DELHI HIGH COURT VALIDATES ANTI-PROFITEERING LAWS: IMPLICATIONS FOR BUSINESSES UNDER CGST ACT
TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY
THE CONTEXT: The recent decision by the Delhi High Court, upholding the constitutional validity of anti-profiteering provisions under the Central Goods and Services Tax (CGST) Act, is a significant development with far-reaching implications for businesses.
EXPLANATION:
The court’s ruling, encompassing over 140 pages, reinforces the legal framework surrounding anti-profiteering and establishes the legitimacy of the National Anti-Profiteering Authority (NAA).
Background of the Case:
The case revolves around the constitutional validity of certain provisions related to anti-profiteering under the Central Goods and Services Tax (CGST) Act and the establishment of the National Anti-Profiteering Authority (NAA).
Reckitt Benckiser India Private Limited, along with over 100 other companies from diverse sectors including hospitality, fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG), and real estate, filed petitions challenging these provisions.
The provisions in question primarily focus on Section 171 of the CGST Act, which mandates that any reduction in the tax rate on goods or services must result in a corresponding reduction in prices passed on to consumers.
The establishment of the NAA is instrumental in overseeing and enforcing these provisions.
The rules under consideration in the case include Rules 122, 124, 126, 127, 129, 133, and 134 of the Central Goods and Services Tax Rules, 2017 (CGST Rules).
These rules deal with various aspects, including the constitution of the NAA, the appointment of its chairman and members, determination of methodology and procedure, and duties related to anti-profiteering.
Upholding Constitutional Validity:
The Division Bench of Acting Chief Justice specifically upheld Section 171 of the CGST Act, which mandates that any reduction in the tax rate on goods or services should result in a corresponding reduction in prices for consumers.
Additionally, the court validated various rules (Rules 122, 124, 126, 127, 129, 133, and 134 of the CGST Rules) pertaining to the constitution and functioning of the NAA.
Key Aspects of Section 171 of CGST Act:
The court emphasized that Section 171 falls within the legislative powers of the parliament under Article 246A of the Constitution.
It clarified that Section 171 is not a mechanism for fixing prices but ensures that the benefits of tax reductions reach the end consumers, safeguarding against undue profiteering.
Rejection of Petitions by Companies:
The Delhi High Court dismissed petitions filed by over 100 companies spanning diverse sectors, including hospitality, FMCG, and real estate.
Renowned companies like Philips, Nestle India, Gillette, Patanjali, Whirlpool, and Emaar MGF were among the petitioners.
The court affirmed that while instances of arbitrary exercise of power may occur, the remedy lies in challenging such orders on merit rather than challenging the provisions themselves.
Court’s Findings on Various Issues:
The court addressed multiple grounds raised by the petitioners, offering conclusive findings on each:
No fixed method for determining profiteering.
Legislative prerogative for deciding benefit pass-on.
Absence of a fixed time period for price reduction.
Non-applicability of Section 64A of the Sale of Goods Act.
Statutory provision immune from abuse possibility.
Comparisons of taxes under CGST Act in line with its intent.
Absence of a vested right of appeal.
No necessity for a judicial member in NAA.
Rule 124 compliance with separation of judiciary from executive.
Rule 133’s authority for interest and penalty within governmental rule-making power.
Inclusion of Goods and Services Tax in profiteered amount justified.
Directory nature of the time limit for the DGAP’s report.
Implications and Concluding Remarks:
The Delhi High Court’s decision reinforces the legality and importance of anti-profiteering measures in the GST framework.
The ruling emphasizes the government’s commitment to preventing unfair profiteering and ensuring that the benefits of tax reductions reach consumers.
While acknowledging the potential for arbitrary exercise of power, the court underscores the availability of legal remedies for affected parties.
National Anti-Profiteering Authority (NAA):
The National Anti-Profiteering Authority (NAA) was established under Section 171 of the Central Goods and Service tax Act, 2017.
It was initially set up for a period of 2 years after the implementation of GST in 2017.
It was set up to control unfair profiteering by suppliers (where they were not passing on benefits of reduction in tax rates to consumers, etc.)
It essentially works as a price regulator which ensures that any undue benefit is not reaped by companies, due to changes in GST laws.
The NAA was subsequently given two extensions.
NAA will be headed by senior officer of level of a Secretary to Union Government and shall have four technical members from Centre and/or States.
The chairman and four members will be less than 62 years of age.
Conclusion:
The court’s thorough analysis and comprehensive decision not only validate the constitutional foundation of anti-profiteering laws but also provide clarity on various aspects raised by the petitioners.
This legal precedent sets the stage for continued vigilance against profiteering practices, promoting transparency and fairness in the implementation of the GST regime.
