TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: The recent conflict between the Kerala government and Governor Arif Mohammed Khan over the withholding of assent to several Bills has brought to light an ongoing issue in Indian governance.

EXPLANATION:

• This conflict echoes similar disputes in states like Tamil Nadu, Punjab, and Telangana, where Governors appointed by the President, often from the ruling party at the center, clash with state governments led by opposition parties.

Governor’s Role in Lawmaking

• Article 200 of the Indian Constitution delineates the Governor’s authority in the legislative process.
• Upon the passage of a Bill by the state legislature, the Governor is presented with three options:
  • to provide assent,
  • withhold assent, or
  • reserve the Bill for the President’s consideration.
• However, the absence of a specific timeline for decision-making has led to Governors withholding assent for prolonged periods, leaving Bills and legislative processes in limbo.

President’s Role in Lawmaking

• When a Bill is referred to the President for consideration, Article 201 outlines the President’s authority.
• The President can either grant or withhold assent.
• If assent is withheld, the Bill is returned to the state legislature for reconsideration within the stipulated period.
• Failure to act within this period results in the Bill lapsing.
• Unlike the Governor, the President is not obligated to grant assent upon reconsideration.

Kerala’s Legal Challenge

• The Kerala government has approached the Supreme Court, alleging arbitrary actions by Governor and President.
• The government contends that the prolonged withholding of assent violates Article 200, thereby undermining the state legislature’s functioning.
• Additionally, the lack of reasons provided by President for withholding assent to certain Bills is seen as a violation of Article 201.

Similar Cases in Other States

• Instances of Governors withholding assent have been observed in other states as well.
• In Tamil Nadu, Governor refusal to assent to multiple Bills led to criticism and legal challenges.
• Similarly, Telangana faced a similar situation when the Governor withheld assent to Bills passed by the legislative assembly.
• Despite legal pressure, no definitive timeline for decision-making by Governors has been established by the Supreme Court.

Judicial Interpretation

• In a significant ruling in November 2023, the Supreme Court addressed the issue of Governors withholding assent.
• The court emphasized that Governors cannot indefinitely delay the legislative process and must adhere to the provisions outlined in Article 200.
• However, the court refrained from setting a specific timeline for decision-making, prompting the Kerala government to seek further clarification on this matter.

Constitutional Provisions and The Governor’s Power:

• ARTICLE 200 – ASSENT TO BILLS
  • According to Article 200, when a Bill passed by the Legislature of a State is presented to the Governor, he has four options available to him; giving assent, withholding assent, reserving the Bill for the consideration of the President or returning the bill to the state assembly for reconsideration.
• ARTICLE: 201- BILLS RESERVED FOR CONSIDERATION
  • The Indian Constitution deals with provisions related to bills reserved for the consideration of the President.
  • When a Governor reserves a Bill for the consideration of the President, the President shall declare either that he assents to the Bill or that he withholds assent.
  • The President may also direct the Governor to return the Bill, where the Bill is not a Money Bill, with a message. When a Bill is so returned, the House or Houses shall reconsider it accordingly within a period of six months from the date of receipt of such message and, if the House or Houses again pass it with or without amendment, it shall be presented again to the President.
  • There is no timeframe mentioned for the above provisions.
• VETO POWER OF THE GOVERNOR WITH RESPECT TO BILLS
  • The Governor of India enjoys absolute veto, suspensive veto (except on money bills) and the pocket veto.
  • Absolute Veto: It refers to the power of withholding his assent to a bill passed by the state legislature. The bill then ends and does not become an act.
  • Suspensive Veto: The Governor returns the bill to the state legislature for its reconsideration.
  • Pocket Veto: The constitution of India does not provide a time frame for the Governor and the Bill may be kept pending.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-law/governors-assent-to-state-laws-9239214/

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Chavakkad Beach in Thrissur, Kerala, has long been a vital nesting ground for Olive Ridley turtles. However, recent observations reveal a significant decline in turtle footfall at the beach, raising concerns among conservationists and local communities.

EXPLANATION:

• Olive Ridley turtles, classified as vulnerable in the IUCN Red List and protected under the Indian Wildlife Protection Act, play a crucial role in marine ecosystems.
• Their nesting habits contribute to biodiversity and ecosystem health, making their conservation imperative.
• Conservationists attribute the decline in turtle arrivals at Chavakkad Beach to the rising temperature.
• The increased temperature disrupts the turtles’ nesting patterns, affecting their migratory behavior and reducing their propensity to lay eggs on the shore.
• Historically, around 500 Olive Ridley turtles would arrive annually at Chavakkad Beach to lay eggs.
• However, recent reports indicate that only one-third of this usual number made an appearance, signaling a noticeable decline in turtle footfall.
• The delayed onset of the winter season exacerbates the situation, as turtles typically begin their nesting season in November when temperatures along the coast drop.
• The delayed winter may have disrupted the turtles’ migratory cues, leading to reduced nesting activity.

Community Conservation Efforts:

• Local communities, including fishermen, youngsters, and schoolchildren, have long been involved in turtle conservation efforts around Chavakkad Beach.
• Their initiatives have contributed to an increase in hatchling numbers entering the sea, highlighting the importance of community engagement in conservation.

Nesting Season and Success Rates:

• The nesting season for Olive Ridley turtles spans from November to February, during which a single turtle can lay approximately 120 eggs.
• These eggs typically take 45-60 days to hatch, with an impressive 80% hatch success rate observed at Chavakkad Beach in the past.

Significance of the Decline:

• The decline in turtle footfall at Chavakkad Beach represents the first such occurrence in a decade, underscoring the urgency of addressing environmental factors contributing to the turtles’ altered behavior.
• Understanding the drivers behind this decline is crucial for formulating effective conservation strategies.

Olive Ridley turtles:

• The Olive ridley turtles are the smallest and most abundant of all sea turtles found in the world.
• They are found to be inhabiting the warm waters of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian oceans.
• They are carnivores and feed mainly on jellyfish, shrimp, snails, crabs, molluscs, and a variety of fish and their eggs.
• The males and females grow to the same size.
• These turtles, along with their cousin the Kemps ridley turtle, are best known for their unique mass nesting called Arribada, where thousands of females come together on the same beach to lay eggs.
• The coast of Orissa in India is the largest mass nesting site for the Olive-ridley, followed by the coasts of Mexico and Costa Rica.
• The species is recognized as Vulnerable by the IUCN Red list.
• They lie in Scheduled 1 of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972
• They are in Appendix I of the CITES.

