TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: Union Home Minister’s meeting with Ladakh representatives has sparked discussions on extending Article 371-like protections to the region, addressing concerns related to jobs, land, and culture.

EXPLANATION:

• However, the government remains reluctant to include Ladakh in the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution.

Background: Ladakh’s Constitutional Status

• After the repeal of Article 370 in August 2019, Ladakh became a separate Union Territory “without legislature.”
• This separation led to demands from groups like the Leh Apex Body (ABL) and the Kargil Democratic Alliance (KDA) for Ladakh’s inclusion under the Sixth Schedule.
  • The Sixth Schedule contains provisions for the administration of tribal areas in states like Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram.
  • It allows the creation of Autonomous District and Regional Councils (ADCs and ARCs) with significant powers, including legislation on forest management, agriculture, administration of villages, inheritance, marriage, and social customs.

Significance of the Sixth Schedule for Ladakh:

• Inclusion under the Sixth Schedule would empower Ladakh to establish elected bodies (ADCs and ARCs) with legislative powers.
• These bodies could address local needs, make laws on various subjects, and resolve disputes within Scheduled Tribes.
• ADCs and ARCs would have authority over land revenue, taxation, regulation of money lending and trading, collection of royalties from mineral extraction, and establishment of public facilities.

Article 371 and Special Provisions:

• Article 371 and subsequent clauses provide “special provisions” for specific states to safeguard the rights and interests of distinct religious and social groups.
• Article 371-A:
  • Provides protections for Nagaland, preventing Parliament from enacting laws affecting Nagas’ practices or land ownership without state Assembly concurrence.
• Article 371-G:
  • Extends similar safeguards to Mizos from Mizoram.
• Other States and Union Territories:
  • Special provisions exist for states like Sikkim (Article 371-F), Arunachal Pradesh (Article 371-H), and Goa (Article 371-I).
  • If introduced for Ladakh, it would mark the first instance of special provisions for a Union Territory.

Reservation:

• The government assured the Ladakh delegation that concerns related to jobs, land, and culture would be addressed, stopping short of including Ladakh in the Sixth Schedule.
• The government pledged to ensure representation through hill councils and offered up to 80% reservation in public employment for locals.
• The ongoing discussions about extending Article 371-like protections to Ladakh reflect the complex dynamics of post-Article 370 changes.
• Balancing local autonomy, cultural preservation, and administrative efficiency will be crucial in addressing Ladakh’s concerns while navigating the intricate constitutional landscape.

Sixth schedule:

• Sixth Schedule in the Indian Constitution established Autonomous District Councils (ADC) in four northeastern states, namely Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram.
• The Sixth Schedule was originally intended for the predominantly tribal areas (tribal population over 90%) of undivided Assam, which was categorised as “excluded areas” under the Government of India Act, 1935 and was under the direct control of the Governor.
• The Sixth Schedule of the Constitution provides for the administration of tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram to safeguard the rights of the tribal population in these states.
• The demand for the inclusion of Ladakh in the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution has been a significant topic of discussion and activism in the region.
• The demand for Ladakh’s inclusion in the Sixth Schedule has led to protests, rallies, and calls for shutdowns by various groups advocating for special rights and protections for the people of Ladakh.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-politics/ladakh-article-371-and-the-sixth-schedule-of-the-constitution-9199902/

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The World Health Organization (WHO) has raised concerns about the increasing resistance to the antiretroviral drug dolutegravir (DTG) among HIV patients.

EXPLANATION:

• Despite being recommended by the WHO since 2018 for its effectiveness and minimal side effects, recent survey data reveals rising resistance levels, necessitating urgent global attention and coordinated action.

Rising Resistance Levels and Concerns:

• WHO Recommendation:
  • Dolutegravir (DTG) has been recommended by the WHO as the preferred first- and second-line HIV treatment since 2018 due to its efficacy, ease of use, and minimal side effects.
• Resistance Data:
  • Survey data from four sources indicates resistance levels ranging from 3.9-8.6%, reaching a concerning 19.6% among individuals with high viral loads who transitioned to DTG-containing antiretroviral therapy (ART).
• Importance of Vigilance:
  • Director of the WHO Department of the Global HIV, Hepatitis, and STI Programmes emphasizes the need for increased vigilance and intensified efforts to optimize the quality of HIV care delivery in response to evidence of resistance in individuals with unsuppressed viral load despite DTG treatment.

Positive Developments and Challenges in HIV Response:

• The HIV Drug Resistance (HIVDR) Report highlights high levels of HIV viral load suppression (>90%) in populations receiving DTG.
• The global response to HIV faces challenges, with 1.3 million new HIV infections and 630,000 HIV-related deaths reported in 2022, deviating from Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) targets.
• Several countries fail to meet global targets for HIV treatment indicators, emphasizing the need for improved treatment and care services.

Importance of Surveillance and Data Reporting:

• The report recommends routine surveillance of HIV Drug Resistance (HIVDR) to track prevalence and patterns of resistance.
• This is critical for shaping treatment guidelines and enhancing program quality.
• Only 12 of 45 WHO focus countries integrated HIV drug resistance early warning indicators into routine monitoring systems in 2022.
• It highlighted the need for improved data reporting and surveillance.
• Instances of resistance to integrase-strand transfer inhibitors (INSTI) after exposure to cabotegravir (CAB-LA) underscore the importance of timely HIV detection.

WHO’s Support for CAB-LA and Call for Standardized Surveillance:

• Despite risks, the WHO supports the rollout of cabotegravir (CAB-LA) for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and calls for standardized surveillance of drug resistance among individuals testing positive for HIV while on PrEP.
• Routine monitoring of quality-of-care indicators, including on-time ART pick-up and viral load testing coverage, is crucial for successful ART programs.
• The report emphasizes the necessity for strengthened data reporting systems, active engagement of ART clinics and programs, and coordinated action across all government sectors and societal levels to minimize the spread of HIV drug resistance and optimize service delivery quality.

Dolutegravir:

• Dolutegravir is used with other medications to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in adults and children 4 weeks of age and older who weigh at least 6.6 lbs (3 kg).
• It is also used in combination with rilpivirine (Edurant) to treat HIV in certain adults to replace their current HIV medication(s) that has been taken for at least 6 months.
• Dolutegravir is in a class of medications called HIV integrase inhibitors.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/health/who-highlights-growing-hiv-drug-resistance-to-dolutegravir-urges-global-action-94850

TAG: GS 3:  SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: After a hiatus of three decades, India is set to resume the manufacturing of Penicillin G, a crucial antibiotic ingredient.