UNRAVELING HUMBOLDT’S ENIGMA: A DEEP DIVE INTO MOUNTAIN BIODIVERSITY
TAG: GS 3: GS 1: GEOGRAPHY, ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT
THE CONTEXT: Exploring the intricate relationship between biodiversity and geography has been a longstanding inquiry, with naturalists like Alexander von Humboldt contributing key insights. Humboldt’s observations, particularly on mountains, have sparked curiosity and set the stage for modern investigations into what is now known as Humboldt’s enigma.
EXPLANATION:
This enigma challenges conventional expectations by highlighting the exceptional biodiversity found in mountainous regions, contrary to the anticipated decrease in diversity away from the tropics.
Humboldt’s Insights:
Alexander von Humboldt, a polymath, proposed a connection between temperature, altitude, humidity, and the occurrence patterns of species.
His observations on the Chimborazo mountain in Ecuador served as a cornerstone for understanding the relationship between environmental factors and biodiversity.
Humboldt’s work laid the groundwork for future scientists to delve deeper into the drivers of biodiversity.
The Enigma Unveiled:
Humboldt’s enigma challenges the notion that the Earth’s tropical areas alone house the most biodiverse regions.
Mountains emerge as exceptions to this rule, exhibiting high biodiversity despite their non-tropical locations.
The enigma prompts a reevaluation of traditional biodiversity patterns and underscores the importance of mountains in shaping ecological richness.
Drivers of Mountain Biodiversity:
Geological Processes:
Mountains act as ‘cradles’ and ‘museums’ for biodiversity.
Geological processes, including uplifts, create new habitats where new species emerge (‘cradles’).
Additionally, climatologically stable mountains serve as ‘museums,’ harboring species for extended periods.
The Northern Andes, including Chimborazo, exemplifies this with a diverse range of biomes over short distances.
Geological Heterogeneity:
Mountains with high geological heterogeneity exhibit greater biodiversity.
The diverse composition of rocks provides varied habitats, fostering the diversification of species.
This phenomenon is particularly prominent in tropical mountains, contributing to their unique ecological tapestry.
Humboldt’s Enigma in India:
In India, the Western Ghats plus Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot, located in the tropical zone, is renowned for its biodiversity.
However, the eastern Himalaya surpasses it in diversity, challenging conventional expectations.
Climate dissimilarity, geological heterogeneity, and ecological niches contribute to the rich biodiversity observed in the eastern Himalaya.
Ongoing Mysteries and Research Gaps:
The enigma remains a complex puzzle, and scientists grapple with numerous hypotheses to explain biodiversity variations globally.
However, the lack of fine data on species occurrences poses a significant limitation.
Birds, among the best-studied groups globally, offer insights into mountain biodiversity patterns.
Further research, especially incorporating modern tools like genetics, is essential to unraveling these mysteries.
India’s Research Initiatives:
National programs, including the National Mission on Himalayan Studies, the National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem, and the National Mission on Biodiversity and Human Wellbeing, aim to address research gaps in India.
Strengthening these initiatives is crucial for advancing basic research on diversity, especially in less-explored regions like the Eastern Ghats.
Conclusion:
Humboldt’s enigma serves as a captivating lens through which scientists explore the intricacies of mountain biodiversity.
As we unravel the mysteries, our local environments become invaluable laboratories for understanding global challenges related to climate change and landscape transformations.
The quest for answers continues, urging us to delve into our backyards and contribute to the collective understanding of our planet’s ecological complexities.
UNLOCKING WATER RESOURCES: THE MODIFIED PKC-ERCP PROJECT IN RAJASTHAN AND MADHYA PRADESH
TAG: GS 3: AGRICULTURE
THE CONTEXT: The collaborative effort between Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and the Union Ministry of Jal Shakti, marked by the signing of the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU), is a significant step towards implementing the Modified Parbati-Kalisindh-Chambal-ERCP (PKC-ERCP) Link Project.
EXPLANATION:
This inter-state river linking project holds promise for optimizing water resources and addressing water deficit challenges in the region.
Modified PKC-ERCP Project:
The Modified PKC-ERCP is an ambitious inter-state river linking project.
It integrates the long-pending Parbati-Kalisindh-Chambal (PKC) link project with the Eastern Rajasthan Canal Project (ERCP).
This integration aligns with the national perspective plan of the interlinking of rivers (ILR) program initiated by the Government of India.
The Parbati-Kalisindh-Chambal (PKC) link project, identified in the National Perspectives Plan since 1980, is a critical component of river interlinking in India.
It was initially proposed to divert water from the Kalisindh and Newaj rivers to the Chambal.
The project gained significance when Rajasthan proposed the Eastern Rajasthan Canal Project (ERCP) in 2019.
The integration of ERCP with PKC was later approved in December 2022.
The Eastern Rajasthan Canal Project (ERCP):
The ERCP focuses on intra-basin water transfer within the Chambal basin.