SOURCE: https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2024/Mar/29/kochi-as-temp-soars-olive-ridley-turtles-elude-chavakkad-beach

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Recent studies have highlighted how the melting polar ice is affecting Earth’s rotation and potentially influencing our timekeeping systems.

EXPLANATION:

• This phenomenon, driven by global warming, has significant implications for various aspects of our lives and requires careful consideration.
• The melting of polar ice due to rising temperatures redistributes the Earth’s mass, particularly around the equator.
• This redistribution alters the planet’s angular velocity, leading to changes in its rotation speed.
• As a result, Earth’s rotation is slowing down, albeit marginally.
• A study published in Nature, led by geophysicist from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, highlights this phenomenon.
• The research suggests that as polar ice melts, the increased mass around the equator affects Earth’s rotation speed, necessitating potential adjustments to our timekeeping systems.

Potential Timekeeping Implications:

• The slowing of Earth’s rotation could prompt world timekeepers to consider subtracting a second from our clocks in the future.
• This adjustment, referred to as a “negative leap second,” may be necessary by 2029, according to the study.
• Such changes could have repercussions for various systems reliant on precise timekeeping, particularly in the realm of computer networks.
• A professor of geophysics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) emphasizes the significance of the polar ice melt in altering Earth’s rotation.
• The melted water from polar regions flows towards the equator, contributing to changes in the planet’s mass distribution and rotational dynamics.

Long-Term Perspective:

• While the current changes in Earth’s rotation are notable, it’s essential to contextualize them within a broader temporal framework.
• Earth’s rotation has undergone variations over millions of years, with days being shorter in the distant past.
• Understanding these long-term trends provides valuable insights into the dynamic nature of our planet’s rotation.

Negative leap second:

• A negative leap second is a second that is subtracted from our clocks to keep them in sync with the Earth’s rotation.
• It is the opposite of a positive leap second, which is a one-second addition to our clocks.
• The need for a negative leap second arises when the Earth’s rotation speeds up, causing a discrepancy with our clocks.
• This adjustment is crucial to maintain the accuracy of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) and ensure that our timekeeping systems remain aligned with the Earth’s rotation.

Rotation of the earth:

• Earth rotates along its axis from west to east.
• It takes approximately 24 hrs to complete on rotation.
• Days and nights occur due to rotation of the earth.
• The circle that divides the day from night on the globe is called the circle of illumination.
• Earth rotates on a tilted axis. Earth’s rotational axis makes an angle of 23.5° with the normal i.e. it makes an angle of 66.5° with the orbital plane. Orbital plane is the plane of earth’s orbit around the Sun.

Polar regions:

• Polar regions refer to the areas surrounding the Earth’s geographic poles, namely the North Pole and the South Pole.
• These regions are characterized by extreme cold temperatures, unique ecosystems, and distinct geological features.
• Geography and Climate:
  • North Pole:
    • The North Pole, located in the Arctic Ocean, is surrounded by several landmasses, including parts of Canada, Greenland, Russia, and Scandinavia.
    • The Arctic region experiences long, harsh winters with temperatures plummeting well below freezing, while summers are relatively short and cool.
    • Sea ice covers much of the Arctic Ocean, although this ice undergoes seasonal variations, with significant melting occurring during the summer months.
  • South Pole:
    • The South Pole is situated in Antarctica, which is a continent covered by a thick ice sheet. It is surrounded by the Southern Ocean.
    • Antarctica is the coldest place on Earth, with temperatures dropping as low as -80°C (-112°F) during the winter months.
    • The continent experiences long periods of darkness during the Antarctic winter and extended daylight during the summer, due to its location within the polar circle.

SOURCE: https://www.ndtv.com/science/melting-polar-ice-changing-earths-rotation-and-messing-with-time-study-5325413

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The Great Indian Bustard (GIB), a critically endangered species, faces multiple threats to its survival, primarily stemming from human activities.

EXPLANATION:

• The recent focus on power lines and their impact on GIB habitats has brought to light the complex interplay between conservation efforts and infrastructure development.
• The primary threat to the GIB stems from overhead power lines that crisscross its habitat in the Kutch and Thar deserts of western India.
• These power lines pose a significant risk to the birds, particularly due to their large size and limited frontal vision, making them vulnerable to collisions.
• Studies indicate that power lines result in substantial bird mortality, with an estimated 84,000 bird deaths annually in the GIB habitat alone.
• The GIB’s inability to detect power lines from a distance and maneuver around them exacerbates the threat, leading to collisions and fatalities.

Court Orders and Government Response:

• The Supreme Court’s order to bury underground all power lines in GIB habitats reflects the urgency of addressing this threat.
• However, the Centre has argued that implementing such measures is impractical and financially burdensome, citing constraints such as transmission losses, maintenance challenges, and safety concerns.

Feasibility and Cost Considerations:

• The Centre contends that burying power lines, especially those of 66 KV and higher voltage, is not feasible for bulk power evacuation due to technical limitations and exorbitant costs.
• The estimated expenses run into thousands of crores, posing a significant challenge to implementation.
• While the court has proposed burying power lines as a solution, the Centre has highlighted the use of bird diverters as a more cost-effective alternative.
• However, concerns remain regarding the effectiveness of diverters in preventing bird collisions, especially for large birds like the GIB.

Other Threats to GIB:

• Power lines are not the sole threat to the GIB.
• The proliferation of free-ranging dogs, hunting, pesticide use, and habitat loss pose additional challenges to the bird’s survival.
• These multifaceted threats require comprehensive conservation strategies beyond addressing power line collisions.

Conservation Efforts:

• The government has initiated various conservation initiatives, including captive breeding and habitat restoration, to protect the GIB.
• However, the success of these efforts hinges on mitigating infrastructure-related threats and securing safe habitats for the bird’s population to thrive.

Balancing Development and Conservation:

• The debate surrounding power lines underscores the need to balance development goals with wildlife conservation objectives.
• While renewable energy projects hold promise for sustainable development, they must be implemented responsibly to minimize their impact on endangered species like the GIB.

