THE CONTEXT:The Economic Community of West African States (Ecowas) faces a significant upheaval as Niger, Mali, and Burkina Faso, all junta-led nations, declare their departure from the regional bloc.
EXPLANATION:
This move comes after their suspension due to military coups, prompting tensions with Ecowas, which has been urging a return to democratic governance.
Sovereign Decision to Withdraw:
In a joint statement broadcasted on state media, the three countries announced their withdrawal, describing it as a “sovereign decision.”
They emphasized Ecowas’ deviation from its founding principles and Pan-African ideals, alleging influence by foreign powers and a failure to address the pressing issue of jihadist violence within their borders.
Founding Members’ Dissatisfaction:
Niger, Mali, and Burkina Faso, founding members since Ecowas’ establishment in 1975, voiced their dissatisfaction, accusing the bloc of betraying its foundational principles.
The joint statement portrayed Ecowas as a threat to member states and peoples, reflecting a broader discontent with the regional organization’s role and effectiveness.
Tensions Post-Military Coups:
Relations between Ecowas and the three countries soured after military coups unfolded in Niger (2022), Burkina Faso (2022), and Mali (2020).
The regional bloc consistently called for a return to civilian rule, heightening tensions as the junta-led nations resisted these calls.
Ecowas Response and Diplomacy:
Ecowas responded to the withdrawal announcement, expressing its commitment to finding a negotiated solution.
The bloc emphasized the three countries’ importance and insisted that it had not received formal notification about their withdrawal.
Diplomatically, Ecowas faces the challenge of maintaining regional stability while addressing the concerns raised by the departing nations.
Formal Withdrawal Procedures:
According to the Ecowas treaty, member states wishing to withdraw must provide written notice a year in advance and adhere to its provisions during that period.
The formal withdrawal procedures raise questions about the legality and timing of the announced exit by Niger, Mali, and Burkina Faso.
Hardened Stance and Accusations:
Despite suspension, sanctions, negotiations, and even threats of military intervention, the military leaders in the three nations have adopted a hardened stance.
They accuse Ecowas of being influenced by external powers, distancing themselves from former colonial power France, strengthening ties with Russia, and forming The Alliance of Sahel States.
Security Concerns and Delayed Elections:
The junta-led countries argue that their priority is to restore security before holding elections, citing challenges in containing jihadist insurgencies linked to al Qaeda and Islamic State.
Niger seeks a transition period of up to three years, Mali delayed elections initially set for February, and Burkina Faso prioritizes the fight against insurgents over immediate elections.
Impacted Ecowas Delegation Meeting:
A scheduled meeting between Ecowas and the junta in Niger faced disruption as the delegation’s aircraft developed technical problems, resulting in a postponement.
The meeting aimed to discuss sanctions on Niger, further complicating the ongoing diplomatic efforts to address the political impasse.
ECOWAS
The Heads of State and Government of fifteen West African Countries established the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) when they signed the ECOWAS Treaty on the 28th of May 1975 in Lagos, Nigeria.
The Treaty of Lagos was signed by the 15 Heads of State and government of Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Sénégal and Togo, with its stated mission to promote economic integration across the region.
The Senegalese President was represented by the Minister for Foreign Affairs.
Cabo Verde joined the union in 1977.
The only Arabic-speaking Member Mauritania withdrew in December 2000.
The ECOWAS region, which spans an area of 5.2 million square kilometres.
The Member States are Benin, Burkina Faso, Cabo Verde, Côte d’Ivoire, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Sénégal and Togo.
Objectives:
Promoting economic integration among member states.
Facilitating the free movement of people, goods, and services.
Enhancing regional cooperation in various sectors, including industry, transport, energy, and finance.
Fostering a borderless region governed by democratic principles, the rule of law, and good governance.
Conclusion:
The withdrawal of Niger, Mali, and Burkina Faso from Ecowas marks a critical moment in West African geopolitics, reflecting deep-seated dissatisfaction and tensions.
As Ecowas navigates the complexities of diplomatic resolution and regional stability, the departure of these founding members raises questions about the organization’s future and its ability to address the evolving political landscape in the region.
GENOMIC MEDICINE’S REVOLUTIONARY IMPACT ON CANCER CARE: POWER OF WHOLE-GENOME SEQUENCING
TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
THE CONTEXT:Cancer, a global public health challenge with escalating incidence rates, is now at the forefront of a medical revolution driven by genomic medicine.
EXPLANATION:
Whole-genome sequencing emerges as a pivotal tool, enabling a comprehensive examination of an individual’s DNA in a single test.
This transformation comes at a critical time when the World Health Organization anticipates a 60% rise in the cancer burden over the next decade.
Cancer and Genomic Basis:
Cancer is fundamentally a genomic disease, characterized by uncontrolled cell division due to genetic changes.
Genomic technologies, bolstered by initiatives like the Cancer Genome Atlas, have played a crucial role in decoding the molecular underpinnings of cancer.
The focus has shifted to precision oncology, with nearly a third of FDA-approved therapies relying on DNA-based tests as biomarkers.
Precision Oncology and Molecular Tests:
Precision oncology therapies, guided by molecular tests, are at the forefront of cancer treatment.
The recent U.K. study, part of the ‘100,000 Genome Program,’ reinforces the potential of cancer genomics to revolutionize care.
Molecular tests, often DNA-based, determine the eligibility of precision therapies, marking a paradigm shift in clinical approaches.
Whole-Genome Sequencing’s Role:
At the heart of this revolution lies whole-genome sequencing, capable of deciphering an individual’s entire DNA – all 3.2 billion nucleotides – in a single, comprehensive test.
This approach involves sequencing both healthy blood-derived DNA and cancerous tissue or tumor-derived DNA, offering a holistic understanding.
Insights from the U.K. Study:
The U.K. study, involving over 13,800 cancer patients, showcases the transformative potential of cancer genomics.
By integrating genome sequencing with routine clinical data, the study identifies new avenues for customizable cancer treatments.
Notably, distinct DNA changes in brain tumors, bowel cancers, and lung cancers open up new therapeutic targets.
Implications for Challenging Conditions:
The study’s findings extend to challenging conditions such as ovarian cancers and sarcomas.
Approximately 10% of sarcomas exhibited genetic changes influencing treatment decisions, while a proportion of ovarian cancers was identified as potentially inherited.
These revelations reshape our understanding of these conditions.
National Health Service (NHS) Vision:
Aligned with England’s public health vision, particularly the NHS, the study underscores the real-world application of genomics in cancer care.
Insights gained from large-scale studies are already influencing patient care, with hospital trusts incorporating preemptive genome sequencing for informed clinical decisions.
Caution and Nuanced Perspective:
While the study marks a milestone, caution is advised regarding the use of information from whole-genome sequencing.
The absence of available treatments for identified harmful genetic changes raises important considerations.
However, ongoing advances in precision oncology are rapidly addressing these gaps.
The future of cancer care involves a shift in clinical testing, integrating genomics, protein studies, and metabolite analysis (multi-omics).
This holistic approach enhances the understanding of tumors, identifies molecular subtypes, and informs cancer progression and treatment.
Conclusion:
The U.K. study serves as a cornerstone in the intersection of genomics and cancer care.
While celebrating its transformative potential, the broader conversation must address the nuances of integrating genomics into standard cancer care protocols.