By harnessing surplus monsoon water from Kalisindh, Parvati, Mej, and Chakan subbasins, the ERCP aims to redirect it to water-deficit sub-basins like Banas, Gambhiri, Banganga, and Parbati.
This strategic water transfer will benefit 13 districts in eastern Rajasthan, providing drinking and industrial water.
Benefits of the Modified Project:
The Modified PKC-ERCP project is poised to bring substantial benefits to the region.
The project aims to provide drinking and industrial water in 13 districts of eastern Rajasthan and the Malwa and Chambal regions of Madhya Pradesh.
Additionally, it targets irrigation in an extensive area, encompassing 2.8 lakh hectares or more in both states, totaling 5.6 lakh hectares or more.
Need for the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU):
The signing of the MoU between Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and the Union Ministry of Jal Shakti is pivotal.
It facilitates the implementation of the project by covering essential aspects such as water sharing, exchange mechanisms, cost-sharing, benefits distribution, and management and control arrangements for the Chambal basin.
The MoU acts as a foundational agreement for the collaborative execution of the Modified PKC-ERCP project.
Overcoming Challenges:
The project faced challenges related to project planning norms, as the initial Detailed Project Report (DPR) for the ERCP did not align with prevailing standards.
The Central Water Commission urged Rajasthan to revise the project planning to meet the 75% dependable yield requirement.
Subsequently, the Task Force on Interlinking of Rivers explored the integration of ERCP with PKC, leading to the formulation of the Modified PKC-ERCP proposal.
Chambal river:
It ends in confluence of five rivers, including the Chambal, Kwari, Yamuna, Sind, Pahuj, at Pachnada near Bhareh in Uttar Pradesh state.
The perennial Chambal originates at Janapav ,south of Mhow town(M.P.)
It rises in the old Vindhya Range and flows in northeastern direction.
It flows through three Indian states- Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh.
Kalisindh river:
It rises in the Vindhya Range near Bagli in Dewas district of Madhya Pradesh.
It joins the Chambal River at Nonera village in Kota district.
Parbati river:
It rises from the Vindhya range in Sehore district Madhya Pradesh.
Falls into Chambal River in Sawai Madhopur District.
Conclusion:
The collaborative effort represented by the MoU and the Modified PKC-ERCP project signifies a strategic approach to water management and inter-state cooperation.
As the project progresses, it is poised to address water scarcity issues, boost agricultural productivity, and contribute to the sustainable development of the region.
This initiative showcases the potential of interlinking river projects in tackling complex water challenges across states in India.
INSIGHTS FROM THE ALL-INDIA SURVEY OF HIGHER EDUCATION (AISHE) 2021–22
TAG: GS 1: SOCIAL ISSUES
THE CONTEXT: The recently released All India Survey of Higher Education (AISHE) for the academic year 2021–22 provides crucial insights into the landscape of higher education in India.
EXPLANATION:
We will analyse the five key takeaways from the survey, highlighting trends in student enrollment, gender dynamics, discipline preferences, institutional choices, and graduation patterns.
Rising Student Enrollment:
The AISHE report reveals a substantial increase in student enrollment, reaching 4.33 crore in 2021–22 from 4.14 crore in the previous academic year and 3.42 crore in 2014–15.
The survey covers various educational levels, including undergraduate, postgraduate, PhD, MPhil, diploma, PG diploma, certificate, and integrated programs.
A total of 10,576 standalone institutions, 42,825 colleges, and 1,162 universities participated in the survey.
Female Enrollment Surpasses Male:
A remarkable trend emerges with the steady rise in female enrollment in higher education. The number of women enrolled increased by 32% from 1.5 crore in 2014–15 to 2.07 crore in 2021–22.
The most significant surge is observed at the PhD level, where female enrollment has more than doubled in eight years.
In the current academic year, women constitute 55% of the 91 lakh additional students in higher education, with the postgraduate level having the highest proportion of female students at 55.4%.
GER and Gender Parity:
The Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER) for the age group 18–23 years stands at 28.4 nationally. Chandigarh boasts the highest GER at 64.8%, followed by Puducherry, Delhi, and Tamil Nadu.
The Gender Parity Index (GPI) indicates that in 26 states and Union Territories, the GER favors women.
The national GPI is 1.01, with specific values of 1.01 for SC and 0.98 for ST categories.
Arts Dominate in Graduation and Postgraduation:
The AISHE survey underscores the preference for Arts programs, with Bachelor of Arts (BA) having the highest enrollment at 34.2% of total undergraduate enrollment.
Arts is followed by science (14.8%), commerce (13.3%), and engineering and technology (11.8%).
Similarly, the social science stream dominates postgraduate enrollment, with Master of Arts (MA) having the highest enrollment at 40.7%.