EXPLANATION:

• This significant development is attributed to the government’s Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme, launched during the pandemic to boost domestic manufacturing.
• The decision comes with its share of historical challenges and the evolving landscape of pharmaceutical production in India.

Why Did Penicillin Manufacturing Halt in the 90s?

• Penicillin G, just like many other active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) that India manufactured, was phased out of production because of subsidy-driven cheaper Chinese products flooding the market.
• The last plant to stop production of the antibiotic was of Torrent Pharma in Ahmedabad.
• There were at least five companies, including Torrent, which manufactured Penicillin G in the country in the 90s. But the prices of the Chinese products were so low that the Indian manufacturers went out of business.
• There were nearly 2,000 API manufacturers in India in the early 90s. But there were nearly 10,000 units that manufactured formulations.
• And, for them, the cheaper Chinese products made more sense, especially at a time when the country’s economy was opening up and customs rules were relaxed.
• The Drug Prices Control Order — which capped prices of essential medicines — also ensured that more companies went for cheaper imported products.”
• Citing the example of paracetamol, India used to sell it for around Rs 800 per kg at the time, but China brought the prices down to nearly Rs 400 per kg, making it unviable for Indian manufacturers.
• The production of Penicillin will be restarted by mid-2024 by Hyderabad-based Aurobindo pharma.

Resumption Efforts and PLI Scheme:

• The government’s Production Linked Incentive Scheme, initiated during the pandemic, played a pivotal role in reinvigorating domestic manufacturing.
• The scheme provides incentives to companies based on incremental sales, aiming to reduce reliance on imports and enhance self-sufficiency.
• The revival of Penicillin G manufacturing will be spearheaded by Aurobindo Pharma, based in Hyderabad, with production slated to commence by mid-2024.

Structure of the PLI Scheme:

• Support Mechanism: The PLI scheme provides support in the form of incentives, with a 20% support for the first four years, 15% for the fifth year, and 5% for the sixth year on eligible sales of fermentation-based bulk drugs like antibiotics, enzymes, and hormones.
• Incentives for Chemically Synthesized Drugs: For chemically synthesized drugs, the incentive rate is 10% for six years on eligible sales.
• Over the next five years, the PLI scheme is projected to lead to a total production value of approximately INR 10.5 lakh crore.
• More than 60% of this production is expected to be exported.
• Additionally, the scheme aims to attract additional investment of INR 11,000 crore.

Penicillin:

• Penicillin is one of the most commonly used antibiotics globally.
• It has a wide range of clinical indications.
• Penicillin is effective against many different infections involving gram-positive cocci, gram-positive rods (e.g., Listeria), most anaerobes, and gram-negative cocci (e.g., Neisseria).
• Importantly, certain bacterial species have obtained penicillin resistance, including enterococci.
• Enterococci infections now receive treatment with a combination of penicillin and streptomycin or gentamicin.
• Certain gram-negative rods are also resistant to penicillin due to penicillin’s poor ability to penetrate the porin channel.
• However, later generations of broad-spectrum penicillins are effective against gram-negative rods.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-health/india-to-restart-penicillin-g-manufacture-why-it-stopped-9199850/

TAG: GS 3: DISASTER MANAGEMENT

THE CONTEXT: In response to a surge in human fatalities due to wild animal attacks, the Kerala cabinet has declared human-wildlife conflict a ‘state-specific disaster.’

EXPLANATION:

• The decision comes after three recent fatalities, sparking protests in affected areas.
• The government aims to address the issue through coordinated efforts and has outlined various measures to mitigate conflicts.

Recent Fatalities and Public Outcry:

• Three individuals were killed in separate wild animal encounters, including attacks by elephants and a wild gaur.
• These incidents led to significant public protests, with locals and opposition parties demanding immediate action to address the escalating human-wildlife conflict.

Government Response and Measures:

• Declaration as State-Specific Disaster: The Kerala cabinet decided to categorize human-wildlife conflict as a ‘state-specific disaster,’ recognizing the severity of the issue.
• Involvement of Disaster Management Authority: The State Disaster Management Authority will collaborate with other government departments to formulate solutions to the problem.
• Committees at Various Levels: Committees will be established at the state, district, and grassroots levels to address the issue. These committees will define responsibilities and operational procedures.
• State-Level Committee: The state-level committee, led by the Chief Minister, will include key officials from the departments of forests, revenue, local self-government institutions, and SC/ST welfare.
• Control Committee: Another control committee at the state level, presided over by the Chief Secretary, will include representatives from home, revenue, forest, LSG, SC/ST, agriculture departments, the head of the forest department, PCCF, chief wildlife warden, and the member secretary of the disaster management department.
• Nodal Officer and Control Room: The Chief Wildlife Warden will be appointed as the nodal officer for human-wildlife conflict, overseeing a dedicated control room with robust communication facilities at the forest department headquarters.

Additional Mitigation Measures:

• Temporary Watchers: Deployment of additional temporary watchers in areas prone to wild animal attacks.
• Vegetation Clearing: Clearing dense vegetation in private estates and plantations near actual forests to reduce potential conflict zones.
• Rapid Response Teams: Strengthening rapid response teams with increased personnel, equipment, and vehicles.
• Alert Committees: Formation of special alert committees at forest stations to enhance preparedness.
• Coordination with Neighboring States: Convening meetings with officials from neighboring states like Karnataka and Tamil Nadu to build coordination in mitigating human-wildlife conflict.

Controversial Decision to Kill Wild Gaur:

• Government Order: The Principal Chief Conservator of Forests (Wildlife) issued an order to kill the wild gaur responsible for the farmer’s death in Kozhikode district.
• Local Protests: The decision to euthanize the gaur followed protests by locals who have been experiencing gaur attacks for several years. Meetings with district officials and the forest minister aimed to address demands from the victim’s family and the affected community.

State Specific Disaster: The States can declare state specific disasters as per the DMA, 2005. Once declared, the SDMA can play a more active role in its management, among other things.

SOURCE: https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kerala-declares-man-wild-conflicts-a-disaster-101709751573831.html

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: In a recent development, the Rajasthan state government’s notification regarding the classification of sacred groves, known as orans, as deemed forests has triggered apprehension among local communities, especially in western Rajasthan.

EXPLANATION:

• The notification, released on February 1, 2024, follows the directives of the Supreme Court, intending to confer deemed forest status upon orans, Dev-vans, and Rundhs.

