall be credited;
• Any other work to be entrusted by the Government.
Statement 3 is incorrect: the NCGG are managed under the overall superintendence and direction of the Governing Body, which is headed by the Cabinet Secretary.
THE CONTEXT: The urgency to address climate change is underscored by the United Nations Climate Change Executive Secretary’s assertion that the next two years are critical for the planet’s future. A shift primarily drives India’s commitment to achieving Net Zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2070 to renewable energy. However, the development of large-scale solar parks, a central component of this strategy, raises concerns about land use, water resources, and the socio-economic impacts on local communities. The experiences of farmers near India’s largest solar parks illustrate the complex trade-offs between environmental sustainability and development.
ISSUES:
Land Acquisition and Local Impact: In Bhadla, Rajasthan, the development of solar parks has led to the loss of sacred common lands and shrinking grazing lands, negatively impacting pastoralists and leading to protests. In Pavagada, Karnataka, farmers benefit from leasing drought-stricken land for solar parks, providing them with a steady income, although issues like water security and economic disparity remain.
Resource Competition: Solar parks require significant water to clean solar panels, which could compete with other local water needs. The land used for solar parks could also compete with agricultural land, potentially affecting food security and livelihoods.
Environmental and Biodiversity Concerns: The construction of solar parks can lead to biodiversity loss, especially in ecosystems like deserts that provide essential services. The overall ecological impact of solar parks, including their contribution to climate change through ecosystem disruption, is under-researched.
Economic and Social Justice: There is a need for innovative ownership models for solar parks to avoid reproducing the injustices seen in past large-scale infrastructure projects. Community-owned models could enhance local economic benefits, improve energy access, and support local businesses and skills development.
Regulatory and Governance Challenges: Solar and wind park developments are exempt from Environmental and Social Impact Assessments, which could lead to unaddressed adverse impacts. There is no effective mechanism to ensure fair compensation for small and medium landowners leasing their land for solar projects. Involvement of local governance in the planning and siting solar parks could align development with local objectives and ensure better outcomes.
Policy and Legal Framework: The classification of wastelands needs revision to better recognize and protect commons under the Forest Rights Act (FRA), potentially improving environmental and equity outcomes. Engaging local governance units like the Gram Sabha in initiating solar park projects could enhance community engagement and project acceptance.
THE WAY FORWARD:
Integrated Resource and Land Use Planning: Conduct detailed environmental and social impact assessments before developing solar parks. This includes assessing water availability, biodiversity impacts, and socio-economic effects on local communities. Designate specific zones for solar parks that minimize conflicts with agriculture and biodiversity. Utilize degraded lands or non-arable areas to reduce impact on productive land.
Community-Centric Approaches: Promote models where local communities partly or wholly own solar parks. This can provide a steady income source and increase local acceptance and involvement. Engage local governance structures, such as Gram Sabhas, in the planning and decision-making processes to ensure that the projects align with local needs and priorities.
Economic and Social Equity Measures: Establish clear guidelines for compensating landowners and communities for land use, ensuring that payments reflect fair market values and potential future earnings lost due to land repurposing. Implement programs to train residents for jobs in the construction and maintenance of solar parks, which can help offset job losses in sectors like agriculture.
Environmental Safeguards: Incorporate biodiversity-friendly practices in the design and management of solar parks, such as creating buffer zones, wildlife corridors, and habitats within or around them. Develop and implement water-saving technologies and practices for cleaning solar panels, such as using robotic cleaning systems that minimize water usage.
Legal and Regulatory Frameworks: Amend existing laws to require environmental and social impact assessments for renewable energy projects. This would help identify potential adverse impacts early in the project lifecycle. Establish robust mechanisms to monitor solar parks’ environmental and social effects and ensure compliance with regulatory standards and commitments.
Technological and Design Innovations: Invest in research and development of new solar technologies that require less land and water, such as floating solar panels on reservoirs and other water bodies. Explore agrivoltaics, which combines agriculture with solar photovoltaics, allowing for dual land use that supports energy generation and agricultural production.
Policy Support and Incentives: Provide financial incentives for solar parks that achieve specific environmental and social standards, such as maintaining high biodiversity levels or using water-efficient technologies. Develop policies to support communities adversely affected by the shift from traditional land uses to solar park development, including financial aid and alternative livelihood opportunities.
THE CONCLUSION:
To ensure that the expansion of renewable energy, like solar parks, contributes positively to sustainable development, India must explore innovative ownership models, revise legal frameworks for environmental and social assessments, and engage local governance in decision-making. Revising wasteland classification and recognizing commons under the Forest Rights Act could enhance ecological and equity outcomes. A balanced approach that considers the needs of local communities, the environment, and the nation’s energy goals is essential for a just transition to a low-carbon future.
UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTION:
Q.1 Explain the purpose of the Green Grid Initiative launched at world leaders Summit of the COP 26 UN Climate Change Conference in Glassgow in November, 2021. When was this idea first floated in the International Solar Alliance (ISA)? 2021
MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:
Q.1 Critically analyze the role of large-scale solar parks in India’s climate change mitigation strategy. Discuss the socio-economic and environmental implications at both local and national levels, and suggest measures to align these projects with sustainable development goals.
CHANGES IN LAW WILL MAKE MEDICINES MORE EXPENSIVE, NOT BETTER
THE CONTEXT: The Indian patent system has historically facilitated the production of affordable generic medicines by allowing opposition to patents at pre- and post-grant stages. This system has been crucial in maintaining low drug prices and ensuring public access to essential medications. Recent amendments to the patent rules, however, have made it more challenging to oppose patents at the pre-grant stage, potentially leading to easier patent approvals and higher drug prices.
ISSUES:
Indian Patent Rules and Public Health Concerns: The Indian patent system has undergone significant changes that could impact the availability and affordability of medicines. Historically, India’s Patent Act of 1970, particularly after amendments in the early 1970s, focused on process patents rather than product patents, which facilitated the growth of the generic drug industry in India. This industry has been crucial in providing affordable medicines not only in India but globally.
Impact of TRIPS and Amendments in Patent Law: The introduction of the TRIPS Agreement in 1995 mandated the re-introduction of product patents, a significant shift in India’s pharmaceutical patent landscape. In response, India amended its patent law in 2005 to include Section 3(d), which prevents the patenting of new forms of known drugs unless they provide significantly enhanced therapeutic efficacy. This amendment was crucial in maintaining the availability of affordable generic medicines.
Recent Amendments to Patent Rules: Recent amendments to the Indian patent rules have raised concerns among public health advocates and patient groups. These changes make it more challenging to file oppositions to patents at the pre-grant stage, potentially leading to easier patent approvals for pharmaceutical companies and higher drug prices due to reduced competition from generic manufacturers.
Pre-Grant Oppositions and Public Health: Pre-grant oppositions are critical tools used by patient groups and civil society organizations to challenge frivolous or non-meritorious patents that could block the production of affordable generic medicines. Recent rule changes have introduced fees for filing pre-grant oppositions and granted the patent controller excessive authority to dismiss oppositions without a full hearing. This could significantly reduce the effectiveness of pre-grant oppositions as a safeguard against unmerited patents.
Compulsory Licensing and Patent Working: Another significant aspect of India’s patent law is the provision for mandatory licensing, which allows the government to authorize the production of a patented drug without the consent of the patent holder under certain conditions. This is crucial when proprietary medicines are not available at affordable prices. However, the recent amendments extend the interval for submitting details on the working of patents from annually to once every three years, potentially complicating the process of obtaining compulsory licenses.
THE WAY FORWARD:
Legislative Review and Amendment: The changes to the patent rules should be debated and scrutinized in the Indian Parliament to ensure transparency and public participation in the legislative process. Reverting to the previous regulations that allowed for more accessible filing of pre-grant oppositions and required annual disclosures by patent holders about the working of patents could help maintain checks on frivolous patenting.
Strengthening Pre-Grant Opposition: Removing the newly introduced fees for filing pre-grant oppositions could encourage more filings by patient groups and civil society organizations, maintaining a check on undeserving patents. Amending the rules to guarantee a fair hearing for both the patent applicant and the opponent before any decision on the patent’s grant or rejection is made.
Enhancing Transparency and Accountability: Reinstating the requirement for patent holders to report annually on how their patents are being used could help assess the availability and affordability of patented medicines. Making all patent filings and decisions publicly accessible would increase transparency and allow public scrutiny.
Compulsory Licensing Facilitation: Simplifying the process for issuing compulsory licenses when patents prevent the availability of affordable medicines could help address public health needs. Strengthening the enforcement of mandatory licensing provisions when patent holders fail to meet reasonable public requirements regarding the availability and affordability of medicines.
International Collaboration and Advocacy: Engaging in international advocacy to protect the flexibilities under the TRIPS Agreement, especially concerning public health safeguards. Working with global organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO) to support policies prioritizing public health over patent rights.
Legal Challenges and Civil Society Engagement: We support legal challenges against the patent rule amendments, believed to contravene existing laws. We also encourage and support mobilization by civil society organizations to raise awareness and pressure the government to reconsider or amend the detrimental changes.