Primacy of Government Institutions:
Despite the presence of more private universities, 73.7% of all students attend government universities, constituting 58.6% of all universities.
State public universities, in particular, hold the largest share of enrollment at around 31%.
This indicates a clear preference among students for government educational institutions.
Demographics of Graduates:
In the 2021–22 academic year, an estimated 1.07 crore students graduated, with approximately 50.8% being women.
The demographic breakdown shows around 35% of graduates belonging to Other Backward Classes (OBC), 13% from Scheduled Caste (SC), and 5.7% from Scheduled Tribe (ST).
The arts and social sciences streams exhibit higher graduation rates, with BA and MA programs leading at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels, respectively.
All India Survey of Higher Education (AISHE):
The AISHE report has been published by the Ministry of Education since 2011.
It aims to portray the status of higher education in the country.
The survey covers all the institutions in the country engaged in imparting higher education.
Data is being collected on several parameters, such as teachers, student enrollment, programmes, examination results, education finance, and infrastructure.
Indicators of educational development such as Institution Density, Gross Enrolment Ratio, Pupil-teacher ratio, Gender Parity Index, Per Student Expenditure will also be calculated from the data collected through AISHE.
Conclusion:
The AISHE 2021–22 report provides a comprehensive snapshot of the evolving higher education landscape in India.
From the increasing participation of women to the dominance of arts in academic choices, this analysis underscores the multifaceted trends shaping the educational journey of millions of students across the country.
Understanding these dynamics is crucial for policymakers and educators as they strive to enhance the quality and inclusivity of higher education in India.
NIO GOA LAUNCHES UNDERWATER VEHICLE “C-BOT” FOR CORAL REEF MONITORING
TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT
THE CONTEXT: The National Institute of Oceanography (NIO), headquartered in Goa, has unveiled a cutting-edge autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) named “C-bot” for comprehensive coral reef monitoring.
EXPLANATION:
It was launched by the director-general of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR).
This technological marvel marks a significant stride in understanding and safeguarding the delicate ecosystems of coral reefs.
C-Bot’s Capabilities:
C-bot boasts the ability to reach depths of up to 200 meters, making it a pioneering step in the development of underwater vehicles capable of scanning the profound depths of the Indian Ocean.
Director-general of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) emphasized that this is just the initial phase, with plans to enhance the AUV’s capabilities for even deeper exploration, potentially reaching thousands of meters beneath the ocean surface.
The primary objective of C-bot is to address the critical issue of coral bleaching caused by climate change.
NIO Director highlighted the AUV’s sophisticated array of sensors and cameras that measure various parameters, aiming to elucidate the reasons behind coral degradation.
By providing real-time data, C-bot becomes an invaluable tool for scientists studying the impact of climate change on coral reefs.
Applications in Navy and Bathymetry Studies:
Beyond coral reef monitoring, C-bot serves multiple purposes, including assisting the Navy in bathymetry studies.
The vehicle aids in mapping navigation channels and exploring hydrothermal vents.
These vents, where geothermally heated water rises from the ocean floor, are crucial to understanding the diverse ecosystems thriving in extreme conditions.
C-bot will capture photographs and samples in real-time, shedding light on the active biology occurring in such extreme environments.
Contributions to Environmental Research:
C-bot’s launch signifies a leap forward in oceanographic research capabilities.
Its ability to navigate great depths and capture real-time data opens avenues for a more profound understanding of ocean ecosystems.
As climate change poses an increasing threat to marine environments, this underwater vehicle stands as a testament to scientific innovation in addressing environmental challenges.
Future Development and Global Significance:
The announcement of plans for further development, including the capability for deep diving into the ocean’s abyss, indicates a commitment to advancing ocean exploration technology.
The global scientific community stands to benefit from such advancements, as underwater vehicles like C-bot contribute crucial data for understanding and mitigating the impact of climate change on oceans worldwide.
NIO is headquartered at Dona Paula, Goa, and has regional centres at Kochi, Mumbai and Visakhapatnam.
NIO was established in 1966 following the International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE) in the 1960s.
It is a multi-disciplinary oceanographic research institute.
The major research areas include the four traditional branches of oceanography – biological, chemical, geological/geophysical, and physical – as well as ocean engineering, marine instrumentation and marine archaeology.
Conclusion:
The launch of C-bot by NIO in Goa represents a remarkable achievement in marine technology and environmental monitoring.
This autonomous underwater vehicle not only signifies a commitment to understanding and preserving coral reefs but also showcases India’s capabilities in oceanographic research.
As C-bot delves into the depths of the Indian Ocean, it holds the promise of unlocking mysteries that will benefit both scientific understanding and environmental conservation efforts.
THE CONTEXT: Aadhaar-Based Payment Systems (ABPS) are now mandatory for wage payments under MGNREGS. However, the transition has faced criticism due to practical difficulties for workers. Accurate seeding of Aadhaar numbers is essential, and any errors can lead to the denial of wage payments.