As genomics research continues, it paves the way for a future where population-scale insights seamlessly guide clinical decision-making.
It offers new horizons, opportunities, and inevitable challenges in the evolving landscape of cancer treatment.
It was launched into a 650-km, 6° inclination orbit on September 28, 2015, with a lift-off mass of 1515 kg, by PSLV-C30 (XL) rocket from Satish Dhawan Space Centre Sriharikota.
AstroSat carries a total of five scientific payloads enabling imaging, studying temporal and spectral properties of galactic and extra- galactic cosmic sources in a wide range of wavelengths on a common platform.
Cygnus X-1, discovered over four decades ago, is among the first confirmed black hole systems in our galaxy.
It is positioned at a distance approximately 400 times greater than the Earth-Sun distance.
It comprises a black hole twenty times the Sun’s mass and a companion supergiant star, forty times more massive than the Sun, forming a binary system.
Instrumentation and Contribution:
AstroSat spacecraft has the following five payloads:
Ultra Violet Imaging Telescope (UVIT), developed by IIA, consist of two identical telescopes of aperture 380 mm. One telescope covers FUV (130–180 nm) band and the other covers NUV (200–300 nm) and visible band (320–550 nm). The hyperbolic mirrors are super polished.
Large Area X-ray Proportional Counter (LAXPC), developed by TIFR has three identical gas detectors. LAXPC has a total effective area of 8000 cm2.
Cadmium–Zinc–Telluride Imager (CZTI), developed by TIFR works in 20–100 keV. The imaging capability is achieved with coded mask. CZTI also has the capability of making X-ray polarization measurements.
Soft X-ray Telescope (SXT), developed by TIFR, uses X-ray reflecting mirrors and an X-ray CCD for imaging and spectral studies in 0.3–8 keV.
Scanning Sky Monitor (SSM) developed by ISRO is an all sky monitor for detecting and monitoring transient sources and for follow-up studies of known X-ray sources in 2.5–10 keV region.
Significance of X-ray Polarisation:
While normal X-ray measurements focus on energy or intensity, the polarisation of X-rays provides insights into the orientation of the oscillating electric field.
This information unveils crucial details about the geometry and other properties of the black hole.
Connection to Black Hole Jet Emissions:
The study successfully linked high-energy X-ray radiation to the black hole jet in Cygnus X-1.
The measurement of high polarisation in the 100-380 keV range suggests that radiation emitted from the source above 100 keV likely originated from the black hole jet.
Scientific Implications:
The polarization data obtained from Cygnus X-1 offers a unique perspective on the immediate vicinity of the black hole.
from the Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics (IUCAA) highlighted that polarization, as one of the properties carried by photons, helps unveil information about the accelerating charged particles emitting light.
Conclusion:
The successful measurement of X-ray polarisation from Cygnus X-1 by AstroSat represents a significant milestone in astrophysics.
The study not only advances our understanding of black hole environments but also showcases the prowess of Indian space science and collaborative research efforts.
The results open new avenues for unraveling the mysteries surrounding black hole jet emissions, contributing to the broader body of knowledge in the field.
MOMENTOUS RULING: ON ISRAEL AND THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE ORDER
THE CONTEXT: The UN’s highest judicial body, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) ordered that Israel must take all measures within its power to prevent all acts within the scope of the Genocide Convention. The court was ruling on the nine provisional measures requested by South Africa in its genocide claim against Israel.
WHAT IS THE CASE BEFORE THE WORLD COURT?
Earlier, South Africa approached the International Court of Justice (ICJ) to seek an immediate order affirming that Israel had violated its commitments under the 1948 Genocide Convention.
In its application, South Africa argued that Israel, in its ongoing Gaza assault, has transgressed from the provisions of Article 2 of the Convention. This article defines the term “genocide” to mean “acts committed with intent to destroy, wholly or partly, a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group”.
South Africa has also sought interim relief for the Palestinians and asked the ICJ to order Israel to immediately suspend all military operations in Gaza, as an interim measure.
They argue that Israel’s actions meet the specific criteria outlined in the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide.
The court did not agree to South Africa’s request for an immediate ceasefire in Gaza. However, it directed Israel to allow the entry of basic services and humanitarian assistance into the Palestinian enclave.
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
The ICJ is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations (UN).
The International Court of Justice is also known as the World Court. It was established in June 1945 by the Charter of the United Nations and began work in April 1946.
The seat of the Court is at the Peace Palace in The Hague (Netherlands).
Of the six principal organs of the United Nations, ICJ is the only one not located in New York (United States of America).
Its official working languages are English and French
All members of the UN are ipso facto parties to the statute, but this does not automatically give ICJ jurisdiction over disputes involving them.
The ICJ gets jurisdiction only on the basis of the consent of both parties.
The Charter of the United Nations was signed on 26 June 1945, in San Francisco, at the conclusion of the United Nations Conference on International Organisation and came into force on 24 October 1945.
These organs vote simultaneously but separately. In order to be elected, a candidate must receive an absolute majority of the votes in both bodies.
The Court does not include more than one national of the same State. Moreover, the Court as a whole represents the main forms of civilization and the principal legal systems of the world.
The Genocide Convention was the first human rights treaty adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 9 December 1948. It signified the international community’s commitment to ‘never again’ after the atrocities committed during the Second World War.
According to the Genocide Convention, genocide is a crime that can take place both in time of war as well as in time of peace.
The definition of the crime of genocide, as set out in the Convention, has been widely adopted at both national and international levels, including in the 1998 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC).
The Convention establishes on State Parties the obligation under Article IV to take measures to prevent and to punish the crime of genocide, including by enacting relevant legislation and punishing perpetrators, “whether they are constitutionally responsible rulers, public officials or private individuals”.
That obligation, in addition to the prohibition not to commit genocide, have been considered as norms of international customary law and therefore, binding on all States, whether or not they have ratified the Genocide Convention.
The Genocide Convention has been ratified or acceded to by 153 States (as of April 2022, with Zambia). Other 41 United Nations Member States have yet to do so. From those, 18 are from Africa, 17 from Asia and 6 from America.
SIGNIFICANCE OF ICJ RULING ON ISRAEL
Rules based international order: The outcome holds significance not only for mitigating the crisis in Gaza but also as a crucial test for the “rules-based international order.” The ICJ‘s decisions in the coming months will play a pivotal role in shaping perceptions of the international legal framework.
Protection of human rights: The judgement stands as a cornerstone in international efforts to prevent and punish the crime of genocide. It will act as a beacon in the pursuit of justice and the protection of human rights on a global scale.
Legal accountability: The order is a moral and legal allegation of Israel for bombing health facilities, designated safe areas, and densely populated areas. The ICJ has directed Israel to take effective and immediate measures to ensure humanitarian assistance and basic services to Gaza.
Preventing genocide: While Israel and its allies highlight the absence of an order to stop military action, it cannot be ignored that the order is tailored to achieving the objective of preventing genocide. That most of the provisional measures were favoured by a 15-2 majority shows a high degree of consensus on steps to prevent genocide.
Prompting humanitarian action by Israel: The order makes it difficult for Israel to choose a policy of deliberate non-compliance. The ruling asks for a report in one month on steps taken to implement the measures can only mean that Israel has to demonstrate progress on the extent of humanitarian aid it has permitted.