Great Indian Bustard:

• It is known as the Indian Bustard, is a majestically large bird found on the Indian subcontinent.
• It is one of the heaviest flying birds in the world, with males reaching up to 1.2 meters (4 feet) tall and weighing in at 15 kg (33 pounds).
• These birds are easily distinguished by their black crown contrasting with their pale neck and head, and their brownish body with black, brown, and grey markings on their wings.
• The Great Indian Bustard is classified as critically endangered. Once common on the dry plains of India, there are only an estimated 150 individuals left in the wild.
• There are two main threats to their existence: habitat loss and hunting.
• Their natural habitat consists of large expanses of dry grasslands and scrub. However, this habitat is being lost due to agricultural development, overgrazing, and the planting of trees. Great Indian Bustards are hunted for their meat and feathers.
• The great Indian bustard was distributed throughout Western India, spanning 11 states, as well as parts of Pakistan. Its stronghold was once the Thar desert in the north-west and the Deccan plateau of the peninsula. Today, its population is confined mostly to Rajasthan and Gujarat.

                         

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/great-indian-bustard-threats-conservation-power-9240502/

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: Russia’s recent veto on the renewal of a panel of experts monitoring UN sanctions against North Korea has sparked controversy and highlighted geopolitical tensions.

EXPLANATION:

• The move signifies a significant shift in global dynamics, particularly amidst ongoing conflicts such as the war in Ukraine.
• Russia has accused the United States and its allies of escalating military tensions in Asia and attempting to “strangle” North Korea through stringent sanctions.
• This assertion underscores Russia’s belief that the current approach to North Korea is outdated and ineffective.

Strategic Alliance Between Russia and North Korea:

• The veto highlights the burgeoning relationship between Russia and North Korea, particularly amid the Ukraine
• Putin’s courtship of Kim Jong Un allows Russia to assert its influence in the region while securing resources for the Ukraine war.
• Conversely, North Korea sees Russia as a powerful ally with access to advanced military technology.

Critique of UN Sanctions and Expert Panel:

• Russia criticizes the UN expert panel, arguing that it lacks objectivity and impartiality, instead serving as a tool for Western geopolitical interests.
• This critique suggests a broader skepticism towards the efficacy of UN sanctions in addressing North Korea’s nuclear program.

Impact of Ukraine Conflict on Global Cooperation:

• The Ukraine conflict has strained relations between Russia and the West, leading to a breakdown in cooperation on global issues.
• The veto on North Korea sanctions exemplifies how the Ukraine crisis has undermined collaborative efforts among major powers.

Call for Diplomacy and Compromise:

• Despite its veto, Russia calls for a reevaluation of sanctions policies and a shift towards diplomatic solutions.
• However, Russia’s proposals for compromise, such as time-limited sanctions reviews, have faced opposition from Washington.

Veto Power:

• The United Nations Security Council has five members who serve on a rotating basis (UNSC).
• Different political parties in India are divided on the issue.
• Political parties have utilized this status to exert veto power since independence.
• The United Nations Security Council’s five permanent members can veto or reject any substantive resolution.
• A member’s abstaining vote does not influence whether or not the resolution is accepted. Procedural votes do not affect the veto authority.
• The Security Council’s five permanent fellows have veto power. The following are examples:

1. China

2. France

3. Russia

4. Great Britain

5. The United States.

SOURCE: https://theprint.in/world/after-veto-russia-says-big-powers-need-to-stop-strangling-north-korea/2020055/

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THE CONTEXT: India faces significant challenges in eliminating Tuberculosis (TB), including the under-reporting of cases, the rise of multi-drug resistant TB, and the need for better diagnostics and treatment adherence. Recent progress has been made, including narrowing the gap between estimated and actual TB cases and increasing the diagnosis of drug-resistant TB.

ABOUT TUBERCULOSIS:

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease primarily affecting the lungs, but it can also target other parts of the body. It is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. TB is typically spread through the air when a person with active pulmonary TB coughs, sneezes, or speaks, releasing respiratory droplets that can be inhaled by others.

TYPES OF TUBERCULOSIS:

Pulmonary TB

Pulmonary TB is the most common form of the disease, where the bacteria infect the lungs. Symptoms may include Persistent cough lasting three weeks or longer, Coughing up blood or phlegm, Chest pain, and Shortness of breath.

Extrapulmonary TB

Extrapulmonary TB occurs when TB affects organs other than the lungs, such as the lymph nodes, abdomen, bones, and joints, or the central nervous system. It accounts for about 15% of all TB cases.

Latent TB

Latent TB infection is when the bacteria are present in the body but inactive, causing no symptoms and not being contagious. However, latent TB can become active, especially if the immune system is weakened.

Active TB

Active TB, also known as TB disease, is the contagious form of TB that causes symptoms. It can be life-threatening if not properly treated.

Specific Types of Extrapulmonary TB

TB Lymphadenitis: Affects the lymph nodes, often presenting as painless lumps on the head and neck.

Skeletal TB: Affects the bones and joints.

Miliary TB: A rare form of TB that can affect multiple organs, including the blood, bones, lymphatic system, and central nervous system.

Gastrointestinal TB: Affects the gastrointestinal tract, with symptoms like other gastrointestinal conditions.

TB Meningitis: Affects the meninges, and the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord, and can cause severe headaches, sensitivity to light, and neck stiffness.

TB Peritonitis: Causes inflammation of the peritoneum, leading to abdominal swelling and tenderness.

TB Pericarditis: Affects the pericardium, and the tissue surrounding the heart, and can cause chest pain and shortness of breath.

Cutaneous TB: Affects the skin and is very rare.

National TB Elimination Program (NTEP) in India: The National TB Elimination Program (NTEP), formerly known as the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program (RNTCP), is India’s state-led initiative to combat tuberculosis (TB). The program aims to eliminate TB in India by 2025, five years ahead of the global Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) target.

EVOLUTION OF NATIONAL TB ELIMINATION PROGRAM IN INDIA

1962: The Government of India launched the National TB Program and established District TB Centers.

1993: The World Health Organization (WHO) declared TB a global emergency, prompting more focused efforts.

1997: The National TB Program was revised to RNTCP, introducing the Directly Observed Treatment Short-course (DOTS) strategy.