THE ISSUES:
Technical Challenges: Implementation of ABPS requires accurate Aadhaar seeding with job cards and bank accounts, which has proved problematic due to data mismatches, causing delays and errors in wage payments.
Data Mismatches: Common spelling mismatches and demographic detail errors can complicate the seeding process, resulting in the deletion of job cards. In the last two years alone, job cards of over seven crore workers got deleted.
Deletion of Job Cards: Reports suggest an alarming increase in job card deletions by 247 % in FY 2022-23, compared to previous years, fuelled by pressures to meet Aadhaar seeding targets by 100%.
Questionable Efficiency Gains: Research findings indicate that the claimed advantages of the ABPS over traditional bank account payments, such as faster wage disbursal and lower rejection rates, are not statistically significant. Rural Development Ministry’s claims of ‘gains’ are based on Libtech’s study of a sample of 3.2 crore transactions. It is observed that ABPS is quicker than an account-based payment system by only 3%.
Accessibility Issues and Exclusion Concerns: The mandatory nature of the ABPS may exclude a significant number of workers who cannot link their Aadhaar correctly for various reasons, leading to a loss of livelihood. Out of 25.6 crore registered workers, only 16.9 crore workers are eligible for ABPS, while all workers are eligible for account-based payments.
Corrective Measures: Implement immediate corrective measures for those affected by job card deletions and ensure no worker is deprived of their right to work or wages.
Policy Evaluation: The government should consider the impact assessments and seek further evidence on the efficiency and reliability of ABPS.
Hybrid Payment Models: The government could facilitate ABPS and traditional bank account-based payments, thus accommodating discrepancies and preventing exclusion.
Grievance Redressal: A robust grievance redressal mechanism is essential to address the issues workers face due to the transition to ABPS and efficiently resolve disputes related to wage payments.
Capacity Building: Training on ABPS for workers and local officials to reduce errors and enhance system understanding would be beneficial.
Empirical Assessment: An independent and thorough assessment of the ABPS, including its impact on wage disbursal times and the deletion of job cards, is necessary to validate the system’s effectiveness and fairness.
Improvement in Data Accuracy: Steps should be taken to improve the accuracy of data entry at various administrative levels, minimizing discrepancies in demographic details.
Awareness and Support: Increasing awareness among workers about the Aadhaar linkage process and providing support to complete these formalities can reduce exclusion errors.
THE CONCLUSION:
Prioritize equity and practical realities of rural administrative systems. Payment systems should not add bureaucratic burdens on workers. A balanced approach that allows both Aadhaar-linked and traditional banking payment systems may provide the most equitable solution, ensuring timely wages and the broadest access to MGNREGS benefits. Let’s harness the power of technology to aid the welfare of rural workers.
UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTIONS:
Q. Reforming the government delivery system through the Direct Benefit Transfer Scheme is a progressive step, but it has its limitations too. Comment (2022)
Q. Performance of welfare schemes that are implemented for vulnerable sections is not so effective due to absence of their awareness and active involvement at all stages of policy process – Discuss. (2022)
Q. Two parallel run schemes of the Government viz. the Adhaar Card and NPR, one as voluntary and the other as compulsory, have led to debates at national levels and litigations. On merits, discuss whether both schemes need run concurrently. Analyse the potential of the schemes to achieve developmental benefits and equitable growth. (2014)
MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:
Q. Examine the effectiveness of Aadhaar-Based Payment Systems (ABPS) for disbursing wages under the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS). Suggest measures to enhance the inclusivity and reliability of wage payments in MGNREGS.
THE CONTEXT: The state of Manipur has been in the grip of a civil war-like situation since May 2023, when violent clashes broke out between the Meitei and Kuki ethnic groups. Recently, it witnessed a new low of lawlessness, when the chief of an armed militia, the Ararmbai Tenggol, administered an “oath” to 37 members of the state legislative assembly and two members of the Indian parliament.
MORE ON THE NEWS:
The six-points oath called upon the Centre to do the following:
1. Abrogate the tripartite Suspension of Agreement (SoO) that it signed with the State and Kuki-Zomi-Hmar militants since 2008
2. Implement the National Register of Citizens but using 1951 as the base year
3. Construct a border-fence across the India-Myanmar border
4. Replace the Assam Rifles with other central paramilitary forces
Under the agreement, the security forces as well as the militant groups are prohibited from launching operations. The militant groups must abide by the laws of the land and are also confined to designated camps identified by the Central government.
The resolution was adopted to revoke the agreement, claiming that the immunity it provides to the armed groups from central forces is “the main cause of the never-ending cycle of violence” in Manipur.