THE WAY FORWARD:
Compensation for Palestine: There is a need for effective and immediate measures to ensure humanitarian assistance and basic services to Gaza to provide interim relief for the Palestinians.
Israel Comply with ICJ: Israel must comply with ICJ’s order to prevent genocide, step up aid in Gaza at the earliest and immediately suspend all military operations in Gaza as an interim measure.
Prevent genocide: There is a need to establish a credible expectation that the perpetrators of genocide and related crimes to held accountable as it can effectively contribute to a culture of prevention of genocide.
Strengthen institutions: Efforts should be made to strengthen institutions like ICJ and UNSC in upholding international law and addressing human rights violations.
THE CONCLUSION:
Despite the absence of an explicit call for a ceasefire, the ruling handed down by the International Court of Justice is a momentous one that binds Israel to its obligation to prevent acts of genocide in its ongoing military operations in Gaza.
UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS
Q.1 “India’s relations with Israel have, of late, acquired a depth and diversity, which cannot be rolled back.” Discuss. (2018)
Q.2 ‘Too little cash, too much politics, leave UNESCO fighting for life.’ Discuss the statement in the light of the US’ withdrawal and its accusation of the cultural body as being ‘anti-Israel bias’.(2019)
MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION
Recently, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) ordered Israel to prevent genocidal acts in Gaza. In this regard, discuss the impact of the ICJ ruling on the ongoing war and the challenges associated with its implementation.
NOTE: REFER TO DAILY NEWS ANALYSIS OF 29TH JANUARY FOR MORE INFORMATION.
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Question 1 of 5
1. Question
1. Consider the following statements:
Statement-I: We do not witness a lunar eclipse on every full moon day.
Statement-II: Moon’s orbit is inclined at an angle of about 5 degrees to Earth’s orbital plane.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?
Correct
Answer: A
Explanation: Both the statements are correct and Statement-II is correct explanation of Statement-I.
What are Eclipses?
• Eclipses are astronomical events that occur when the sun, moon, and Earth align in specific ways.
• There are two primary types of eclipses: solar and lunar.
• A solar eclipse happens when the moon comes between the sun and Earth during a new moon, blocking out the sun’s light.
• Conversely, a lunar eclipse occurs when the Earth is positioned between the sun and the moon during a full moon, casting a shadow on the moon.
Why is there no eclipse every full and new moon?
• Moon’s Path: The moon orbits around Earth, completing one orbit roughly every month.
• Ecliptic Plane: In an ideal scenario, if the moon’s orbit matched Earth’s orbital plane, called the ecliptic, we would witness a solar eclipse during every new moon and a lunar eclipse during every full moon.
• Moon’s Inclination: However, the moon’s orbit is inclined at an angle of about 5 degrees to Earth’s orbital plane, causing irregular eclipse patterns.
Role of Lunar Nodes
• Lunar Nodes: The moon’s orbit intersects Earth’s orbital plane at specific points known as nodes, categorized as ascending or descending nodes depending on the moon’s orbital direction.
• Eclipse Occurrence: Eclipses happen when a full or new moon closely aligns with one of these nodes, ensuring the sun, moon, and Earth are in alignment.
Incorrect
Answer: A
Explanation: Both the statements are correct and Statement-II is correct explanation of Statement-I.
What are Eclipses?
• Eclipses are astronomical events that occur when the sun, moon, and Earth align in specific ways.
• There are two primary types of eclipses: solar and lunar.
• A solar eclipse happens when the moon comes between the sun and Earth during a new moon, blocking out the sun’s light.
• Conversely, a lunar eclipse occurs when the Earth is positioned between the sun and the moon during a full moon, casting a shadow on the moon.
Why is there no eclipse every full and new moon?
• Moon’s Path: The moon orbits around Earth, completing one orbit roughly every month.
• Ecliptic Plane: In an ideal scenario, if the moon’s orbit matched Earth’s orbital plane, called the ecliptic, we would witness a solar eclipse during every new moon and a lunar eclipse during every full moon.
• Moon’s Inclination: However, the moon’s orbit is inclined at an angle of about 5 degrees to Earth’s orbital plane, causing irregular eclipse patterns.
Role of Lunar Nodes
• Lunar Nodes: The moon’s orbit intersects Earth’s orbital plane at specific points known as nodes, categorized as ascending or descending nodes depending on the moon’s orbital direction.
• Eclipse Occurrence: Eclipses happen when a full or new moon closely aligns with one of these nodes, ensuring the sun, moon, and Earth are in alignment.
Question 2 of 5
2. Question
2. Consider the following features of China type of climatic region:
1. Year-round influence of on-shore trade winds.
2. Fairly uniform annual distribution of rainfall.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Correct
Answer: C
Explanation:
Statement 1 is correct:
Features of Warm Temperate Eastern Margin Climate (China Type):
• Influenced by the on-shore Trade Winds all the year-round, without any monsoon variations.
Statement 2 is correct:
• Fairly uniform distribution of rainfall throughout the year.
• There is rain every month, except in the interior of central China, where there is a distinct dry season.
• Rain comes either from convectional sources or as orographic rain in summer, or from depressions in prolonged showers in winter.
• It is sometimes referred to as the Gulf type or Natal type of climate.
• This type of climate is found on the eastern margins of continents in warm temperate latitudes, just outside the tropics as seen clearly in the below figure:
Incorrect
Answer: C
Explanation:
Statement 1 is correct:
Features of Warm Temperate Eastern Margin Climate (China Type):
• Influenced by the on-shore Trade Winds all the year-round, without any monsoon variations.
Statement 2 is correct:
• Fairly uniform distribution of rainfall throughout the year.
• There is rain every month, except in the interior of central China, where there is a distinct dry season.
• Rain comes either from convectional sources or as orographic rain in summer, or from depressions in prolonged showers in winter.
• It is sometimes referred to as the Gulf type or Natal type of climate.
• This type of climate is found on the eastern margins of continents in warm temperate latitudes, just outside the tropics as seen clearly in the below figure:
Question 3 of 5
3. Question
3. In the context of Shale gas, consider the following statements:
1. Shales are fine-grained sedimentary rocks.
2. Guar gum is used in the extraction of shale gas.
3. Large quantity of water is required in the extraction of shale gas.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
Correct
Answer: C
Explanation:
Statement 1 is correct:
Shale Gas
• Shales are fine-grained sedimentary rocks formed of organic-rich mud that can be rich resources of petroleum and natural gas.
• Shale gas refers to natural gas that is trapped within shale formations due to its low permeability and cannot escape to the surface as easily as conventional natural gas.
Statement 2 is correct:
• Use of Guar gum: Guar gum can quickly turn water into a very thick gel. Adding guar gum increases the viscosity of water and makes high-pressure pumping and the fracturing process more efficient.
• High viscosity water is much more effective at suspending sand grains and carrying them into the fractures.
• The guar bean is grown mainly by farmers in Rajasthan and Haryana.
Statement 3 is correct:
Challenges and Environmental concerns:
• Shale is mostly found about 2,000 meters deep onshore, in areas of human habitation; unlike oil drilling that takes place offshore. Specially designed water bore-wells may be needed in such areas to tackle escaping methane gas. The use of high-power compressors and other equipment could also unsettle local populations, while shale drilling could affect groundwater reserves.