2005-2011: The second phase of RNTCP expanded coverage across India and improved the quality and scale of services.

2012-2017: The National Strategic Plan (NSP) for this period included mandatory notification of TB cases, rapid molecular testing, and integration with the National Health Mission.

2017-2025: The current NSP focuses on patient-centric care for TB elimination, with strategies such as active case finding and treatment, and integration of advanced diagnostic and treatment technologies.

2020: The RNTCP was revised to the National TB Elimination Program (NTEP), reflecting the shift in focus from control to elimination.

THE ISSUES:

• Under-reporting of TB Cases: Historically, a significant challenge for India’s anti-TB program has been the under-reporting of cases. This not only affects the individuals who go undiagnosed and untreated but also poses a risk of infection to others they encounter.
• Closing the Case Gap: The India TB Report 2024 indicates progress, showing that the gap between estimated and actual TB cases is narrowing, with the 2023 target of initiating treatment in 95% of diagnosed patients being met.
• Ambitious Elimination Target: Despite recent successes, India’s goal to eliminate TB by 2025 appears challenging, especially given the epidemic proportions of multi-drug resistant (MDR) TB.
• MDR-TB Diagnostics and Treatment: There has been significant progress in identifying MDR-TB, with an increase in the percentage of diagnosed patients being offered tests for drug resistance. However, molecular testing, which is more effective for detecting MDR cases, is not yet the predominant method. Treatment regimens for MDR-TB are complex, and less than 60% of patients complete the full course of second-line treatments.
• Mental Health in TB Treatment: Mental healthcare is increasingly recognized as an essential component of TB treatment. However, in India, support for patients undergoing the demanding treatment process is rare.
• Vulnerable Populations: TB disproportionately affects the poor, slum dwellers, and HIV/AIDS patients. There is a need for targeted interventions that combine advanced technology and compassionate care to address the needs of these high-risk groups.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Engagement with the Private Sector: The private sector accounts for a significant portion of healthcare services in India, including TB care. To address under-reporting and improve the quality of TB care, there is a need for meaningful engagement with private healthcare providers. This includes implementing successful private sector engagement models, such as the Patient-Provider Support Agency (PPSA) model, which has been shown to increase TB case notifications and improve treatment outcomes.
• Investment in Health: Increasing governmental expenditure on health and specifically on the RNTCP is necessary to scale up efforts to meet the ambitious target of TB elimination by 2025. This includes addressing key determinants of TB such as poverty, undernutrition, and tobacco smoking through intersectoral collaboration.
• Modernizing TB Care: Modernizing the TB standard of care and control system is essential. This involves scaling up rapid molecular diagnostics, making drug-susceptibility testing more widely accessible, switching to daily drug regimens, and implementing tools for adherence support.
• Research and Surveillance: Investing in research for the development and validation of new tools, including diagnostics, drugs, and vaccines, is critical. Surveillance efforts should include periodic prevalence surveys, nationwide TB drug-resistance surveillance, and implementation science to identify and treat missing TB patients.
• Addressing Drug-Resistant TB: There is a need to focus on the management of drug-resistant TB, including the provision of second-line drugs and the transition to shorter-duration drugs like bedaquiline, especially after the patent decision that could enable the production of cheaper generic versions.
• Integrating Mental Health: Mental health support should be embedded in the TB treatment program to improve adherence and patient outcomes. This includes counseling and psychosocial support.
• Applying New Technology: Leveraging technology for real-time treatment monitoring systems, such as ’99 DOTS’, and exploring digital payment systems like e-RUPI for smart payments can enhance the efficiency of TB care and support.

THE CONCLUSION:

To overcome the hurdles in TB elimination, India must enhance engagement with private healthcare providers, invest in health infrastructure, and adopt modern diagnostics and treatment regimens. Emphasizing mental health support and targeting interventions for vulnerable populations are also crucial. With concerted efforts, India can move closer to its goal of eliminating TB by 2025.

UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTIONS:

Q.1) The public health system has limitations in providing universal health coverage. Do you think that the private sector could help in bridging the gap? What other viable alternatives would you suggest? 2015

Q.2) Appropriate local community-level healthcare intervention is a prerequisite to achieving ‘Health for All ‘in India. Explain. 2018

Q.3) What do you understand by fixed-dose drug combinations (FDCs)? Discuss their merits and demerits. 2013

Q.4) Can overuse and the availability of antibiotics without doctor’s prescription, the contributors to the emergence of drug-resistant diseases in India? What are the available mechanisms for monitoring and control? Critically discuss the various issues involved. 2014

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q.1) Evaluate the effectiveness of India’s current strategies towards TB elimination. Discuss the challenges posed by drug-resistant TB and suggest integrated approaches to address these challenges within the framework of sustainable development goals (SDGs).

SOURCE:

https://indianexpress.com/article/editorials/express-view-taking-on-tb-9240926/

THE CONTEXT: The electoral bonds scheme in India intended to eliminate black money in election financing but was ultimately declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. The scheme’s failure to transform Indian politics or reduce the reliance on illegal funds for election campaigns, emphasizes the gap between the professed aims of political leaders and their actual practices, which undermine democracy.

ISSUES:

• Ineffectiveness of Electoral Bonds: The introduction of electoral bonds was intended to eliminate the use of black money in election financing, aiming to transform Indian politics positively. However, the scheme failed to make any significant difference, as elections continued to be funded by large amounts of illegal funds. The electoral bonds did not address the root issues of undemocratic practices within Indian politics, where elected leaders often serve the interests of their financiers rather than their constituents.
• Gap Between Professed and Actual Practices: There exists a significant gap between what political leaders profess and their actual practices, undermining democracy. This discrepancy results in government policies that disproportionately benefit vested interests at the expense of the marginalized sections of society. Policies are often designed to appear in the national interest, while they prioritize the interests of the elite.
• Systematic Illegality and Weak Accountability: The black economy thrives on systematic and systemic illegality, facilitated by the collusion between policymakers, executives, and businesses. This triad of corruption is supported by weak government accountability and a societal mindset that defers authority, further eroding the foundations of democracy in India.
• Money’s Influence on Elections: Elections require significant funding, far exceeding legal limits, leading to reliance on illegal funds. The cultivation of vote banks, mobilization of crowds, and overwhelming displays of power during campaigns are financed through undeclared incomes. This reliance on illegal funds highlights the deep-rooted issues within the electoral process.
• Opaque Nature of Electoral Bonds: The electoral bonds scheme was criticized for its opacity, as it did not allow the electorate to know the sources of political financing. This opacity enabled businesses and the wealthy to exert undue influence over political parties, potentially in exchange for favors. The scheme also allowed for donations from shell companies and foreign entities, further obscuring the trail of funds.
• Cronyism and Quid Pro Quo: Data reveals that political donations through electoral bonds often involve quid pro quo arrangements, where businesses donate to political parties in exchange for policy favors or to avoid prosecution. This practice exposes the cronyism within Indian politics and the manipulation of policies to benefit donors.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Strengthening Election Commission Oversight: Empowering the election commission with more resources and authority to oversee and regulate political financing, ensuring adherence to legal limits and transparency requirements.
• Public Financing of Elections: Introducing or expanding public financing for political campaigns to reduce dependence on private donations. This could involve allocating public funds to political parties based on their performance in elections, thereby leveling the playing field.
• Caps on Political Spending: Enforcing strict limits on the amount of money political parties and candidates can spend during elections. This would help reduce the influence of money in politics and ensure fairer competition.
• Legal and Institutional Reforms: Amending laws to close loopholes that allow for unchecked political donations, including donations from shell companies and foreign entities. Strengthening mechanisms for holding politicians and political parties accountable for their actions and financial dealings. This could include more rigorous audits, penalties for violations, and an independent body to investigate and prosecute corruption.
• Legal Challenges and Judicial Oversight: Encouraging the judiciary to play an active role in reviewing and, if necessary, striking down laws and practices that undermine democratic principles and transparency in political financing.
• Civic Engagement and Education: Enhancing public awareness and understanding of the political process, the importance of transparency, and the impact of money in politics. Educated voters are more likely to demand accountability and transparency from their elected officials. Fostering a culture of active civic engagement where citizens are encouraged to participate in the political process, including monitoring political financing and advocating for reforms.

THE CONCLUSION:

The electoral bonds scheme, while intended to clean up election financing, ultimately highlighted and perhaps exacerbated the weaknesses within Indian democracy. It failed to address the systemic issues of corruption, lack of accountability, and the influence of money in politics, thereby undermining the democratic process.

UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTIONS:

Q.1 Discuss the role of the Election Commission of India in light of the evolution of the Model Code of Conduct. 2022

Q.2 To enhance the quality of democracy in India the Election Commission of India has proposed electoral reforms in 2016. What are the suggested reforms and how far are they significant to make democracy successful? 2017

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q.1 Examine the implications of the electoral bonds scheme on the democratic process in India. Discuss the challenges it poses to transparency and accountability in political funding and suggest measures to address these challenges in the context of strengthening democracy.

 SOURCE:

https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/bonds-big-money-and-an-imperfect-democracy/article68006688.ece

THE CONTEXT: The WHO is negotiating the Pandemic Agreement, a treaty aimed at addressing COVID-19 failures and strengthening global defenses. It emphasizes equitable access to medical products and the sharing of pathogens and genetic codes. The agreement faces challenges, including financing, IP rights, and access to genetic sequence data. Enforcement is crucial, as the International Health Regulations have been insufficient in preventing travel or trade restrictions during the pandemic.

ISSUES:

• Equity and Access: The Agreement emphasizes equitable access to medical products, aiming to address the inequities seen during the COVID-19 pandemic, such as vaccine nationalism and lack of preparedness in countries. It proposes mechanisms like the WHO Pathogen Access and Benefit-Sharing (PABS) System to ensure equitable access to benefits derived from research, including vaccines.
• Contentious Debates and Disagreements: There are significant disagreements between developing and developed countries, particularly regarding financing, intellectual property (IP) rights, and the modalities of negotiations. Developed countries have criticized the revised negotiating text, referring to it as a ‘step backward’, while developing countries emphasize the importance of clarity on obligations and responsibilities to operationalize equity within the Agreement.
• Global System for Sharing Pathogens: A major point of contention is the establishment of a global system for sharing pathogens and their genetic codes while ensuring equitable access to the benefits derived from research. Developing countries are hesitant to share information without guaranteed returns, leading to the proposal of the PABS System, which aims to establish legal obligations on benefits-sharing.
• Enforcement and Accountability: The challenge of global governance, enforcement, and accountability is a significant sticking point. Without adequate accountability and enforcement mechanisms, the Agreement risks being ineffective. Proposals include establishing a decision-making body comprising the Conference of Parties (COP) and a secretariat, but consensus on this structure remains uncertain.
• Intellectual Property Waivers: Another contentious issue is the requirement for firms that received public financing to waive or reduce their intellectual property royalties. This is crucial for facilitating technology transfer and ensuring access to medical countermeasures, but it faces opposition from developed countries and the pharmaceutical industry.
• Risk of a Watered-Down Agreement: There is a risk that the Agreement could be watered down to secure consensus, particularly around contentious issues such as IP waivers. The language in the current draft is seen as potentially too weak, referring to national circumstances and using best endeavor language.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Resolving Contentious Debates: Diplomatic efforts and negotiations must continue to bridge the gap between the positions of developed and developing countries, especially on issues like financing and IP rights. A consensus-building approach that respects the concerns of all parties could help in reaching an agreement that is acceptable to all.
• Enforcement and Accountability Mechanisms: The Agreement could include robust enforcement and accountability mechanisms to ensure that countries adhere to their commitments. This could involve regular reporting, peer reviews, or even sanctions for non-compliance.
• Intellectual Property Waivers: The contentious issue of IP waivers for firms that received public financing could be addressed by creating a framework that allows for temporary waivers during pandemics, ensuring that technology transfer and access to medical countermeasures are not hindered.
• Strengthening International Health Regulations: Alongside the Pandemic Agreement, the International Health Regulations could be amended to prevent unjust travel or trade restrictions and hoarding of vaccines and other medical countermeasures during pandemics.
• Partial Solutions and Small Wins: Recognizing that perfect solutions do not exist for complex global health challenges, the Agreement could focus on achieving partial or small wins that incrementally address the issues and build towards more comprehensive solutions over time.
• Public-Private Partnerships: Encouraging partnerships between governments, international organizations, and the private sector could facilitate the sharing of resources, knowledge, and expertise, which is crucial for pandemic preparedness and response.