ISSUES:
Growing influence of Meities: The demand for ST status is a way for the dominant Meitei community from the valley area to gain political influence and control over the hill areas of the state. It aims todivert attention from the political demands of other tribal groups like the Kukis and Nagas.
Kuki-Meitei divide: The tribal communities Kuki and the Meiteis have had ethnic tensions since the kingdom era. The Naga movement for independence in the 1950s triggered insurgencies among the Meiteis and Kuki-Zomi. The recent oath tends to provoke the already existing tensions between Kuki and Meitei.
Eviction of Tribal Groups:One of the reasons for the discontent has been the state government’s notices since August 2022 claiming that 38 villages in the Churachandpur-Khoupum Protected Forest area are “illegal settlements” and its residents are “encroachers”.
Escalate Violence: In the pursuit to dominate political, trade and cultural activities in the state, Kukis and Meities often engaged in violent standoffs. The recent instance can escalate more violence in the region.
Violation of Article 371C: Kuki groups have claimed that the survey and eviction is a violation of Article 371C, which confers some administrative autonomy to the tribal-dominated hill areas of Manipur. If the demands got implemented, they would not only further expose the vulnerability of the Kuki-Zomi-Hmar groups but would also effectively erase their long-standing protective discrimination benefits.
Political Underrepresentation of Hills: Hill populations, including Nagas, Kukis, and other tribes (40% of the population), have 19 seats in the legislative assembly. Meiteis, constituting 50% of the population, hold 60 seats. Disproportionate representation leaves Kukis and Nagas reliant on Meitei-controlled assembly, regardless of party affiliation.
Did not mention disarmament: The reasoned public action was missing from the legislators’ public action as the six-points oath failed to mention ‘disarmament’, which was one of the four resolutions passed earlier by the Assembly. The fact that much of the arms and ammunition continue to be in the hands of armed militants across the divide, continue to be a key structural cause of this violence.
THE WAY FORWARD:
Scheduled Tribe Status: There is a need to evaluate the criteria for ST status to Meities and Kukis in line with recommendations given by several Committees. All the features and concerns of tribal communities should be kept in view to allocate the status in order to address the grievances.
Surveillance to prevent incursions: There is a need to bring surveillance along the border areas to prevent the incursion of the migrants from Myanmar. There is a need to maintain the identity of the people along the border areas to identify the local residence.
Strengthening ties with countries: Strengthening economic and diplomatic ties with neighbouring countries can help enhance regional stability and security. Signing Peace settlement agreements with the local insurgent group to maintain the peace in the region.
Democratic decision making: The government should foster the participation of the people of the region in the decision-making process to instill a sense of ownership and belonging.
Multifaceted approach: To forge a path toward peace, a multifaceted approach involving political will, inclusive dialogue, and equitable policies is essential. Manipur’s diverse communities must collectively address the root causes, fostering a spirit of unity and cooperation for a harmonious future.
THE CONCLUSION:
The recent oath taking event by Meitei legislators under the gaze of a militia group in Imphal can have larger implications for the state of Manipur. To address the issue there is an urgent need for meaningful dialogue and confidence-building measures among stakeholders.
UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS
Q.1 What are the two major legal initiatives by the State since Independence addressing discrimination against Scheduled Tribes (STs)? (2017)
Q.2 Why are the tribals in India referred to as ‘the Scheduled Tribes’? Indicate the major provisions enshrined in the Constitution of India for their upliftment. (2016)
MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION
Q. Examine the consequences of a recent oath administered to the members of state legislative assembly by the chief of an armed militia in Manipur. What steps need to be taken to address the grievances of the stakeholders and restore peace and harmony in this part of the northeastern region?
THE CONTEXT: There is a growing concern of rising inequality in India amidst the frequent mention of exponential growth of the economy. The recent statement by the World Economic Forum (WEF)’s President that India is a $10 trillion economy in the making is one of the most recent of predictions on the future size of India’s economy.
MORE ON THE NEWS:
There are instances of constant comments on achieving high growth in economy by leaders of the country. For example, in 2019, upon returning to office, Prime Minister said that India aimed to become a $5 trillion economy by 2024. This also includes the Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
Though these leaders represent political parties with widely differing social agendas and ideologies, they seem united in their economic goals.
Though, this has not materialised yet but has not deterred other political leaders from making predictions of, or expressing an aspiration for, a $1 trillion economy for their States.
However, alongside this there is issue of unequal growth due to rising inequality in India.
WHAT IS INEQUALITY?
The United Nations describes inequality as “the state of not being equal, especially in status, rights and opportunities”.
Inequality can be broadly classified in to:
Economic inequality: Economic inequality is the unequal distribution of income and opportunity between individuals or different groups in society.
Social inequality: It occurs when resources in a given society are distributed unevenly based on norms of a society that creates specific patterns along lines of socially defined categories. For example, religion, kinship, prestige, race, caste, ethnicity, gender etc. have different access to resources of power, prestige and wealth depending on the norms of a society.