• The gas produced from such reservoir rocks is known as ‘tight gas’ and it requires massive hydraulic fracturing technique. So the potential impacts of hydraulic fracturing locally and downstream of drilling areas are also a big concern. Hydraulic fracturing involves drilling through the water table into deep underground shale gas reserves. Millions of gallons of water are then used to break the shale and release the gas. In theory, all wells should be completely encased until past the water table level.
Incorrect
Answer: C
Explanation:
Statement 1 is correct:
Shale Gas
• Shales are fine-grained sedimentary rocks formed of organic-rich mud that can be rich resources of petroleum and natural gas.
• Shale gas refers to natural gas that is trapped within shale formations due to its low permeability and cannot escape to the surface as easily as conventional natural gas.
Statement 2 is correct:
• Use of Guar gum: Guar gum can quickly turn water into a very thick gel. Adding guar gum increases the viscosity of water and makes high-pressure pumping and the fracturing process more efficient.
• High viscosity water is much more effective at suspending sand grains and carrying them into the fractures.
• The guar bean is grown mainly by farmers in Rajasthan and Haryana.
Statement 3 is correct:
Challenges and Environmental concerns:
• Shale is mostly found about 2,000 meters deep onshore, in areas of human habitation; unlike oil drilling that takes place offshore. Specially designed water bore-wells may be needed in such areas to tackle escaping methane gas. The use of high-power compressors and other equipment could also unsettle local populations, while shale drilling could affect groundwater reserves.
• The gas produced from such reservoir rocks is known as ‘tight gas’ and it requires massive hydraulic fracturing technique. So the potential impacts of hydraulic fracturing locally and downstream of drilling areas are also a big concern. Hydraulic fracturing involves drilling through the water table into deep underground shale gas reserves. Millions of gallons of water are then used to break the shale and release the gas. In theory, all wells should be completely encased until past the water table level.
Question 4 of 5
4. Question
4. With reference to Madden Julian Oscillation(MJO), consider the following statements:
1. It is a system of cloud bearing winds travelling along the equator.
2. Each cycle of MJO lasts approximately 30–60 days.
3. In its active phase in the tropics, MJO plays an important role in the occurrence of monsoon rains.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
Correct
Answer: C
Explanation:
Statement 1 is correct:
• The Madden Julian Oscillation (MJO) is one of the most important atmosphere-ocean coupled phenomena in the tropics, which has a profound influence on the Indian summer monsoon.
• MJO is a massive weather event consisting of deep convection coupled with atmospheric circulation, moving slowly eastward over the Indian and Pacific Oceans.
• MJO is an equatorial traveling pattern of anomalous rainfall that is planetary in scale.
Statement 2 is correct:
• Each cycle lasts approximately 30–60 days. Also known as the 30-60 day oscillation, 30-60 day wave, or intra-seasonal oscillation (ISO).
Statement 3 is correct:
• The MJO involves variations in wind, sea surface temperature (SST), cloudiness, and rainfall.
• As it moves, strong MJO activity often splits the planet in to two — one in which the MJO is in the active phase and brings rainfall, and the other in which it suppresses rainfall.
• In the active phase, MJO results in more than average rainfall for that time of the year, while in the suppressed phase, the area receives less than average rainfall.
• An active phase is generally followed by a weak or suppressed phase, in which there is little MJO activity.
• Three active MJO periods are witnessed every year on average.
Incorrect
Answer: C
Explanation:
Statement 1 is correct:
• The Madden Julian Oscillation (MJO) is one of the most important atmosphere-ocean coupled phenomena in the tropics, which has a profound influence on the Indian summer monsoon.
• MJO is a massive weather event consisting of deep convection coupled with atmospheric circulation, moving slowly eastward over the Indian and Pacific Oceans.
• MJO is an equatorial traveling pattern of anomalous rainfall that is planetary in scale.
Statement 2 is correct:
• Each cycle lasts approximately 30–60 days. Also known as the 30-60 day oscillation, 30-60 day wave, or intra-seasonal oscillation (ISO).
Statement 3 is correct:
• The MJO involves variations in wind, sea surface temperature (SST), cloudiness, and rainfall.
• As it moves, strong MJO activity often splits the planet in to two — one in which the MJO is in the active phase and brings rainfall, and the other in which it suppresses rainfall.
• In the active phase, MJO results in more than average rainfall for that time of the year, while in the suppressed phase, the area receives less than average rainfall.
• An active phase is generally followed by a weak or suppressed phase, in which there is little MJO activity.
• Three active MJO periods are witnessed every year on average.
Question 5 of 5
5. Question
5. Consider the following pairs:
Types of lakes – Associated physical feature
1. Kettle lake – Wind erosion
2. Oxbow lake – River meanders
3. Lagoon lake – Coastal region
4. Playa lake – Karst region
How many of the above given pairs are correctly matched?
Correct
Answer: B
Explanation:
Pair 1 is matched incorrectly:
• A kettle (also known as a kettle lake, kettle hole, or pothole) is a depression/hole in an outwash plain formed by retreating glaciers or draining floodwaters.
• The kettles are formed as a result of blocks of dead ice left behind by retreating glaciers, which become surrounded by sediment deposited by melt water streams as there is increased friction.
Pair 2 is matched correctly:
• An oxbow lake starts as a curve, or meander, in a river. A lake forms as the river finds a different, shorter course. The meander becomes an oxbow lake along the side of the river.
Pair 3 is matched correctly:
• A lagoon is a shallow body of water protected from a larger body of water (usually the ocean) by sandbars, barrier islands, or coral reefs around the Coastal region.
• They are often called estuaries, sounds, bays, or even lakes.
Pair 4 is matched incorrectly:
• The playa, also called pan, flat, or dry lake, is a flat-bottom depression that is caused by Wind erosion and is found in interior desert basins and adjacent to coasts within arid and semi-arid regions, periodically covered by water that slowly filtrates into the groundwater system or evaporates into the atmosphere, causing the deposition of salt, sand, and mud along the bottom and around the edges of the depression.
Incorrect
Answer: B
Explanation:
Pair 1 is matched incorrectly:
• A kettle (also known as a kettle lake, kettle hole, or pothole) is a depression/hole in an outwash plain formed by retreating glaciers or draining floodwaters.
• The kettles are formed as a result of blocks of dead ice left behind by retreating glaciers, which become surrounded by sediment deposited by melt water streams as there is increased friction.
Pair 2 is matched correctly:
• An oxbow lake starts as a curve, or meander, in a river. A lake forms as the river finds a different, shorter course. The meander becomes an oxbow lake along the side of the river.
Pair 3 is matched correctly:
• A lagoon is a shallow body of water protected from a larger body of water (usually the ocean) by sandbars, barrier islands, or coral reefs around the Coastal region.
• They are often called estuaries, sounds, bays, or even lakes.
Pair 4 is matched incorrectly:
• The playa, also called pan, flat, or dry lake, is a flat-bottom depression that is caused by Wind erosion and is found in interior desert basins and adjacent to coasts within arid and semi-arid regions, periodically covered by water that slowly filtrates into the groundwater system or evaporates into the atmosphere, causing the deposition of salt, sand, and mud along the bottom and around the edges of the depression.