Local Opposition and Concerns:

• Cultural and Religious Significance:
  • Villagers, represented by the ‘Gauchar Oran Sanrakshak Sangh Rajasthan,’ are opposing the decision, emphasizing the cultural and religious significance of orans in their lives.
• Lack of Consultation:
  • Locals claimed that the government did not consult the local community before proposing the orans under the deemed forest category, raising concerns about potential adverse impacts on their access and livelihoods.
• Livelihood Dependence:
  • The communities rely on orans for cattle herding, pastures, sustenance, and various forest products.
  • Approximately 5,000 camels and 50,000 sheep depend on the Degray oran in Savata village alone.
• Fear of Displacement:
  • There is a fear among villagers that if the state forest department takes control, they may be forced to vacate the land, impacting their homes, places of worship, and daily activities.

Legal Perspectives:

• Definition of Deemed Forests:
  • Deemed forests are areas exhibiting forest-like characteristics but are not officially recorded or notified in government or revenue records.
  • The Supreme Court, in the TN Godavarman case of 1996, directed state governments to identify and protect such lands.
  • These lands, including deemed forests, fall under Section 2 of the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980, prohibiting certain activities without central government permission.
• Community Rights:
  • It is emphasized that the designation of orans as deemed forests does not restrict community access for activities like grazing or worship.

Expert Recommendations:

• Need for Clarity: Rajasthan government should provide clear information about what a ‘deemed forest’ entails and how it will impact the rights of the local communities in traditionally conserved areas.
• Assurance of Rights: The government should address the concerns raised by the people and assure them that their rights within these conservation areas will not be compromised.

Forest (Conservation) Amendment Act, 2023:

• The Forest (Conservation) Amendment Act, 2023 amends the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 to make it applicable to certain types of land.
• These include land notified as a forest under the Indian Forest Act, 1927 or in government records after the 1980 Act came into effect.
• The Act will not be applicable for land converted to non-forest use before December 12, 1996.
• It also exempts certain types of land from the purview of the Act.
• These include land within 100 km of India’s border needed for national security projects, small roadside amenities, and public roads leading to a habitation.
• The state government requires prior approval of the central government to assign any forest land to a private entity.
• The Forest (Conservation) Amendment Act, 2023 extends this to all entities, and allows the assignment to be made on terms and conditions specified by the central government.
• The Act specifies some activities that can be carried out in forests, such as establishing check posts, fencing, and bridges. The Forest (Conservation) Amendment Act, 2023 also allows running zoos, safaris and eco-tourism facilities.

Sacred Grove:

• Sacred groves are communally protected forests which usually have a significant religious connotation for the protecting community.
• The Sacred Groves comprises of patches of forest or natural vegetation that are usually dedicated to local folk deities.
• Indian sacred groves are often associated with temples, monasteries, shrines or with burial grounds.
• Hunting and logging are usually strictly prohibited within these patches.
• Other forms of forest usage like honey collection and deadwood collection are sometimes allowed on a sustainable basis.
• The introduction of the protected area category community reserves under the Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Act, 2002 has introduced legislation for providing government protection to community held lands, which include sacred groves.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/forests/villagers-oppose-declaring-orans-as-deemed-forests-fearing-loss-of-access-and-livelihood-94834

THE CONTEXT: Recently, a three-judge bench of the Supreme Court, was hearing a public interest litigation on the illegal felling of trees and constructions within the Tiger Breeding Habitat of the Corbett Tiger Reserve. The Court has come down heavily on the Uttarakhand government for the activities in the Jim Corbett National Park.

THE SC JUDGEMENT:

In the judgment the court observed:

• Tiger as indicator of ecosystem wellbeing: The presence of tigers in the forests is an indicator of the well-being of the ecosystem. Unless steps are taken for the protection of tigers, the ecosystem which revolves around tigers cannot be protected. Events like illegal construction and illicit felling of trees like the one in Corbett should not be ignored.
• Link between corruption and protection: The forest officials and a top politician in the State worked together to vastly expand the scope of a tiger safari in the park was a mockery of conservation practices. The link between political corruption and environmental damage is especially relevant in this case. The Court’s judgment has consequences for the management of wildlife parks, particularly on the question of whether ‘tiger safaris’ in the buffer and fringe zones of wildlife parks should be undertaken with conservation measures.
• Disagreement with NTCA guidelines: The court disagreed with the 2019 NTCA guidelines of bringing tigers exhibited in zoos for these safaris. Section 9 of the 2016 NTCA guidelines said only injured tigers after suitable treatment, conflict tigers or orphaned tiger cubs “unfit for re-wilding and release into the wild” ought to be put in the safari. The court suggested tigers should be sourced from the same landscape as where the safari was established.
• The court also objected to provisions in the 2019 guidelines which said the selection of animals to be put in the safaris would be done with the approval of the Central Zoo Authority (CZA). The court dismissed the idea of the CZA formulating in the future a “Master Plan” for the management of tiger safaris.

Recommendation of court:

• The Court has recommended that the centre evolve guidelines on the conduct of safaris and the government should deliver on this at the earliest and be extremely cautious on its messaging regarding tourism and conservation.
• The court said safaris already existing, like the one in Pakhro zone at Corbett, need not be disturbed. It however directed the Uttarakhand government to establish an animal rescue centre in the vicinity of the safari.
• Further, the judgment stressed that tiger safaris should be established keeping in mind the precautionary principle of causing least damage to the environment. Resorts should be built in tune with the natural environment and noise levels should be restricted. Safaris should be proximate to animal rescue centres.
• The approach must be of eco-centrism and not of anthropocentrism. The precautionary principle must be applied to ensure that the least amount of environmental damage is caused. The animals sourced shall not be from outside the tiger reserve.

ISSUES:

• Noise pollution in safaris: The Court referred to various resorts in the vicinity of the park that often played loud music and posed a threat to animals.
• Inadequate action of bodies: Both the Central Zoo Authority and the National Tiger Conservation Authority are expert bodies affiliated to the Union Environment Ministry, and tasked with the conservation and protection of wild animals. These organisations did not raise any objection to the existence of tiger safaris, provided these are conducted within the ambit of an array of guidelines.
• Commercial tourism instead of ecotourism: Wildlife safaris in a designated spot draw attention away from the core zones of the forest and hence promote its inviolate nature as well as raise public awareness about conservation. This is the underlying rationale for safaris. Their overarching aim should be eco-tourism and not commercial tourism. However, in recent times, the argument that this could be a source of employment opportunities for locals, and that State governments should be promoting this as a commercial tourism.
• Unsustainable Tourism Practices: Wildlife, their habitats, and local communities can all be significantly impacted by unsustainable tourism practices. Overcrowding, off-road driving, feeding animals, and littering are all examples of unsustainable tourism practices. Wildlife and their natural behaviour can be disrupted, habitats can be damaged, and invasive species can spread.
• Nexus between politician and officials: The Supreme Court condemned the illegal felling of over 6,000 trees to construct buildings, for “eco-tourism” at the Jim Corbett National Park in Uttarakhand, as a “classic case” of nexus between politicians and officials causing damage to the environment for short-term commercial ends. Also, the recent translocation of cheetahs from Africa to Kuno National Park, Madhya Pradesh, also aims to revive the tiger’s presence and promote tourism. This, however, is a slippery slope and can very easily lead to political capture, as the proceedings in the Corbett Park demonstrate.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Promoting Sustainable Practices in Tourist Destinations: Promoting sustainable practices is the need of hour in tourist destinations which involves waste reduction, energy conservation, and preserving natural and cultural resources. By integrating sustainable practices into tourism management, destinations can minimize their environmental impact while providing authentic and enriching experiences for travellers.
• Creating Synergy in Tourism Eco System: In order to ensure synergy at various levels of Government and with the Private Sector, it is important to have a well-defined framework in place.
• Regulatory authority: There is a need for setting of regulatory authority for executing and operationalizing various tourism-related initiatives. It should be set up to provide overall vision, guidance and direction to the development of the tourism sector in the country.
• Involving locals: By involving locals in the planning and managing eco-tourism initiatives, their well-being and cultural heritage are preserved, contributing to the long-term sustainability of the tourism industry. Moreover, it helps keep ecosystems and biodiversity by promoting respectful interaction with the natural environment.
• Promoting eco-tourism: Eco-tourism contributes to sustainable development by promoting responsible travel that conserves the environment and sustains the well-being of local communities. It fosters a greater understanding and appreciation for nature and encourages the preservation of natural resources and local cultures.

THE CONCLUSION:

The swift rise in tourism in eco sensitive region emphasizes the fragility of ecosystems, underscores the need to maintain a balance between tourist numbers and ecological conservation. For the long-term conservation of wildlife and its habitats, wildlife safari protection is important. Eco-friendly tourism minimizes the negative impact on the natural environment and supports local communities and economies.

UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

Q.1 Rehabilitation of human settlements is one of the important environmental impacts which always attracts controversy while planning major projects. Discuss the measures suggested for mitigation of this impact while proposing major developmental projects. (2016)

Q.2 What are the key challenges facing India’s tourism sector and what are some potential solutions to these challenges? (2023)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTIONS

Q.1 What measures can India take to effectively preserve and protect ecologically sensitive region, while balancing the need for tourism with conservation efforts?

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/a-slippery-slope-on-the-jim-corbett-national-park-case-tourism-and-conservation/article67925045.ece

THE CONTEXT: In India, women’s employment is challenging. Female employment and empowerment are linked, and India’s Female Labour Force Participation Rate (FLFPR) is consistently lower than the global average of 47%. However, there have been some signs of improvement over the years. The importance of female participation in the workforce for economic empowerment and societal progress is often overlooked.

ISSUES:

• Fluctuating Women’s Work Participation Rates: Women’s work participation rates for those aged 15 and above have seen significant fluctuations, from approximately 42% in the 1993-94 to 2004-05 period, to 28% in 2011-12, dropping further to 22% in 2017-18, and then experiencing a surge to 36% by 2022-23. These changes raise questions about the underlying factors driving these movements.
• Dependence on National Sample Surveys (NSS) and Periodic Labour Force Surveys (PLFS): The debate primarily relies on data from NSS and PLFS, which might not fully capture the nuances of women’s engagement in the workforce, especially in rural areas. There are two contrasting narratives regarding the data on women’s employment. One views the decline as indicative of diminishing job opportunities and the other as a sign of economic progress allowing women to focus more on domestic responsibilities.
• Significant Role of Agriculture: A major finding is that the change in women’s work participation, particularly within the last five years, has been driven mainly by their work on family farms. This work bounced back from 10% in 2017 to 23% in the recent survey, indicating a significant shift.
• Challenge in Measuring Women’s Employment: The NSS and PLFS surveys and their methodology, which includes questions on principal and subsidiary activities, might not accurately capture the breadth of women’s work, especially in rural settings where women often engage in diverse activities throughout the day.
• Impact of Question-Wording: Studies have shown that framed questions can significantly affect reported work participation rates. For example, altering the NSS-style questions increased the work participation rate among rural women from 28% to 44%, highlighting the underreporting of women’s employment in agriculture and animal care.
• Statistical System in Crisis: There is an acknowledgment that India’s statistical system, especially in the context of the NSS, has faced challenges since the late 1990s, with a shift towards hiring contractual workers for surveys. This shift has been associated with a decline in the quality of employment data.
• Economic Shifts: The counterargument suggests that economic shifts, such as men moving out of agriculture, might have created more opportunities for women in farming, although this does not fully account for the observed fluctuations in women’s work participation rates.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Enhancing Data Collection and Analysis: Improve survey methodologies to accurately capture women’s work, especially in informal and agricultural sectors. Adopt the “time-use survey” approach, as utilized in countries like Norway and South Africa, to record how individuals allocate their time across various activities. This can capture unpaid work and informal labor more accurately. The International Labour Organization (ILO) recommends integrating specific modules into labor force surveys to capture gender-specific employment challenges, such as work in dual roles (productive and reproductive).
• Policy and Legal Framework Modifications: Implement policy and legal reforms to support women’s entry and sustained participation in the workforce. Chile’s inclusion of gender-responsive budgeting focuses on allocating financial resources to programs that address gender disparities. The Indian Maternity Benefit (Amendment) Act 2017 is a step forward but needs more robust implementation and expansion to cover the unorganized sectors.
• Skills Training and Education: Enhance access to education and vocational training for women to broaden their employment opportunities beyond agriculture and informal sectors. India’s Skill India mission could be expanded with a focused component on women, especially in digital literacy and technology skills.
• Promoting Entrepreneurship and Access to Credit: Encourage women’s entrepreneurship through easier access to credit, business training, and support networks. Bangladesh’s Grameen Bank model showcases how microfinance can empower women entrepreneurs. The Women Entrepreneurship Platform (WEP) by NITI Aayog is a commendable initiative that can be expanded to provide more targeted support and resources.
• Flexible Work Arrangements and Social Support Infrastructure: Implement flexible work arrangements and strengthen the social support infrastructure, including childcare services, to ease women’s entry into the workforce. Sweden’s parental leave policies and subsidized childcare services provide a supportive environment for women’s employment. Kerala’s Kudumbashree mission provides an exemplary model of combining social support with economic empowerment for women.
• Legislative Action to Ensure Equal Pay and Opportunities: Enforce laws to eliminate gender pay gaps and ensure equal opportunities for advancement in all sectors. The Equal Pay International Coalition (EPIC) led by ILO, UN Women, and OECD is a global initiative to achieve pay equity. Indian policies can align with such global standards to ensure fairness in compensation. Committees like the Justice Verma Committee in India have recommended wide-ranging reforms for enhancing women’s safety and equality. Similar recommendations can be extended and enforced in employment contexts.