ISSUES
Rising inequality: The most important issue to note about the recent growth in India is that it has been accompanied by growing inequality. It is important to recognise that this trend is not new. Having commenced in the 1980s, it picked up in the next decade, after which it has been unstoppable. It has, by now, reached levels that make India one of the more unequal societies in the world.
Inadequate Data: The government agencies appear reluctant to supply data which creates difficulty to provide precise estimates of this inequality. But the world’s leading inequality researchers are very likely right in describing India as “a poor country with an affluent elite” highlighted as per ‘World Inequality Report’, 2022.
Democracy goals: The growth dominates the economic agenda in democracies recently rather than addressing the legitimate aims. This bears mentioning, as a democracy is also meant to deliver other things than only unequal growth.
Standard of living: Growth is an aspiration in India but given that the majority of the population is yet to attain a reasonable standard of living, there is a need to address the basics. The point highlighted is that a large economic size may not do much by the way of levelling the income of the presently excluded ones.
Lacunae in Rural wage data: One of the reliable sources of data on wages is that on rural wage rates published by the Labour Bureau. These are based on actual market quotations rather than responses given to surveys. Also, unlike data gathered from income-tax records, which have value in determining the distribution of income, the wage data can convey information on the level of living at the bottom of the pyramid. A weakness of the Labour Bureau data, however, is that it presents data on wages of male workers alone. The absence of data on women workers is a serious omission as women have historically constituted approximately half the workforce in the cultivation of certain crops.
Stagnant real wage: The Sixth Economic Census of India (2013-14) reports that 51.7% of the employed are in rural India, and, of these, the overwhelming majority (68.9%) are non-agricultural workers. It is estimated that the real wage rate has grown by 4.6% over the nine years from 2014 to 2022-23. This implies that for about 35% of India’s workforce, real wages have not grown since 2014. So, even though there is growth of the economy, per capita income at the bottom of the pyramid is not rising.
THE WAY FORWARD:
Ensure Constitutional Provision: Enforcement of Constitutional Guarantee of equality as enshrined in fundamental rights. Articles 14, 15 and 16 form part of a scheme of the Constitutional Right to Equality. Article 15 and 16 are incidents of guarantees of Equality, and gives effect to Article 14.
Promoting Civil Society: There is a need to promote civil society groups like unions and association to address the issue of rising inequality in India.
Voice to Vulnerable groups: There is a need to provide a greater voice to traditionally oppressed and suppressed groups. For example, Scheduled castes and Scheduled tribes should be motivated to become entrepreneurs and there should be initiatives for women empowerment.
Strengthen government policies: There is a need to strengthen government policies like schemes like Stand up India need to be expanded to widen its reach by increasing funding. For gender equality policies affirmative action can be taken by reserving seats in legislatures, increasing reservation at Local self government, strict implementation of The Equal Remuneration act,1976 to remove wage gap.
Progressive Taxes: There is a need to implement progressive taxes on wealthy and by increasing the effective taxation on corporations, more importantly broadening the tax base through better monitoring of financial transactions.
Economic Policies: By ensuring universal access to public funded high quality services like Public health and education, social security benefits, employment guarantee schemes; inequality can be reduced to great extent.
Employment Generation: The failure to grow manufacturing sectors like Textile, Clothing, automobiles, consumer goods etc. is the important reason of rising inequalities. The Labor-intensive manufacturing has the potential to absorb millions of people who are leaving farming while service sector tends to benefit majorly urban middle class.
THE CONCLUSION:
It can be concluded that the growth in India is unequal and it is not in the spirit of democracy to have such divergent economic outcomes. Governments need to ensure that its policies address these causes and ensure inclusive growth.
PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION
Q. Inequality has risen substantially from the 1980s onwards, due to profound transformations in the economy such as deregulation and the reforms of 1990s. Comment. (2019)
MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION
Q. Despite high economic growth, there are persistent issues of rising income inequality in India. In this context, discuss the causes of income inequality in India and suggest measures to address it.
THE CONTEXT: The difference between India’s projected GDP growth and the slower growth rates in private final consumption, especially in the rural sector, is a cause for concern. The growth of rural wages not keeping pace with inflation and high demand for MGNREGA work suggests that the economy is still recovering from the pandemic’s impact despite the projected GDP growth figures.
ISSUES:
Consumption and Income Disparities: Discrepancy between GDP growth and individual consumption reflects growing income disparities, with the brunt being borne by rural and lower to middle-income households.
Rural Economic Fragility: Sales trends in FMCG and agricultural sectors, such as the decline in tractor sales, denote a weaker rural demand, hinting at deep-seated economic vulnerabilities.