THE CONCLUSION:

Negotiators are approaching the May World Health Assembly to approve the WHO Pandemic Agreement. The agreement is vital in rebuilding trust and coordination between nations to combat future pandemics. However, a watered-down or failed agreement is possible. The world cannot afford to be unprepared for the next global health emergency; success requires a meaningful, enforceable agreement prioritizing equity and global governance.

UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTION:

Q.1 Critically examine the role of WHO in providing global health security during the Covid-19 pandemic. 2020

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q.1 Examine the role of international agreements and treaties in managing global health crises, with a specific focus on the proposed WHO Pandemic Agreement. Discuss the challenges and opportunities presented by such agreements in ensuring equitable access to healthcare resources worldwide.

SOURCE:

https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-countdown-to-a-pandemic-treaty/article68003170.ece

THE CONTEXT: India is on the brink of a significant demographic shift, transitioning towards an aging society within the next three decades. The Lancet report predicts a sharp decline in the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) to 1.29 by 2050, indicating a future where one in five Indians will be over 60 years old. This shift echoes global patterns observed in countries like China, where economic growth coincided with a similar demographic transition.

ISSUES:

• Declining Total Fertility Rate (TFR): India’s TFR is expected to fall to 1.29 by 2050, which is significantly below the replacement rate of 2.1. This decline suggests that the population will not be replacing itself at a sustainable rate, leading to an aging population.
• Increasing Proportion of Elderly: It is projected that by 2050, one in five persons in India will be above the age of 60. The UN Population Fund’s India Ageing Report also projected that the number of elderly in India will more than double from 149 million in 2022 to 347 million by mid-century.
• Utilization of Demographic Dividend: India is currently experiencing a demographic dividend, with a large proportion of its population in the working-age group. Policymakers need to maximize this demographic dividend before the share of the working-age population begins to decline in the late 2030s to early 2040s.
• Skill Development and Job Creation: There is a need for measures to overcome skill deficits and to generate jobs outside of agriculture, particularly in sectors other than the low-paid informal sector.
• Social Security and Healthcare for the Elderly: As the elderly population grows, there will be a greater need for social security and healthcare provisions. Policymakers will need to ensure that these needs are adequately met.
• Regional Variations in Aging: There are significant interstate variations in the aging process within India, with parts of south and west India greying faster than those in the north. Policymakers must be prepared to understand and address these regional differences.
• Global Comparisons: India’s situation when compared with global experiences, particularly China, where the working-age population has already begun to contract, and fertility rates have fallen below the replacement rate, leading to an aging society.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Promoting Active Ageing and Workforce Participation: Japan has been at the forefront of promoting active aging, encouraging older adults to remain in the workforce longer and to participate in community activities. This includes flexible working arrangements and retirement policies. Singapore has implemented similar strategies, focusing on re-skilling older workers, and promoting lifelong learning, ensuring that the aging population remains a vital part of the economy.
• Healthcare and Social Security Provisions: The United States offers Medicare, a comprehensive healthcare program for older adults, ensuring access to medical services without the burden of high costs. Canada’s Canada Health Act provides a blueprint for universal healthcare coverage, including for the elderly, ensuring that healthcare needs are met efficiently and equitably.
• Addressing Skill Deficits and Knowledge Economy Gaps: Both Germany and Switzerland have successfully implemented dual education systems that blend theoretical learning with practical training, creating a skilled workforce ready to meet industry needs. Adapting such models could help India prepare its youth for future job markets and address skill shortages.
• Generating Non-Agricultural Employment: Policies in the United States and Canada that foster entrepreneurship and innovation can serve as models for India to generate employment opportunities outside of agriculture, particularly in sectors that can benefit from the experience and wisdom of older adults.
• Comprehensive Social Security Systems: Sweden and Norway offer extensive social security systems that provide robust support for the elderly, including pensions, healthcare, and long-term care services. These systems ensure that the ageing population lives with dignity and security.
• Harnessing the Skills of the Elderly: By looking at Japan and Singapore, India can find ways to effectively utilize the skills and experience of its elderly population. These countries have policies that not only encourage older adults to stay in the workforce but also facilitate their participation in volunteer and community activities.

THE CONCLUSION:

To navigate the impending demographic challenges, India must proactively harness its current demographic dividend, focusing on skill development and job creation outside of agriculture. Policymakers are urged to prepare for the aging population by ensuring adequate social security, healthcare, and effective utilization of the elderly’s skills. Addressing these issues promptly will be crucial for India’s sustained growth and societal well-being.

UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTIONS:

Q.1) Demographic Dividend in India will remain only theoretical unless our manpower becomes more educated, aware, skilled, and creative.” What measures have been taken by the government to enhance the capacity of our population to be more productive and employable? 2016

Q.2) Discuss the main objectives of Population Education and point out the measures to achieve them in India in detail. 2021

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q.1) Examine the implications of India’s demographic transition towards an aging society on its socio-economic fabric. Discuss the measures that can be taken to address the challenges posed by this demographic shift.

SOURCE:

https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/express-view-on-indias-falling-fertility-rate-a-wake-up-call-9238994/

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The global push for nuclear energy as a climate solution has gained momentum in recent years, with advocates highlighting its potential to address challenges related to climate change and energy security.

EXPLANATION:

• Despite significant advantages, such as minimal carbon footprint and perennial availability, nuclear energy faces hurdles that impede its widespread adoption.
• We will look into the factors driving the push for nuclear energy, challenges hindering its uptake, and India’s stance on nuclear power expansion.

 Global nuclear energy generation capacity in GW.

Advantages of Nuclear Energy:

• Nuclear energy is lauded for its minimal carbon footprint, making it a viable alternative to fossil fuels for electricity generation.
• The entire life cycle of nuclear power results in negligible emissions, significantly lower than coal-fired electricity and comparable to renewable sources like solar and wind.
• Perennial availability distinguishes nuclear energy as suitable for baseload electricity generation, offering stability that intermittent renewables may lack.
• Recognized by the IPCC, nuclear energy plays a crucial role in decarbonization pathways, contributing to substantial greenhouse gas emissions avoidance.