THE CONCLUSION:
The amendments to the Indian patent rules represent a shift that could favor pharmaceutical patent holders at the expense of public health. By making it more difficult to oppose patents before they are granted and by weakening the mechanisms for ensuring that patents meet public health needs, these changes could lead to higher drug prices and reduced access to essential medicines. This situation calls for carefully reconsidering the amendments to align India’s patent system more closely with public health priorities.
UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTIONS:
Q.1 Effectiveness of the government system at various levels and people’s participation in the governance system are interdependent.” Discuss their relationship with each other in the context of India. 2016
Q.2 In a globalized world, intellectual property rights assume significance and are a source of litigation. Broadly distinguish between the terms – copyrights, patents and trade secrets. 2014
MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:
Q.1 Discuss the impact of the recent amendments to the Indian Patent Rules on the availability and affordability of medicines. Evaluate how these changes could affect patients’ rights and the role of generic drug manufacturers in the healthcare system.
HOW INDIA’S ‘ONE CITIZEN, ONE VOTE’ DEMOCRACY CAME TO BE
THE CONTEXT: The significance of the 2024 general elections in India is paramount, as they are part of a global wave of elections affecting over half the world’s population. It explores the historical evolution of universal suffrage, contrasting India’s immediate adoption of universal adult franchise with the gradual and exclusionary process in the United States. The piece highlights the role of the Election Commission in safeguarding the integrity of India’s electoral process and notes the global economic implications of the numerous elections scheduled for 2024.
ISSUES:
Historical Context and Evolution: India’s approach to universal suffrage was revolutionary at its independence. Unlike many Western democracies, India granted voting rights to all adults irrespective of gender, education, or social status from its first general election in 1951-1952. Key figures in the Constituent Assembly, such as Alladi Krishnaswami Ayyar, advocated this inclusive approach, arguing against any property or literacy qualifications that would exclude significant portions of the population.
Challenges and Innovations in Election Management: The logistical challenges of conducting elections in a country as large and diverse as India are immense. The Election Commission of India, established to ensure free and fair elections, has innovated continuously to reach every eligible voter. For the 2024 elections, measures include setting up polling stations in remote locations such as a wildlife sanctuary in Kerala and a shipping container in Gujarat, and even for a single voter in Arunachal Pradesh. This level of commitment ensures that every citizen can participate in the electoral process, a cornerstone of democratic governance.
Technological Integration and Security: Electronic voting machines (EVMs), a point of contention with some political parties, represent a significant technological integration to improve the efficiency and security of the voting process. Despite challenges, including legal petitions against their use, EVMs have been employed to handle the vast electorate of over 968 million people.
Political Landscape and Electoral Stakes: The political landscape of 2024 is marked by the contest between the incumbent Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi and a coalition of opposition parties. Modi’s leadership, characterized by a blend of economic policies and nationalist rhetoric, faces scrutiny from voters across a spectrum of critical issues, including financial performance, sectarian tensions, and governance.
Global Context: The 2024 elections in India form part of a larger global narrative of democratic exercises occurring worldwide, affecting over half of the world’s population. These elections are not only significant for the countries involved but also for global economic and political stability.
Reflection on Democratic Values: As India continues with its largest electoral exercise, it is essential to reflect on the core democratic values that guide such undertakings. The vision of India’s founding fathers for a democratic nation that upholds the right to vote for every citizen has largely been realized, though challenges remain. The ongoing elections are not just a test of administrative capability but also the commitment to democratic ideals in the face of modern challenges.
THE WAY FORWARD:
Enhanced Transparency in Voting Technology: Introducing more rigorous standards for electronic voting machines, including regular audits and implementing voter-verified paper audit trails, could help improve trust in the electoral process.
Civic Education: Expanding civic education programs to foster a better understanding of the electoral process and the importance of participation could help reduce polarization and increase voter turnout, particularly among the youth and marginalized communities.
Strengthening Electoral Infrastructure: Investing in better infrastructure for polling stations and training for election officials can ensure smoother execution of elections, especially in remote and inaccessible areas.
Robust Security Measures: Implementing stringent security measures to protect voters and election officials, particularly in conflict-prone areas, is crucial for maintaining the integrity of the electoral process.
Global Perspective: The significance of India’s elections extends beyond its borders. As the world’s largest democracy, the conduct and outcomes of its elections have global implications. The international community closely watches these elections as they can influence global economic policies, international relations, and democratic norms.
THE CONCLUSION:
India’s electoral system, committed to universal adult suffrage, serves as a model for inclusive governance. However, addressing the contemporary challenges it faces is crucial for sustaining its democratic integrity. By implementing targeted reforms and leveraging technology, India can continue to refine its electoral process and set a global standard for democratic elections.
UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTIONS:
Q.1 India and the USA are two large democracies. Examine the basic tenants on which the two political systems are based. 2018
Q.2 Discuss the role of the Election Commission of India in light of the evolution of the Model Code of Conduct. 2022
Q.3 In the light of recent controversy regarding the use of Electronic Voting Machines (EVM), what are the challenges before the Election Commission of India to ensure the trustworthiness of elections in India? 2018
Q.4 To enhance the quality of democracy in India the Election Commission of India has proposed electoral reforms in 2016. What are the suggested reforms and how far are they significant to make democracy successful? 2017
MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:
Q.1 Assess the evolution of electoral democracy in India from its inception to the present day. Discuss the challenges and milestones that have shaped the largest democracy in the world.
THE CONTEXT: United Nations Security Council (UNSC) resolution proposed by Algeria to grant Palestine full-member status, which the United States vetoed. This resolution was part of ongoing efforts to fulfill the promise of the 1947 UN General Assembly resolution that aimed to establish two states in the then-mandated Palestine. Despite support from the majority of UNSC members, the U.S. opposed the resolution, advocating for direct negotiations between Israel and Palestine.
ISSUES:
S. UNSC Resolution Veto: The U.S. vetoed a UNSC resolution proposed by Algeria to grant Palestine full-member status at the UN. This resolution was supported by 12 of the 15 UNSC members. The U.S. argued that Palestinian statehood should be achieved through direct negotiations between Israel and Palestine rather than through UN processes.
Israeli Position Post-October 7 Attacks: The Israeli Ambassador argued against granting Palestine full-member status, especially so soon after the October 7 terror attacks by Hamas, labeling it as rewarding criminal actions. This stance comes despite ongoing Israeli military actions in Palestinian territories, which have continued even after a UNSC ceasefire resolution.
Impact of Full Membership for Palestine: Granting Palestine full-member status at the UN could strengthen its voice on the international stage and bind it to the obligations of all UN members. This could be crucial for ensuring a balanced approach to peace and security in the region.
The conflation of Palestinian Identity with Terrorism: The conflation of all Palestinians with the actions of Hamas emphasizes the need to distinguish between combatants and non-combatants is unbecoming. This conflation marginalizes the broader Palestinian population and undermines their legitimate aspirations for statehood and self-determination.
Global Leadership and Consensus Building: The U.S. should reconsider its protective stance towards Israel in all matters, suggesting that as a global leader, the U.S. should work to build consensus and support the sovereign equality of all nations as per UN principles rather than perpetuating a “might is right” approach.
THE WAY FORWARD:
Re-evaluating the Role of the U.S.: The U.S. should reconsider its position of providing blanket protection to Israel’s actions, which could be seen as obstructing the peace process. A more balanced approach might facilitate progress in negotiations and help maintain international law and order.
Strengthening Multilateral Negotiations: Instead of relying solely on direct negotiations between Israel and Palestine, which have been stalemated, the international community, under the auspices of the UN, could play a more proactive role in facilitating discussions and proposing viable solutions.
Addressing Humanitarian Concerns: Immediate steps should be taken to address the humanitarian crisis in Palestinian territories, ensuring that civilian populations receive necessary aid and protection. This approach not only addresses immediate needs but also helps in building goodwill and trust among the parties.
Promoting Inclusive Dialogue: Encouraging dialogue that includes a range of Palestinian voices, not just Hamas, could help in articulating a unified Palestinian position that reflects the aspirations of its people and is not solely defined by conflict.
International Legal Frameworks: The international community should ensure that any actions taken by Israel or Palestine comply with international law, including human rights and humanitarian law. This would involve holding parties accountable for violations and ensuring that resolutions such as ceasefires are respected.
THE CONCLUSION:
The U.S., for its unilateral support of Israel, especially in the context of recent violence and the broader Israeli-Palestinian conflict, is criticized. U.S. stance undermines the multilateral process and the principle of sovereign equality upheld by the UN. By conflating all Palestinians with the actions of Hamas and ignoring broader injustices, the U.S. position is seen as detrimental to peace and stability in the region. The reevaluation of this stance will foster a more balanced approach in international relations, particularly in recognizing Palestine’s statehood to strengthen its voice on the global stage.
UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTIONS:
Q.1 “India’s relations with Israel have, of late, acquired a depth and diversity, which cannot be rolled back.” Discuss. (2018)
Q.2 ‘Too little cash, too much politics, leave UNESCO fighting for life.’ Discuss the statement in the light of the US’ withdrawal and its accusation of the cultural body as being ‘anti-Israel bias’.(2019)
MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:
Q.1 Analyze the implications of the U.S. veto on the United Nations Security Council resolution granting full-member status to Palestine. Discuss the potential impacts on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, the role of international law, and the broader geopolitical consequences.