THE CONCLUSION:

The nuanced analysis of women’s employment trends in India reveals a complex interplay of economic, social, and methodological factors that challenge simplistic interpretations of the data. This calls for refined data collection methods and a deeper understanding of women’s roles in both the economy and the household to accurately chart the course of women’s employment in India.

UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTIONS:

Q.1) Examine the role of ‘Gig Economy’ in the process of empowerment of women in India. 2021

Q.2) Discuss the various economic and socio-cultural forces that are driving increasing feminization of agriculture in India. 2014

Q.3) Male membership needs to be encouraged to make women’s organization free from gender bias. Comment. 2013

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q.1) Critically analyze the factors contributing to the lack of skilled jobs for women in India, including gender discrimination, social norms, and inadequate access to vocational training. Suggest measures to bridge the gender-based skill gaps and enhance women’s employment prospects in the country.

SOURCE:

https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/fall-and-rise-in-womens-work-participation/article67925340.ece

THE CONTEXT: Recently, Justice Abhijit Gangopadhyay, judge of Calcutta High Court resigned from his post to join a political party ahead of the Lok Sabha polls. The moment marked a low for the judiciary, and for the relationship between the government and the Court in West Bengal and is a backward step for the judicial institution.

MORE ON THE NEWS:

• Gangopadhyay is not the first judge of a constitutional court to resign and join politics.
• In 1967, former Chief Justice of India Koka Subba Rao resigned three months before he was to retire to contest the presidential election as the Opposition candidate.
• Supreme Court Justice Baharul Islam resigned six weeks before retirement in 1983 to contest the Lok Sabha polls. Post retirement, judges have become governors and Rajya Sabha
• Gangopadhyay’s case, however, stands out for at least two reasons:

1. His record in the court has been full of controversy.

2. These controversies showcased an unseemly spectacle of a sitting judge at loggerheads with an elected government, in a manner that invited questions of partisanship.

ISSUES:

• Question on impartiality of judiciary: The judge’s decision to join politics and the manner and context in which it was taken raises questions of judicial propriety, and impartiality.

• Independence of judiciary: The prospect of post-retirement employment can damage judicial independence. This can weaken the integrity and bring paritiality in decision making.

• Public confidence: These actions leads to change the public perception that the independence of the judiciary is compromised. It reduces public faith in judicial independence. In the recent ‘master of roster case,’ the Supreme Court reiterated that public confidence was the greatest asset of the judiciary
• Undermining Independence of Judiciary: The post-retirement appointment of judges may threaten or undermine judicial independence. It is often feared that a judge who is nearing retirement could decide cases in a manner that pleases the government in order to get a favourable post-retirement position.
• Against the separation of powers: Such acceptance of joining politics leads to the creation of tensions and mistrust between the executive and judiciary. This affects separation of power
• Denial of Law Commission Recommendation: In its 14th report in 1958, the Law Commission strongly recommended banning post-retirement government employment for Supreme Court judges because the government was a large litigant in the courts. The Commission’s recommendations were never implemented.
• Conflict of interest: It creates a conflict of interest. The immediate appointments show that the Government made decisions regarding judges’ post-retirement assignments even before retirement. Immediate post-retirement appointments of the judges create doubts about their judgments, irrespective of their merits.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Clear demarcation: The Indian judiciary must distinguish between political favours and other post-retirement employment opportunities. There needs to be a demarcation between roles where the presence of a judicial authority is clearly valuable.
• Cooling off period: Officials who retire from sensitive positions are barred from accepting any other appointment for a period of time, normally two years. These cooling-off periods helps in tackling the nexus between previous incumbency and new appointment by the interposition of a sufficient time gap.
• Independent Regulation: The judiciary needs a mechanism to regulate post-retirement government appointments and role in politics. A special law may also be passed by Parliament prohibiting retired judges from taking up an appointment for two years.
• Role of judicial community: The judicial community should take a concerted decision of not taking up any appointments upon retirement stemming from political patronage.

THE CONCLUSION:

Immediate acceptance of post-retirement assignments certainly creates a dent on public confidence in judicial independence.  Judiciary is considered to be an important pillar of democracy on which the duty of upholding the ideals of fairness lies. It is not only expected to maintain the rule of law but also ensuring that people’s trust in the institution is necessary.

UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

Q.1 The functional overlap between the organs of government undermines the principle of separation of power. Comment. (2020)

Q.2 ‘‘Constitutionally guaranteed judicial independence is a prerequisite of democracy.’’ Comment. (2023)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION

Q.1 The judges accepting employment under the government after retirement undermines the constitutional values of impartiality and independence of the judiciary. Comment.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/express-view-on-calcutta-hc-judge-joining-bjp-an-improper-move-9199825/

THE CONTEXT: The Supreme Court of India intervened in the Chandigarh mayoral elections, declaring the AAP candidate as the validly elected Mayor amidst allegations of ballot defacement by the presiding officer. Subsequent defections of AAP councilors to the BJP influenced the outcomes of deputy mayoral positions, highlighting issues in local election administration, the prevalence of defections, and the challenges of democratic governance in Union Territories.

THE ISSUES:

• Fair Administration of Local Elections: The current system compromises the administration of local elections. It allows the bureaucracy to appoint any councilor, including those with potential biases, to preside over the mayor’s election. This system has led to unfair practices, such as the defacement of ballot papers by the presiding officer in the Chandigarh mayoral elections, undermining the integrity of the electoral process.
• Local-Level Defections: The phenomenon of local-level defections, as seen in the defection of three AAP councilors to the BJP just before the court’s verdict in Chandigarh, poses a significant challenge to the stability and integrity of local governance. These defections can alter the balance of power within councils, affecting the outcome of elections for critical positions such as the deputy and senior deputy Mayor.
• Lack of Statutory Restrictions Against Defections: A related issue is the absence of explicit statutory restrictions against defections in local governments. Unlike the anti-defection law under the 10th Schedule of the Constitution, which applies to the Parliament and state legislatures, most states have no equivalent laws for panchayats and municipalities. This legal gap allows defections to occur without legal repercussions, undermining the democratic process.
• Centralization of Power by the Government: The central government’s attempts to centralize power, particularly in UTs, threaten local democracy. This includes efforts to empower the Lieutenant Governor over the elected government in UTs with legislative assemblies and introducing legislative measures by centrally appointed administrators in UTs without legislative assemblies. Such centralization undermines the autonomy and democratic accountability of local governments.
• Role of Political Parties in Local Elections: Contrary to the initial vision of nonpartisan local governance, the increasing dominance of political parties in local elections complicates the democratic process. The party-political nature of local governments can lead to issues such as defections and political maneuvering, which detract from the focus on local issues and governance.
• Democratic Governance in Union Territories: Ensuring democratic governance in UTs is a broader challenge, exacerbated by the central government’s centralization efforts. The struggle for power between the central government and local elected bodies in UTs with legislative assemblies and the imposition of central authority in UTs without legislative assemblies highlight the need for a balanced approach that respects the principles of federalism and democracy.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Preventing Misuse of Administrative Resources: The Council of Europe emphasizes the importance of fairness in elections and the need to prevent the misuse of administrative resources. A practical guide for local and regional politicians and public officials recommends measures to ensure that candidates do not gain an unfair advantage by misusing administrative resources, thereby maintaining the foundation of democratic culture.
• Enhanced Use of Inter-State Council: The Sarkaria Commission recommends more effective use of the Inter-State Council forum to resolve problems and coordinate policy and action between the Union and the States. This approach, rooted in cooperative federalism, can help reduce centralization and ensure that local and regional interests are considered in governance.
• Scrutiny of Delegated Legislation: The Standing Committee on Regulations and Ordinances scrutinizes delegated legislation to ensure it adheres to legality, clarity, and fairness principles. This process, which includes the possibility of disallowance, ensures that legislative instruments do not overstep their bounds or undermine democratic principles. Adopting similar scrutiny mechanisms for local governance regulations can enhance transparency and accountability.
• International Guidelines for Fair Elections: The Venice Commission Joint Guidelines for preventing and responding to the misuse of administrative resources during electoral processes provide a comprehensive framework for ensuring fair elections. These guidelines can be adapted to the local context to prevent the misuse of administrative resources and ensure that elections are conducted fairly and transparently.
• Directly Elected Mayors with Executive Powers: India has a broader discussion about the potential of directly elected mayors with executive powers to strengthen municipal leadership. This is based on the idea that an empowered mayor could provide strong leadership for cities, which is currently lacking due to the fragmented institutional architecture and the Commissionerate system of municipal administration.
• Private Member’s Bill: A private member’s bill was introduced in Parliament to amend the Constitution of India to provide for directly elected mayors, suggesting that there is a push at the national level for reforming the way mayors are elected and the powers they hold.
• Insights from state government interventions: There was a controversy in Himachal Pradesh regarding giving voting rights to MLAs in mayoral polls, which became a flashpoint between Congress and BJP. This indicates that there have been discussions and potential reforms regarding the involvement of state legislators in the election of mayors. The Tamil Nadu government has proposed amendments to the Municipal Act, which could potentially affect the election process of mayors. Rajasthan has experimented with a mayoral system in which the mayor is directly elected. However, changes in political perception and government have led to alterations in this approach, which was quickly abandoned.

THE CONCLUSION:

The incidents in Chandigarh underscore the need for robust reforms to ensure fair local elections, address the problem of defections, and safeguard democratic governance, particularly in Union Territories where centralization efforts threaten local autonomy and accountability.

UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTIONS:

Q.1 The strength and sustenance of local institutions in India have shifted from their formative phase of ‘Functions, Functionaries and Funds’ to the contemporary stage of ‘Functionality.’ Highlight the critical challenges local institutions face regarding their functionality in recent times. (2020)

Q.2 Without a well-educated and organized local-level government system, `Panchayats’ and ‘Samitis’ have remained mainly political institutions and ineffective governance instruments. Critically discuss. (2015)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTIONS:

Q.1 Examine the recent Supreme Court intervention in the Chandigarh mayoral elections and its implications for local governance in India. Considering this, discuss the challenges Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) face in conducting free and fair elections and suggest measures to strengthen the electoral process of mayors across Indian cities.

SOURCE:

https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/safeguarding-local-democracy/article67920485.ece

THE CONTEXT: A seven-judge bench of the Supreme Court recently declared that parliamentary privilege or immunity will not protect legislators who take bribes to vote or speak in Parliament or State Legislative Assemblies from criminal prosecution.  The verdict overturned a 1998 ruling in PV Narasimha Rao Case that granted immunity to lawmakers accepting bribes if they subsequently voted or spoke in the House.

MORE ON THE NEWS:

• The reference came in an appeal filed by JMM leader Sita Soren, who was accused of taking a bribe to vote for a particular candidate in the Rajya Sabha elections of 2012.
• Though she later denied culpability on the ground that she voted for the official nominee of her own party, the CBI had filed a chargesheet in the case.
• The Jharkhand High Court had refused to quash the chargesheet, following which she had moved the apex court.

THE SUPREME COURT VERDICT:

• Seven-judge Bench observes that the legislator will face criminal prosecution whether or not he makes a speech or votes in favour of the bribe-giver. The offence of bribery is complete on the acceptance of the money or on the agreement to accept money being concluded.
• Privileges regarding freedom of speech: The bench reasoned that the freedom of speech and expression, which include voting in the House, and attendant immunities granted to legislators under Articles 105 and 194 did not extend to giving or taking bribes. The judgment said parliamentary immunity would apply only if a legislator acts in furtherance of “fertilising a deliberate, critical and responsive democracy”.
• Two-fold test: A claim for immunity would not survive if it failed this two-fold test and the shield of immunity or parliamentary privilege could be claimed in two circumstances.

1. If the actions of a legislator were meant to enhance the dignity and authority of the House and its members as a collective body.

2. If they were in the exercise of his rights to free speech, protest and freedom from arrest, among others.

• Parallel jurisdiction of Courts and Houses: Criminal courts and Houses of the legislature have parallel jurisdiction over allegations of bribery. One cannot negate the jurisdiction of the other. The jurisdiction exercised by a competent court to prosecute a criminal offence and the authority of the House to take action for a breach of discipline in relation to the acceptance of a bribe by a member of the legislature exist in distinct spheres.
• Voting in Rajya Sabha: The Bench has also held that voting in a Rajya Sabha election, is protected under Article 194 of the Constitution as a privilege. It requires utmost protection for a member to vote freely and without fear of legal persecution.