THE CONTEXT:After a hiatus of approximately three years, a rare golden tiger has been sighted in Kaziranga National Park and Tiger Reserve (KNPTR), marking a significant event in wildlife observation.
EXPLANATION:
The golden tiger is a rare phenotype characterized by a recessive genetic trait.
The adult male golden tiger was photographed by a tourist and shared on National Tourism Day.
The photo captured the majestic creature strolling through Kaziranga National Park.
Tourists’ tour guide also witnessed this extraordinary sighting.
Assam Chief Minister’s office acknowledged the rare sighting, emphasizing the richness of Assam’s wildlife. The sighting contributes to the ongoing efforts to study and conserve the diverse fauna found in the region.
Phenotype Characteristics
The golden phenotype is an uncommon recessive trait that adds to the diversity of tiger populations.
The sighting reinforces the existence of this genetic variation in the wild.
The golden tiger’s last sighting in Kaziranga dates back to 2020, emphasizing the rarity of such occurrences.
Golden tiger:
A golden tiger (also known as a golden tabby tiger) is a Bengal tiger exhibiting a color variation resulting from a recessive gene.
The golden tiger’s coloring originates from a recessive trait known as ‘wideband,’ which influences the production of black pigments during the hair growth cycle.
Golden tigers are not a separate subspecies but rather a result of genetic variation within Bengal tigers.
They are exceptionally rare in the wild and even rarer in captivity.
Genetic Research
Scientists at the National Centre for Biological Sciences are conducting non-invasive scat sampling and DNA mapping to investigate the genetic basis of the golden phenotype.
Both pseudo-melanistic (dark-coated) and golden phenotypes are expressed as recessive traits, indicating the presence of a significant number of heterozygotes in the population.
The heterozygotes, having one copy of the genetic variant, resemble normal tigers and can be identified through genetic analyses.
Implications of Recessive Traits
The occurrence of recessive traits suggests factors such as population isolation, a small population, or inbreeding.
Understanding recessive traits is crucial for assessing the genetic health and diversity of tiger populations.
Kaziranga National Park:
It is located in the Golaghat and Nagaon districts of Assam.
It was declared a national park in 1974.
It is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site and houses two-thirds of the total world population of the greater one-horned rhinoceros.
It is the largest undisturbed area in the Brahmaputra Valley floodplains.
It is a mix of eastern wet alluvial grasslands, semi evergreen forests and tropical moist deciduous forests.
Conclusion
The rare sighting of the golden tiger in Kaziranga National Park is a testament to the region’s unique biodiversity.
As scientists delve into genetic analyses, the findings will contribute to the broader understanding of tiger populations and their evolutionary history.
This remarkable observation underscores the importance of conservation efforts to safeguard these majestic creatures and their genetic diversity.
MARS ROVER PERSEVERANCE CONFIRMS ANCIENT LAKE SEDIMENTS ON RED PLANET
TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
THE CONTEXT:NASA’s Perseverance rover has provided conclusive data supporting the presence of ancient lake sediments in Mars’ Jerezo Crater, indicating the past existence of water and potential habitats for microbial life.
EXPLANATION:
NASA’s rover Perseverance has recently collected data affirming the presence of ancient lake sediments deposited by water in Mars’ Jerezo Crater, a substantial basin on the red planet.
This revelation builds upon earlier orbital imagery and scientific conjecture proposing that parts of Mars were once submerged in water, fostering conditions suitable for microbial life.
Study Findings
The study, led by teams from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), and the University of Oslo, relied on ground-penetrating radar observations conducted by Perseverance.
These observations, made over several months in 2022, traversed the Martian surface from the crater floor to adjacent sedimentary-like features resembling Earth’s river deltas.
The rover’s RIMFAX radar instrument provided subsurface scans, offering a cross-sectional view of rock layers up to 65 feet (20 meters) deep.
UCLA planetary scientist David Paige, the first author of the paper, likened this view to “looking at a road cut.”
The distinct layers confirmed the deposition of soil sediments carried by water at Jerezo Crater and its delta, resembling processes seen in Earth’s lakes.
Implications for Mars’ History
The findings support the long-standing theory that Mars, now cold and arid, once experienced warmer, wetter conditions potentially conducive to life.
Researchers anticipate further insights from an up-close examination of Jerezo’s sediments, expected to be collected by Perseverance for future analysis on Earth.
Geo-Biological Endeavor
The study serves as validation for scientists, reaffirming that their choice of Jerezo Crater as a research site was apt.
Earlier remote analysis of core samples surprised researchers by revealing volcanic rocks, contrary to the anticipated sedimentary composition.
However, even these volcanic rocks exhibited signs of alteration due to water exposure, aligning with the broader narrative of Mars’ complex geological history.
The RIMFAX radar readings revealed evidence of erosion before and after the formation of sedimentary layers, highlighting the dynamic geological processes at play.
Paige emphasized that while volcanic rocks were initially encountered, the rover’s arrival at the delta area provided crucial evidence of lake sediments, fulfilling the mission’s primary objectives.
Conclusion
NASA’s Perseverance continues to unravel Mars’ mysteries, offering valuable insights into the planet’s past.
The confirmation of ancient lake sediments further fuels scientific curiosity, underscoring the importance of Mars’ geological history in understanding its potential for past habitability.
ONE NATION, ONE ELECTION: LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE TRANSFORMATIONS PROPOSED
TAG: GS 2: POLITY
THE CONTEXT: Bar Council of India (BCI) Chairman suggests Constitutional changes, political funding reforms to High-Level Committee for ‘One Nation, One Election’.
EXPLANATION:
The concept of ‘One Nation, One Election,’ advocating simultaneous elections for Central and State governments, has garnered attention.
The Chairman of the Bar Council of India (BCI) has presented suggestions to the High-Level Committee for One Nation, One Election.
The proposed changes span constitutional amendments, empowering the Election Commission, electoral law modifications, political funding reforms, administrative preparedness, and public awareness campaigns.
Constitutional Amendment:
Synchronization of Tenures:
The foremost recommendation involves amending the Constitution to synchronize the tenures of State Assemblies with the Lok Sabha, requiring modifications to Articles 83, 85, 172, 174, and 356.
Examination of Additional Articles:
Articles 243K and 243ZA, establishing a State Election Commission, should be examined for potential adjustments.
Empowerment of Election Commission:
Resource and Authority Augmentation: To manage logistics and execution, the Election Commission of India (ECI) needs enhanced resources and authority, potentially requiring a restructuring for increased capabilities.
Amendments to Electoral Laws:
Representation of the People Act: Suggestions include amendments to the Representation of the People Act, 1951, outlining coordinated polling schedules, uniform campaign periods, and expenditure limits for both Parliamentary and State elections.
Political Funding Reforms:
Equitable Electoral Practices: To ensure fair electoral practices and mitigate monetary influence, substantial reforms to laws governing political funding and campaign finances are proposed.
Administrative Preparedness:
Comprehensive Coordination: Meticulous coordination between Union and State governments is deemed essential for seamless execution. This involves aspects such as security measures, polling station management, deployment of election personnel, and logistical requisites.
Public Awareness and Voter Education:
Key to Success: Extensive public awareness initiatives and voter education campaigns are emphasized as vital components for the success of ‘One Nation, One Election.’