Challenges to Nuclear Energy Uptake:

• Safety concerns, exacerbated by events like the Fukushima accident, contribute to apprehensions surrounding nuclear energy adoption.
• High capital investments, prolonged construction timelines, and stringent regulations deter countries from pursuing nuclear power projects.
• Limited technological advancements in nuclear sector compared to renewables hinder cost reductions and scalability.
• Despite its potential, nuclear energy constitutes less than 10% of global electricity generation, with operational reactor numbers declining in recent years.

Global Push and Recent Initiatives:

• Efforts by global nuclear advocates, including the IAEA, aim to garner greater acceptance and support for nuclear energy.
• The IAEA’s ‘Atoms4Climate’ initiative and engagement with climate conferences highlight nuclear energy’s role in clean energy transition.
• The Nuclear Energy Summit in Brussels underscores international collaboration to promote nuclear energy as a solution to climate challenges.
• Despite challenges, nuclear energy remains integral to achieving net-zero emissions and addressing the climate emergency.

India’s Position on Nuclear Energy:

• India acknowledges the role of nuclear energy in its decarbonization strategy, aiming for rapid expansion in the coming years.
• The country plans to triple its nuclear power capacity by 2031-32, although its share in total electricity generation is expected to remain modest.
• India’s participation in global nuclear initiatives, such as the Brussels Summit, demonstrates its commitment to nuclear energy as a clean and reliable electricity source.
• Former officials advocate for accelerated growth of India’s nuclear sector, emphasizing its importance in meeting future energy demands.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-climate/nuclear-energy-climate-solution-problems-india-9237794/

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The World Health Organization (WHO) has initiated a significant global effort named CoViNet, aimed at monitoring and identifying potentially novel coronaviruses.

EXPLANATION:

• This initiative builds upon the foundation laid by the COVID-19 reference laboratory network established during the early stages of the pandemic.
• CoViNet represents a proactive approach to tackle the ongoing and future threats posed by coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, and potential new variants.

CoViNet:

• CoViNet is a global laboratory network established by WHO to identify and monitor emerging coronaviruses.
• It expands the focus beyond SARS-CoV-2 to include other coronaviruses such as MERS-CoV, enhancing laboratory capacity worldwide.
• The network aims to provide timely detection, monitoring, and assessment of coronaviruses with public health significance.

Foundation and Collaboration:

• CoViNet builds upon the collaboration established through the WHO COVID-19 reference laboratory network, initiated in January 2020.
• The expansion of this network underscores the evolving nature of global health threats and the need for proactive surveillance and response mechanisms.

Objectives and Activities:

• CoViNet will incorporate animal health and environmental surveillance alongside laboratory-based monitoring.
• It will facilitate timely risk assessment to inform WHO policies and protective measures.
• Focus on supporting the building of additional laboratories in low- and middle-income countries to enhance surveillance capabilities.

Global Reach and Participation:

• CoViNet comprises 36 laboratories from 21 countries across all six WHO regions, including prominent Indian laboratories.
• Representatives from these laboratories convened in Geneva, Switzerland, to finalize an action plan for 2024-2025.
• The global participation underscores the collaborative efforts required to address emerging health threats on a worldwide scale.

Importance of Surveillance and Response:

• The initiative recognizes the recurrent epidemic and pandemic risks posed by coronaviruses.
• Enhanced surveillance and response mechanisms are crucial for early detection and containment of potential outbreaks.
• CoViNet aligns with WHO’s broader efforts to strengthen global health security and pandemic preparedness.

Implications for Future Pandemic Preparedness:

• The emergence of COVID-19 highlighted the need for proactive measures to address novel disease threats.
• WHO’s emphasis on monitoring novel coronaviruses reflects the recognition of ‘Disease X,’ an unknown disease anticipated to be of unprecedented magnitude.
• CoViNet’s activities, including virus sequencing and data analysis, will inform response strategies and vaccine development efforts.

World Health Organisation:

• The World Health Organization (WHO), established in 1948, is a specialized agency of the United Nations.
• It connects nations, partners and people to promote health, keep the world safe and serve the vulnerable – so everyone, everywhere can attain the highest level of health.
• Its headquarters are situated in Geneva, Switzerland.
• There are 194 Member States, 150 country offices, six regional offices.
• It began functioning on April 7, 1948 – a date now being celebrated every year as World Health Day.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/health/who-launches-covinet-a-global-laboratory-to-monitor-emerging-coronaviruses-95277

TAG: GS 3: INTERNAL SECURITY

THE CONTEXT: The extension of the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA) in parts of Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh by the Union Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) for another six months has sparked discussions regarding security measures in these regions.

EXPLANATION:

• AFSPA, known for granting extensive powers to armed forces in disturbed areas, continues to be a controversial subject due to its implications on human rights and civil liberties.
• AFSPA empowers armed forces and Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF) in designated “disturbed areas.”
• Provides authority to take actions such as killing, arrest, and search without warrants.
• Grants immunity from prosecution without Central government sanction, leading to concerns about misuse of power.
• MHA extended AFSPA in specific districts and police stations of Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh.
• Eight districts and 21 police stations in Nagaland and three districts along with specific police stations in Arunachal Pradesh are covered.
• Notifications issued under Section 3 of AFSPA for a six-month period effective from April 1.

Purpose of Extension:

• Aimed at maintaining security and combating insurgency or other threats in the designated areas.
• Reflects ongoing concerns about the prevailing situation necessitating continued military presence and special powers.

Historical Context:

• AFSPA extensions are periodic and indicate the persistence of security challenges in these regions.
• Previous extensions suggest a recurring need for maintaining security measures despite efforts for peace and stability.

Impact on Civil Liberties:

• Raises concerns about potential violations of human rights and civil liberties due to the broad powers granted to armed forces.
• Critics argue that AFSPA undermines accountability and can lead to instances of excessive use of force and impunity.

Regional Dynamics:

• Nagaland and parts of Arunachal Pradesh have experienced insurgency and unrest in the past.
• Security concerns stemming from various insurgent groups or ethnic tensions contribute to the justification for AFSPA extension.

Public Discourse and Opposition:

• AFSPA extensions often face opposition from civil society organizations, human rights activists, and local communities.
• Calls for repeal or amendment of AFSPA highlight concerns about its impact on civilian populations and the need for alternative approaches to address security challenges.

The Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958:

• The Act came into force in 1958 in the context of increasing violence in the Northeastern States, which the State governments found difficult to control.
• The Armed Forces (Special Powers) Bill was passed by both the Houses of Parliament, and it was approved by the President on September 11, 1958. It became known as the Armed Forces Special Powers Act, 1958.
• AFSPA gives armed forces the power to maintain public order in “disturbed areas”.
• Under the Act, armed forces have the authority to prohibit a gathering of five or more persons in an area, can use force or even open fire after giving due warning if they feel a person is in contravention of the law.
• If reasonable suspicion exists, the army can also arrest a person without a warrant; enter or search a premises without a warrant and ban the possession of firearms.
• Any person arrested or taken into custody may be handed over to the officer in charge of the nearest police station along with a report detailing the circumstances that led to the arrest.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/centre-extends-afspa-in-three-districts-three-police-stations-of-arunachal-pradesh-for-six-months/article68001962.ece

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: In a recent judgment, the Supreme Court of India emphasized the crucial role of advisory boards in preventive detention cases.

EXPLANATION:

• The court highlighted the need for these boards to act as independent entities, safeguarding personal liberty from arbitrary state actions.
• This analysis delves into the key aspects of the judgment, emphasizing the significance of advisory boards and the parameters for justifiable preventive detention.

Advisory Boards as Safeguards:

• The Supreme Court rejected the notion of advisory boards as mere rubber stamps for the government.
• Emphasized their role as ‘safety valves’ against arbitrary state power, ensuring the protection of personal liberty.
• Highlighted the necessity for robust scrutiny of detention orders by qualified individuals, as mandated by Article 22 of the Constitution.

Scrutiny and Review Process:

• Advisory boards mandated to review detention orders every three months under preventive detention laws.
• Required to consider all relevant material, solicit additional information, and afford the detainee an opportunity to be heard.
• Emphasized the importance of submitting detailed reports justifying the necessity of detention.

Case Analysis: Telangana Prevention of Dangerous Activities Act (1986):

• The judgment stemmed from an appeal against detention under the Telangana Prevention of Dangerous Activities Act.
• The appellant was accused of threatening public order by engaging in criminal activities, specifically targeting women.
• The court scrutinized the grounds for detention, emphasizing the need for concrete evidence and not mere hypotheses.

Distinction between ‘Public Order’ and ‘Law and Order’:

• Justice Pardiwala delineated between the concepts of public order and law and order.
• Public order disturbances extend beyond individual incidents to impact the larger community or society.
• Emphasized that preventive detention should not substitute for the failure of regular law enforcement mechanisms.

Criteria for Justifiable Preventive Detention:

• Activities deemed prejudicial to public order must transcend the capacity of ordinary laws to address them effectively.
• Preventive detention should not be invoked solely due to the inability of law enforcement agencies to manage law and order situations.

Quashing of Detention Order:

• The Supreme Court quashed the detention order against the appellant.
• Found lack of concrete evidence linking the appellant to the alleged offenses, suggesting arbitrary detention based on suspicion.
• Upheld the principle of ‘innocent until proven guilty’ and the right to due process in preventive detention cases.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/advisory-boards-under-preventive-detention-laws-are-not-rubber-stamps-for-the-govt-says-sc/article68002452.ece

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Intuitive Machines, a Houston-based company, embarked on a historic venture with its Odysseus mission, marking the first privately-led space mission to successfully land on the Moon on February 22. However, the mission has now reached its conclusion with the spacecraft’s official shutdown.

EXPLANATION:

• Odysseus operated on the lunar surface for a period of seven Earth days, in line with its designed mission duration.
• Following this, the spacecraft entered a power-saving standby mode as a result of the absence of sunlight during the lunar night.
• Engineers at Intuitive Machines had hoped for a revival of the lander once sunlight returned during lunar daybreak.
• However, their efforts to re-establish communication were unsuccessful, leading to the confirmation of the spacecraft’s permanent shutdown.

Significance of Odysseus Mission

• The Odysseus mission holds significant historical importance as it marks the first instance of a privately-led mission successfully landing on the Moon.
• This achievement underscores the growing role of private entities in space exploration.
• The mission was executed as part of NASA’s CLPS initiative, which aims to collaborate with private companies for the delivery of equipment and technology to the Moon.
• This partnership highlights NASA’s strategy of leveraging private sector capabilities to further its exploration goals.

Implications for Lunar Exploration

• Initiatives such as CLPS and the US Department of Defense’s Luna10 plan are aimed at fostering a “lunar economy” by harnessing the Moon’s unique location and resources.
• The success of missions like Odysseus contributes to laying the foundation for sustained human presence and economic activities on the Moon.
• The Moon’s proximity to Earth makes it an ideal staging point for missions to farther reaches of the solar system.
• By establishing infrastructure and capabilities on the Moon, humanity can facilitate deeper exploration of space, including missions to Mars and beyond.

Future Prospects and Artemis Program

• NASA’s Artemis program aims to return humans to the Moon, with the goal of establishing a sustainable presence.
• Initiatives like CLPS serve as precursors to Artemis, laying the groundwork for future crewed missions and infrastructure development on the lunar surface.
• Through Artemis, NASA envisions establishing a long-term human presence on the Moon, utilizing it as a platform for scientific research, technological development, and as a stepping stone for missions to Mars and beyond.

Odysseus Mission:

• Odysseus, a spacecraft built by Intuitive Machines, used a Falcon 9 rocket of SpaceX to take off from Earth on February 15.
• Intuitive Machines is a ten-year-old company based in Houston, USA.
• The spacecraft carried six NASA payloads to the Moon.
• The lander module of Odysseus, called Nova-C, has become the second one, after Chandrayaan-3 last year, to land in the Moon’s south pole region.
• This is the third moon-landing event within a year, after Chandrayaan-3 and Japans’ SLIM (Smart Lander for Investigating Moon).
• The lunar lander is designed to evaluate the environment at the moon’s south pole.
  • This is significant as NASA prepares to send a crewed mission in September 2026 with Artemis III.
  • Prior to deploying astronauts to this area, however, the agency wants to gather additional data.
  • This information will help evaluate factors such as the quantity of water present and the accessibility of this vital resource.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/intuitive-machines-odysseus-mission-9234304/