SEVEN-JUDGE BENCH’S REMARK ON THE 1998 JUDGMENT:

• In overruling the majority verdict in V. Narasimha Rao vs State (1998), the Bench has foregrounded probity as the main aspect of parliamentary functioning.
• The Court has made it clear that parliamentary privilege, enshrined in Article 105 (for MPs) and Article 194 (for State legislators) is aimed at protecting the freedom of speech and independence of the legislators in their functioning in the House and cannot extend to bribery, as it is not essential to the casting of the vote or in deciding how to cast it.
• A key rationale that weighed with the Constitution Bench in 1998 was that parliamentary privilege was essential to protecting members from persecution for anything said or any vote in the House.
• However, the seven-member Bench has concluded that the potential for such misuse is neither enhanced nor diminished by recognising the court’s jurisdiction to prosecute a member for bribery.

IMMUNITY AGAINST BRIBE: RELATED CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS

• Parliamentary privileges are the rights and immunities granted to Members of Parliament (MPs) in India, empowering them to execute their duties and functions without hindrance or coercion.
• Article 105(2): This article grants immunity to members of Parliament from court proceedings concerning their actions (speech or votes) in Parliament.
• Article 194(2): Similarly, this article extends immunity to members of state assemblies.

ISSUES ADDRESSED:

• Corruption erodes democracy: Corruption and bribery by members of the legislature erode the very foundation of Indian parliamentary democracy. Bribed lawmakers were destructive to the “aspirational and deliberative ideals of the Constitution and create a polity which deprives citizens of a responsible, responsive and representative democracy”.
• Disrupt moral principles: When a legislator is influenced to vote not based on their genuine beliefs or stance on an issue, but due to monetary inducements, it undermines probity in public life.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE JUDGEMENT:

• Accountability: Bribery charges can be treated by the House as contempt or a breach of privilege, but this does not exclude judicial proceedings. Hence the legislator can be held accountable through both House proceedings and judicial processes. Sita Soren vs Union of India is a significant step towards strengthening legislative accountability and upholding the rule of law.
• Constitutional scrutiny: The ruling underscores the importance of constitutional scrutiny in determining the boundaries of legislative privileges.
• Judicial review: Supreme Court with its recent verdict made clear that Parliament is not the sole judge of its privileges, allowing for judicial review of the House and its members’ actions.
• Moral uprightness: By outlining a clear stance in relation to parliamentary privilege concerning bribery cases the court reaffirms principles of moral uprightness and openness within public life.

THE CONCLUSION:

The Supreme Court’s ruling represents a significant departure from past precedent, affirming the principle that no individual, including legislators, is above the law. This landmark judgment underscores the judiciary’s commitment to upholding the rule of law and combating corruption, thereby strengthening India’s democratic foundations. The recent judgement of the supreme court to stop bribery will help in strengthening the democracy and parliamentary process.

UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

Q. Do you agree that there is a need for the codification of parliamentary privileges due to its misuse and curtailment of individual fundamental rights? (2022)

Q. Without Parliament Privileges, Members of Parliament cannot discharge their functions as entrusted upon them by the Constitution. Discuss. (2021)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION

Q. By asserting the judiciary’s role in scrutinizing claims of parliamentary privilege, the Supreme Court has reaffirmed the primacy of constitutional values and accountability in governance. Critically examine the statement in the context of SC judgement ending immunity for legislators taking bribes.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/deprivileging-bribe-on-overruling-the-majority-verdict-in-pv-narasimha-rao-vs-state-cbispe-1998/article67917031.ece

https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-courts-ruling-on-immunity-for-legislators-facing-bribery-charges-explained/article67912483.ece

THE CONTEXT: The social and cultural impact of reproductive rights and the stigmatization of women’s autonomy over their bodies is profound and multifaceted. The ability of women to make autonomous decisions about their reproductive health is not only a matter of personal freedom but also a critical determinant of social progress and cultural evolution.

ISSUES:

• Abortion Rights in France and Historic Constitutional Amendment: The amendment in France for women to have the right to abortion enshrined in the constitution is historic as This is the very first amendment since 2008. This gesture, however, is essential not only about the stormy history of abortion rights in France, where abortion was legalized only in 1975, but also as a reaction to general tendencies threatening women’s autonomy over their bodies. The amendment is viewed as the result of the severe loss of abortion rights in many countries, including Hungary with its administrative obstacles, Poland with almost total ban in 2021, and the repeal of Roe v. Wade in the US in 2022.
• Women’s Autonomy Over Their Bodies is Core of Fundamental Rights: Women’s autonomy over their bodies and reproductive functions is central to their fundamental rights to equality, dignity, and health without discrimination. This autonomy is crucial for women deciding about intimate physical and psychological integrity matters. Despite progress, women’s bodily autonomy is under threat in many parts of the world, with laws in some countries forcing women to continue non-viable pregnancies or seek abortions abroad, violating recognized human rights.
• Moral and Patriarchal Ideologies: Judgments of abortion are impeded by patriarchal values, contradicting the very basis of gender, denying women control over their bodies and their rights entirely. In France, which is a nation where the non-religious state dominates over, French Catholics are adamant in opposing permission to have an abortion and the said calls for fasting and prayer against the legislation. The Vatican followed with its statement of disagreement and touched upon a higher realm of morals and spirituality.
• Reproductive Rights in India: In the year 2022, the Indian Supreme Court took a step further by widening abortion perimeters. Therefore, this sentence is an indicator that women without marriage can conduct an abortion, which is an expression of the attitude of the pregnant women as the one to make crucial reproductive decisions. The impact of these changes that individuals have just described can be felt especially by pregnant people with transgender and gender non-conforming identities. The progress in the related laws has purely demonstrated the decrement in the discrimination of women with regards to abortion, but recently, a case arose in which the woman was not seeking abortion only based on her physical health but also mentioned emotional and social concerns, perfectly shows that the society is still not capable of presenting all the rights for women in Indian culture.
• Mixed Progress in Global Trends in Abortion Rights: Although many countries have adopted a global push towards the liberalization of abortion rights, with Ireland and Mexico as prime examples of countries that have made significant strides, the vulnerability of women’s rights to bodily autonomy in a patriarchal society is a never-ending one. A relapse in countries like Hungary, Poland, and the US is a sign of the unstable character of these rights.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Rights-Based Legislation: India should adopt a rights-based approach in its laws and policies on reproductive health, moving away from focusing on demographic targets. This includes removing discriminatory provisions like spousal consent requirements and recognizing women’s reproductive autonomy.
• Comprehensive Healthcare Services: Reproductive health services, including safe abortion, contraception, and maternal care, should be integrated into India’s public healthcare system. Services must be accessible, affordable, and high-quality, especially for marginalized communities.
• Judiciary as a Protector of Rights: Indian courts have a crucial role in upholding reproductive rights as fundamental rights. Landmark rulings on maternal health, contraception, and abortion should pave the way for further progressive jurisprudence.
• Expanding Access: Abortion laws should be amended to increase gestational limits and grounds for access, considering individual circumstances. Restrictions like mandatory waiting periods and parental consent should be removed.
• Recognizing Abortion as an Equality Right: The right to safe abortion should be recognized as essential for women’s equality and non-discrimination. Denying this right violates women’s dignity, privacy, and bodily integrity.
• Challenging Patriarchal Norms: Societal attitudes must shift to eliminate stigma and moral policing of women’s reproductive choices. This involves public awareness, education, and challenging patriarchal control over women’s bodies.
• Empowering Women: Efforts are needed to enhance women’s agency and decision-making power regarding their reproductive lives. This includes promoting girls’ education, women’s economic empowerment, and addressing gender-based violence.