Advantages and Challenges:
Cost and Administrative Efficiency:
Simultaneous elections could offer advantages such as cost and administrative efficiency, continuous governance, voter convenience, decentralization of power, greater policy focus, and reduced security concerns.
Disadvantages:
Challenges include the need for significant constitutional changes, an overemphasis on national issues, and the potential influence of national trends on State elections.
About the Committee:
Government has constituted an eight-member high level committee to examine One Nation, One Election in September, 2023.
Former President Ram Nath Kovind has been appointed as Chairman of the committee. Union Home Minister, Congress MP Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury, Former Leader of Opposition in Rajya Sabha, Former Chairman 15th Finance Commission. K. Singh and others are appointed as the members of the committee.
The high level committee will examine and make recommendation for holding simultaneous elections of Lok Sabha, State Legislative Assemblies, Municipalities and Panchayats, keeping in view the existing framework under the Constitution and other statutory provisions.
It will examine and recommend, if the amendments to the Constitution would require ratification by the States.
They will also suggest a framework for synchronisation of elections and specifically, suggest the phases and time frame within which simultaneous elections may be held.
The committee will also examine the logistics and manpower required, including EVMs and VVPATs for holding simultaneous elections.
Bar Council of India (BCI):
It is a statutory body established under the Advocates Act 1961 to regulate and represent the Indian bar.
It performs the regulatory function by prescribing standards of professional conduct and etiquette and by exercising disciplinary jurisdiction over the bar.
It also sets standards for legal education and grants recognition to universities whose degrees in law will serve as qualification for enrolment as an advocate.
It conducts the All-India Bar Examination (AIBE) to grant a ‘Certificate of Practice’ to advocates practising law in India.
Conclusion:
The detailed proposals by BCI Chairman provide a comprehensive roadmap for the effective implementation of ‘One Nation, One Election.’
Acknowledging the paradigm shift required, the suggestions address legal, administrative, and logistical aspects, underlining the importance of consensus-building among political entities and a thorough assessment of potential ramifications on democratic principles.
The proposal reflects the need for meticulous planning to usher in this transformative change in India’s electoral landscape.
NEWLY DISCOVERED ASTEROID’S CLOSE APPROACH TO EARTH
TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
THE CONTEXT:A recently discovered asteroid, named 2024 BJ, is set to make its closest approach to Earth on January 27.
EXPLANATION:
This space rock, measuring up to 121 feet (37 meters) wide, will pass between Earth and the moon.
Despite its proximity, astronomers assure that there is no threat to our planet.
We will look into the asteroid’s discovery, trajectory, and the safety measures in place.
Asteroid 2024 BJ (orbit shown in white) will zoom close past Earth (orbit show in light blue)
Discovery and Characteristics:
Astronomers detected the asteroid on January 17 and officially documented the discovery on the following day.
Designated as a near-Earth asteroid of the Apollo type, 2024 BJ has an egg-shaped orbit that crosses the Earth’s path.
The size of the asteroid is estimated to be up to 121 feet wide, posing no significant threat to Earth.
Closest Approach and Trajectory:
The closest point to Earth is expected to occur at 12:30 p.m. EST on January 27, just three and a half hours after passing close to the moon.
The estimated speed of the asteroid during its approach is 14,200 mph (22,850 km/h).
The Virtual Telescope Project will provide a livestream of the event starting from 12:15 p.m. EST, allowing viewers to observe the asteroid as a white speck against the backdrop of stars.
Distance and Comparison:
2024 BJ will come within 220,000 miles (354,000 kilometers) of Earth, which is more than nine tenths of the average distance between Earth and the moon.
The proximity of this asteroid allows for close observation but does not pose a threat.
Asteroid Classification and Earth’s Safety:
Classified as a near-Earth asteroid of the Apollo type, 2024 BJ belongs to a group whose orbits cross Earth’s path.
The Apollo asteroids, numbering over 1,600, constitute the majority of Earth-crossing and potentially hazardous asteroids.
Reassuringly, 2024 BJ is not large enough to be considered hazardous, and current predictions suggest that Earth is safe from cataclysmic “planet-killer” asteroids measuring more than 0.6 miles (1 km) across for the next 1,000 years.
Planetary Defense Measures:
The analysis touches upon the reassuring fact that Earth appears safe from catastrophic asteroid impacts in the foreseeable future.
In the event of an unforeseen threat, scientists have devised plans to deflect potentially hazardous asteroids, including using rockets or, in extreme cases, nuclear weapons detonated in space.
Conclusion:
The detailed analysis provides insights into the characteristics, trajectory, and safety aspects of the newly discovered asteroid 2024 BJ.
While its close approach offers a unique observational opportunity, the reassurance of Earth’s safety from this specific asteroid is emphasized.
The broader context includes an overview of asteroid classifications, planetary defense measures, and the ongoing efforts to monitor and understand celestial bodies in our solar system.
INDIA-FRANCE DEFENSE TIES: A STRATEGIC LEAP FORWARD
TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
THE CONTEXT: Recently, India and France have announced a “defence industrial roadmap” for cooperation on defence production, for future collaboration on “co-design and co-development” of military hardware, as well as key agreements on space cooperation.
EXPLANATION:
India and France have solidified their defense and strategic partnership with the announcement of a “defence industrial roadmap” during talks between Prime Minister and French President in Jaipur.
The roadmap, along with key agreements on space cooperation, signifies a significant leap in bilateral relations.
Defence Industrial Roadmap and Collaboration:
The roadmap aims at fostering cooperation in defense production.
Emphasis on “co-design and co-development” of military hardware aligns with India’s strategic goals.
Identification of opportunities for partnership in defense industrial sectors, including aircraft, land and maritime warfare, space, robotic technology, cyber-defense, and artificial intelligence-led vehicles.
Focus on building defense supply chains for mutual benefit and potential contributions to security partnerships with other nations.
Space Cooperation and Defence-Space Partnership:
India and France signed agreements on space cooperation, including a defense-space partnership.
Collaboration on “space situational awareness” and an MoU on coordinating satellite launches were key components of the partnership.
Underscores joint efforts in harnessing space technology for mutual benefits.
Airbus-TATA Chopper Deal and Pending Defense Deals:
Airbus and TATA finalized a joint venture for local manufacturing of civilian helicopters.
Pending mega defense deals, such as Rafale-M fighter jets and Scorpene-class submarines, are in the cost negotiation phase.
Deals, once concluded, are expected to significantly enhance India’s defense capabilities.
Challenges and Pressing Issues:
The French government raised concerns about a French journalist facing possible deportation.
India emphasizes “compliance with rules,” highlighting challenges in diplomatic relations.
Journalist visa restrictions and related issues underscore the importance of addressing bilateral concerns.
Civil Nuclear Cooperation and Strategic Partnership:
Delays in the civil nuclear cooperation agreement for building reactors at Jaitapur were discussed.
Technical, engineering, financial, and localization aspects are still under discussion, reflecting the complexity of nuclear collaborations.
The defense industrial roadmap mirrors India’s collaboration efforts with the U.S. and underscores the depth of the strategic partnership with France.
Diplomatic Engagement and Republic Day Invitation:
Macron’s acceptance of Prime Minister’s Republic Day invitation strengthens bilateral ties.
High-level engagement and supervision reflect the significance both leaders attach to the partnership.
French president’s third visit to India and the sixth invitation for a French President to Republic Day highlight the robust nature of India-France relations.
Conclusion:
It indicates that India and France have taken significant steps to strengthen their defense, space, and strategic partnerships.
The defense industrial roadmap, space cooperation, and pending defense deals underscore the commitment of both nations to enhance mutual capabilities and address shared security challenges.
Challenges, including diplomatic concerns and delays in specific agreements, highlight the need for ongoing dialogue and cooperation to ensure the sustained growth of the bilateral relationship.
The multifaceted engagement showcases the dynamic and evolving nature of India-France ties.
HISTORICAL DISCOVERIES IN TAMIL NADU: INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 11TH AND 16TH CENTURIES
TAG: GS 1: HISTORY
THE CONTEXT: A significant archaeological discovery has been made by the Virarajendran Archaeological and Historical Research Centre near Kangayam in Tamil Nadu.
EXPLANATION:
Two stone inscriptions, one in the 11th century ‘Grantham’ script and the other in 16th-century Tamil, were unearthed at the Lord Shiva and Lord Vishnu temples in Pazhnchervazhi village.
We will look into the details of the discoveries, shedding light on their historical and cultural significance.
Discovery at Pazhnchervazhi Village
The Virarajendran Archaeological and Historical Research Centre made the discovery during the renovation work at Lord Shiva and Lord Vishnu temples in Pazhnchervazhi village.
Members uncovered the stone slabs bearing inscriptions.
11th Century ‘Grantham’ Inscription
The 11th-century stone, with ‘Grantham’ inscriptions, was found in front of the Amman shrine inside the Siva Temple.
It measures 220 cm in height, 50 cm in width, and 20 cm in thickness, with graffitti marks and writings on all four sides.
Content and Symbolism
The inscriptions include two standing lamps, ‘trishul,’ conch, and moon symbols on the front side.
Repetition of words such as ‘hrim,’ ‘hushta,’ ‘hushra,’ ‘sham,’ and ‘lam’ suggests that the stone was used for ‘manthra’ worship, believed to cure diseases.
16th Century Tamil Inscription
The 16th-century Tamil inscription was found inside the Vishnu temple.
It measures 80 cm in height, 50 cm in width, and 20 cm in thickness, containing descriptions in 12, nine, and four lines on three sides.
Historical Narratives
The inscription reveals details about governance during the 18th day of Tamil month ‘Masi’ in the ‘Vilimpiya’ year.
Sriman Kuppala Annarkal governed the village, and a potter named Kuthar Sungam donated four rupees for perpetual lamp lighting in the Vishnu temple.
The four rupees were a tax levied for each pottery wheel, indicating the profitability of pottery-making during that era.
Historical Context and Significance
Medieval Period Names
Pazhanchervazhi village, known as ‘Pazhanhepali’ and ‘Pazhancherpalli’ in the medieval period, was a hub for Shaivism, Vaishnavism, and Jainism, each flourishing during different periods.
Cultural Practices
The ‘Grantham’ inscriptions suggest a cultural and religious practice of ‘manthra’ worship for healing, providing insights into ancient rituals.
The 16th-century Tamil inscription showcases the economic importance of pottery-making, reflecting taxation practices and the perpetuity of temple rituals.
Conclusion
The discoveries of stone inscriptions from the 11th and 16th centuries in Pazhnchervazhi village enrich our understanding of the region’s historical, cultural, and economic aspects.
These inscriptions not only provide glimpses into religious practices and governance systems but also reveal the economic vitality of activities like pottery-making.
The findings underscore the importance of continued archaeological research in unraveling the layers of Tamil Nadu’s rich history and heritage.
RESURGENCE OF WETLAND LIFE: RARE BIRD SIGHTING AND VIBRANT ECOSYSTEM IN PAMPORE
TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT
THE CONTEXT: Amidst a prolonged dry spell in the winter season, the wetlands of Pampore in south Kashmir’s Pulwama district have witnessed a delightful surprise – the sighting of a Common shelduck, a rare guest in the region.
EXPLANATION:
This event has stirred excitement among bird watchers, highlighting the vitality of the wetlands in sustaining migratory birdlife.
We will explore the significance of the rare bird sighting, the overall health of Pampore’s wetlands, and the community-led conservation efforts contributing to the thriving ecosystem.
Rare Sighting of Common Shelduck
The Common shelduck, a member of the Anatidae family, was spotted near Chatlam wetland, located a mere 2 km from Pampore town.
Considered a rare bird in the region, it is known to inhabit Euro-Siberian regions and the coastline of the United Kingdom.
Director of Wetland Research Centre and Project Associate at Wildlife Institute of India confirmed the rarity of the bird sighting.
A local birder captured photographs of the Common shelduck on January 14, marking its presence after several years.
Annual Migration and Central Asian Flyway (CAF)
The winter season attracts numerous migratory birds to Kashmir, following the Central Asian Flyway (CAF), one of the globally recognized migration flyways.
The wetlands in the region become vibrant with a diverse array of migratory birds during this period.
Pampore is home to several wetland reserves, including Chatlam, Fashkoori, Manibugh, and Krenchoo.
Despite a prolonged dry spell, all four satellite wetlands in Pampore remain unaffected by water shortages.
Community-led Conservation Efforts
Water Conservation Measures
Project Director of the Wetland Conservation Project attributes the thriving wetlands to community involvement and NGO efforts.
The wetlands, including Chatlam, have maintained sufficient water levels, creating a conducive environment for migratory birds.
Preserving Ecosystem and Habitat
The wetlands in Pampore have been consistently conserved and preserved, creating a safe haven for migratory birds.
The preservation efforts include maintaining a safe ecosystem, suitable habitats, and nesting places for the avian visitors.
Conclusion
The rare sighting of the Common shelduck in Pampore’s wetlands underscores the resilience and health of the ecosystem.
Despite challenging weather conditions, the community-led conservation initiatives and effective water management have ensured the well-being of the wetlands.
This event not only brings joy to bird watchers but also highlights the importance of local efforts in preserving biodiversity and sustaining migratory birdlife in the region.
The wetlands of Pampore stand as a testament to the harmonious coexistence of nature and community-led conservation practices.
ADVANCEMENTS IN SWEDEN’S NATO MEMBERSHIP: TURKISH APPROVAL AND HUNGARIAN STANCE
TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
THE CONTEXT: Recent developments have brought Sweden one step closer to NATO membership, as the Turkish parliament approved Sweden’s bid after a three-month wait.
EXPLANATION:
This approval leaves Hungary as the only remaining NATO member yet to ratify Sweden’s membership.
Turkish Approval and Voting Process
The Turkish parliament, after a prolonged delay, voted in favor of Sweden’s NATO membership on January 23.
The bill, submitted by Turkish President, saw 287 lawmakers supporting and 55 opposing, marking a significant step for Sweden.
Swedish Prime Minister expressed optimism on social media, noting that the vote brings Sweden closer to becoming NATO’s 32nd member.
Sweden’s Foreign Minister emphasized the need for Erdogan’s ratification and submission of documents to complete the process.
NATO Secretary-General welcomed Turkey’s approval and urged Hungary to swiftly ratify Sweden’s membership, emphasizing the strengthened alliance.