THE CONCLUSION:

Reproductive autonomy is deeply intertwined with women’s social status and the broader gender equality landscape. When women control their reproductive choices, they are more likely to pursue education and career opportunities, contributing to economic growth and societal advancement. Conversely, when cultural and religious conservatism restricts this autonomy, it can perpetuate gender inequality and undermine women’s rights as equal citizens. The progress of reproductive rights should be a total approach, considering implementing the laws, building the health systems, organizing social change, and forming an international partnership.

UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTIONS:

Q.1 What are the continued challenges for women in India against time and space? (2019)

Q.2 Though women in post-Independent India have excelled in various fields, the social attitude towards women and feminist movement has been patriarchial.” Apart from women education and women empowerment schemes, what interventions can help change this milieu? 2021

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q.1 Considering the recent constitutional amendment in France to protect abortion rights, critically analyze the role of gender sensitization in combating gender discrimination and ensuring women’s reproductive rights. Discuss the implications of such legislative measures on societal attitudes towards gender equality.

SOURCE:

https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/express-view-on-france-making-abortion-a-constitutional-right-decision-is-hers-9197868/

THE CONTEXT: The extravagant pre-wedding ceremony of Anant Ambani and Radhika Merchant showcases the evolving dynamics of wealth, power, and influence in Indian society. The pre-wedding ceremony highlights the intersection of capital, nationalism, and public spectacle and how the rich are now openly displaying their power. The grandeur event also shows how political ideologies like Hindu nationalism intertwine wealth and influence.

ISSUES:

• Income Inequality: The extravagant pre-wedding celebrations of the wealthy, like Anant Ambani and Radhika Merchant, underscore the income inequality in Indian society. The contrast between such displays of wealth and widespread poverty raises concerns about the distribution of wealth and economic disparities.
• Peculiar Sympathy: Adam Smith’s concept of a “peculiar sympathy” with the rich suggests that society aspires towards wealth and success. This idea is reflected in the discussion about how the rich are perceived as symbols of aspiration and happiness rather than evoking widespread resentment or envy.
• Political Power of the Rich: Economic elites hold significant societal power. Adam Smith warned of the ethical implications of their influence. The affluent may operate in the shadows to maintain a false control. Netizens must remain vigilant to ensure their power doesn’t harm society.
• Power and Influence of Big Capital: Large corporations like the Ambani’s and Adanis have exceptional abilities in managing refineries, ports, telecom, and global business. This raises questions about their influence on shaping the economy and public opinion.
• Regulatory Manipulations: There are concerns that some regulations may favour big companies in different industries, affecting market competition, consumer well-being, and overall economic efficiency.
• Nationalistic Capitalism: The connection between capitalism and Hindu nationalism has raised concerns about the ethical implications of mixing economic power with ideological agendas and how it could affect economic policy, market dynamics, and international relations.
• Wealth, Aspiration, and Envy: Wealth as a symbol of success prompts reflection on societal attitudes towards affluence. This issue raises questions on the importance of wealth, the normalization of extreme displays of opulence, and the impact on individual and societal well-being.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Addressing Income Inequality: To address income inequality, it is recommended to adopt progressive taxation policies, allocate resources towards education, healthcare, and social welfare initiatives, and promote corporate social responsibility and philanthropy within affluent communities.
• Regulating Concentration of Power: Strengthen antitrust laws, ensure transparency in government decision-making, and promote media diversity to prevent monopolies, undue influence, and the unchecked power of wealthy individuals and corporations.
• Fostering Inclusive Growth: Supporting entrepreneurship and small businesses, investing in infrastructure and regional development, and prioritizing inclusive and sustainable policies are essential for creating a diverse and resilient economy.
• Fostering Ethical Values: Promote ethical values such as integrity, compassion, and social responsibility through education and public discourse. Encourage critical thinking and moral reasoning skills to help individuals navigate complex ethical dilemmas. Foster a culture of empathy, solidarity, and concern for the common good to counteract the adverse effects of individualism and materialism.
• Encouraging Philanthropy and Social Responsibility: Encourage the wealthy and privileged to give back to society through philanthropy, volunteerism, and socially responsible business practices. Recognize and celebrate individuals and organizations demonstrating ethical leadership and contributing to social welfare.

THE CONCLUSION:

India’s wealth, power, and societal norms are shaped by grandiose events. Ethical concerns surrounding conspicuous consumption and wealth’s influence on aspirations and political power necessitate regulatory reforms, societal change, and a revaluation of value systems. Progress requires critical reflection and a sustainable, equitable future for all.

UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTIONS:

Q.1) The crisis of ethical values in modern times is traced to a narrow perception of the good life. Discuss. (2017)

Q.2) Without commonly shared and widely entrenched moral values and obligations, neither the law, democratic government, or even the market economy will function properly. What do you understand by this statement? Explain with illustration in the contemporary times. (2017)

Q.3) Our attitudes towards life, work, other people, and society are generally shaped unconsciously by the family and social surroundings in which we grow up. Some of these unconsciously acquired attitudes and values are often undesirable in the citizens of modern democratic and egalitarian societies.  (a) Discuss such undesirable values prevalent in today’s educated Indians. (b) How can such undesirable attitudes be changed, and socio-ethical values be cultivated in the aspiring and serving civil servants? (2016)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q.1) How do overt displays of wealth and power influence societal values and perceptions of success, particularly in a country as unequal as India? Analyze the balance between individual aspirations, public image, and ethical conduct in growing public transparency and intertwining capital with nationalist ideals.

SOURCE:

https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/pratap-bhanu-mehta-anant-ambani-radhika-merchant-pre-wedding-shaadi-no-1-9195372/