National Security Advisor from the United States appreciated the Turkish parliament’s decision, highlighting the enhanced security NATO gains with Sweden’s inclusion.
Hungarian Response and Stance
Hungarian Prime Minister reaffirmed support for Sweden’s NATO membership in a phone call with NATO chief Jens Stoltenberg.
Orban stressed Hungary’s commitment to urging the Hungarian National Assembly to vote in favor of Sweden’s accession.
Despite verbal support, Hungary remains the final hurdle, and the technical, formal process of official ratification has been repeatedly delayed.
The nature of Hungary’s verbal reaffirmation raises questions about the pace of the ratification process.
Sweden’s NATO Application and Regional Implications
Sweden applied for NATO membership in May 2022, signifying a notable shift in its security policy following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February.
Finland, too, applied for NATO membership around the same time, reflecting a broader regional response to geopolitical challenges.
Finland’s outgoing president congratulated Sweden, highlighting the positive impact on Baltic region security and the overall strength of the NATO alliance.
The completion of Sweden’s membership is expected to have implications for Finland’s own NATO aspirations.
Conclusion
The approval of Sweden’s NATO membership by the Turkish parliament marks a crucial step in the Nordic country’s path to joining the Western military alliance.
However, the delayed ratification process in Hungary remains a critical factor. The regional and geopolitical implications of Sweden’s potential NATO membership are significant, influencing security dynamics in the Baltic region.
The ongoing developments underscore the intricate diplomatic processes and alliances shaping the security landscape in Europe.
INGENUITY MARS HELICOPTER: NASA’S COMMUNICATION TRIUMPH AMIDST CHALLENGES
TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
THE CONTEXT: NASA recently announced the successful re-establishment of communication with the Ingenuity Mars Helicopter, a significant feat following a communications blackout during its 72nd flight on January 18.
EXPLANATION:
This communication is facilitated through NASA’s Perseverance rover, acting as a crucial relay between Earth and the helicopter.
Ingenuity’s Recent Flight and Communication Blackout
On January 18, Ingenuity was conducting its 72nd flight, primarily a vertical test to assess its systems after an unplanned early landing in the previous flight.
Perseverance rover relayed data indicating that Ingenuity reached its assigned maximum altitude of 12 meters during the flight.
Communication between Ingenuity and the rover was abruptly terminated during the planned descent, preceding the helicopter’s touchdown.
This blackout prompted a temporary halt in communication, raising concerns about the status and functionality of the Mars Helicopter.
Reestablishment of Communication
Recently NASA successfully reestablished contact with Ingenuity via the Perseverance rover.
The space agency confirmed that Ingenuity is power-positive, positioned vertically on the Martian surface, marking a significant milestone in the mission’s ongoing success.
NASA plans to conduct comprehensive diagnostic checks on Ingenuity to ensure its overall health and functionality.
Following diagnostics, the space agency intends to command Ingenuity to capture images of its surroundings and perform a spin test.
Ingenuity’s Mission and Significance
Ingenuity, launched within the Perseverance rover, contributes to NASA’s Mars Sample Return Program.
Perseverance’s primary mission is to search for signs of ancient life while collecting samples for potential return to Earth in future missions.
Ingenuity’s mission is groundbreaking, aiming to test powered controlled flight on another planet for the first time.
Achieving powered flight on Mars is inherently challenging due to the planet’s thin atmosphere, requiring unique engineering solutions.
Mars’s thin atmosphere, with only about one percent of Earth’s air pressure, necessitates faster and harder spinning of Ingenuity’s rotors for lift.
The difficulties of powered flight on Mars are highlighted, emphasizing the technological prowess demonstrated by the Ingenuity mission.
Communication Challenges
The complexity of communicating with and commanding a helicopter on Mars, situated around 50 million kilometers away, is underscored.
Delays of five to twenty minutes in one-way communication to the helicopter pose additional operational challenges.
Conclusion
NASA’s successful reestablishment of communication with Ingenuity reflects the resilience and technological prowess of the mission.
The challenges faced, from atmospheric conditions on Mars to the intricacies of long-distance communication, highlight the complexity of exploring and conducting experiments on other planets.
As NASA continues its diagnostic checks and planned maneuvers for Ingenuity, the mission stands as a testament to human innovation and determination in the realm of interplanetary exploration.
IMPACT OF INVASIVE PLANT SPECIES ON UTTARAKHAND’S WILDLIFE AND AGRICULTURE
TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT, GS 3: AGRICULTURE
THE CONTEXT: Invasive plant species are wreaking havoc in Uttarakhand, leading to a decline in native vegetation and a subsequent disruption in the food chain for wildlife.
EXPLANATION:
This crisis is not only affecting the biodiversity of the region but is also causing significant challenges for horticulture farmers.
We will look into the intricate relationship between invasive plants, wildlife behavior, and the escalating human-wildlife conflict in Uttarakhand.
Impact on Agriculture
Bear and Langur Incursions
Apple orchardists in Sukhi Top village report increasing damage by bears and langurs, which was not prevalent a decade or two ago.
Farmers’ complaints were validated through the installation of security cameras, capturing bears feasting on apples.
The surge in bear attacks on orchards is attributed to the scarcity of food in the forests, leading wildlife to migrate to human settlements.
Changes in Farming Practices
The decline in traditional farming practices like buckwheat cultivation and reduced livestock numbers contribute to the diminishing food sources for bears.
The shift from 400-500 to 150-200 sheep and goats per household reduces potential prey for bears.
Altered Wildlife Behavior
Langurs, traditionally confined to forests during the summer, are now year-round residents in villages, posing a threat to orchards by consuming apple tree bark.
Monkeys are expanding into colder areas around Harshil Valley, previously unexplored by wildlife.
Human-Wildlife Conflict
Increased Tiger Population
Data from 2023 indicates a rise in the tiger population in Uttarakhand from 442 in 2018 to 560 in 2023.
The growth in tiger numbers implies an expanded prey base, leading to increased human-wildlife conflict.
Tigers and Leopards
Abundance of food in the Terai region contributes to a higher than usual concentration of tigers (67 in Ramnagar forest division).
Tiger territorial control results in more frequent attacks on human settlements, pushing leopards towards these areas.
Forest Management and Invasive Species
Lantana Camara and Congress Grass
Ramnagar Forest Department is grappling with invasive plant species, particularly lantana camara and Congress grass.
The ‘cut rootstock method’ is employed to combat lantana, but its stubborn nature poses challenges.
Impact on Herbivores
Invasive lantana is encroaching on grasslands, influencing the diet of herbivores like deer, chital, and sambar.
Bivash Pandav, a scientist, notes that animals resort to consuming lantana due to the scarcity of native species, although it adversely affects their health.
Nationwide Invasion Threat
Qamar Qureshi’s study reveals that invasive plants threaten two-thirds of India’s natural areas, with a prevalence of 72% in the study area.
Invasive species are more common in open and less dense forests, posing a risk to biodiversity and ecosystems.
Conclusion
The intricate web of interactions among invasive plant species, changing wildlife behavior, and the surge in human-wildlife conflict in Uttarakhand underscores the urgent need for comprehensive conservation strategies.
Balancing the ecosystem, preserving native vegetation, and sustainable farming practices are pivotal in mitigating the impact of invasive species on both wildlife and human communities.