Inflationary Pressures: The nominal wage growth in rural areas is not adjusted for inflation, which could mean the real income growth is stagnant or negative.
High Demand for MGNREGA: Despite purported economic recovery, the continued reliance on MGNREGA for employment indicates structural job market issues and persistent unmet demand for employment.
Welfare versus Wage Growth: While government welfare schemes have successfully reduced multidimensional poverty, they are not a substitute for organic income growth through employment, ultimately driving sustainable consumption and economic growth.
THE WAY FORWARD:
Job Creation Initiatives: Promote policies that incentivize employment creation, especially in the private sector, including infrastructure development and support for entrepreneurship in rural areas.
Managing Inflation: Ensure monetary and fiscal policies are attuned to manage inflation so that nominal wage increases translate to real income growth.
Encouraging Private Investment: Implement reforms that boost investor confidence and attract investments in key sectors that can lead to job-rich growth.
Rural Income Enhancement: Increase the real income of rural workers by augmenting initiatives like MGNREGA and promoting rural industrialization to create jobs outside the agricultural sector.
Targeted Support for Agriculture: Offer more support to the agricultural sector through investment in technology and infrastructure, enabling better productivity and higher revenue potential.
Comprehensive Job Creation: Foster an environment conducive to investment, which could lead to more robust job creation, particularly in industries with the potential to employ large labor forces and add value to the economy.
Focus on Skill Development: Implement larger-scale skill development programs for urban and rural populations to prepare the workforce for current and future market demands.
THE CONCLUSION:
To ensure that the growth is sustainable and inclusive, there is an imperative to create employment opportunities that spur income growth and reduce inequality. This will lay the foundation for a cycle of positive economic outcomes where increased consumption demands are met by increased production and investments, leading to persistent, broad-based economic development.
UPSC PAST YEAR QUESTION:
Q.1) Do you agree with the view that steady GDP growth and low inflation have left the Indian economy in good shape? Give reasons in support of your arguments. (2019)
Q.2) It is argued that the strategy of inclusive growth is intended to meet the objectives of inclusiveness and sustainability together. Comment on this statement. (2019)
MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:
Evaluate the implications of the disparity between India’s GDP growth and private final consumption on the economy’s long-term sustainable development and suggest comprehensive policy measures to address the underlying socio-economic challenges.
ICJ’S INTERIM RULING ON SOUTH AFRICA’S GENOCIDE CASE AGAINST ISRAEL
TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
THE CONTEXT:The International Court of Justice (ICJ) delivered an interim ruling on January 26 concerning South Africa’s genocide case against Israel, related to its actions in Gaza.
EXPLANATION:
While the core question of whether Israel is committing genocide in Gaza remains unanswered, the ICJ mandated several provisional measures, marking a significant development in the ongoing conflict.
ICJ’s Jurisdiction and Dispute Existence:
The World Court clarified its jurisdiction to consider the case, emphasizing the prima facie existence of a dispute between South Africa and Israel regarding the application of the Genocide Convention.
This dispute was based on opposing views on Israel’s obligations under the convention, with South Africa expressing concerns and Israel dismissing notions of genocide in Gaza as “morally repugnant.”
Interim Measures Ordered by ICJ:
The ICJ mandated six provisional measures in its interim ruling, indicating its commitment to addressing the complex situation in Gaza:
Prevention of Genocidal Acts: A 15:2 majority ruled that Israel must take all necessary measures to prevent genocidal acts in Gaza, in accordance with Article 2 of the United Nations’ 1948 Genocide Convention.
Immediate Ceasefire: Israel was directed to prevent its military from committing any genocidal acts “with immediate effect,” although a formal ceasefire was not explicitly ordered.
Incitement to Genocide: Sixteen out of 17 judges mandated that Israel must prevent and punish any direct and public incitement to commit genocide concerning Palestinians in Gaza.
Humanitarian Assistance: Israel is required to provide humanitarian assistance and essential services to Palestinians in Gaza, acknowledging them as a protected group under the Genocide Convention.
Preservation of Evidence: The court entrusted Israel with preserving evidence in Gaza related to alleged acts under Articles 2 and 3 of the Genocide Convention, ensuring access for fact-finding missions and international bodies.
Reporting to ICJ: By a 15:2 majority, Israel was instructed to submit a report within one month detailing the measures taken to implement the ruling.
Comments on Israel’s Actions in Gaza:
The ICJ, while not making a conclusive determination on genocide, noted that “at least some of the acts and omissions” of Israel seemed to align with the Genocide Convention.
The court highlighted Israel’s large-scale military operations causing civilian casualties, destruction of infrastructure, and displacement of 1.2 million people in Gaza.
Humanitarian Concerns and Lack of Ceasefire Order:
Acknowledging the severity of the humanitarian crisis in Gaza, the ICJ expressed deep concern about the ongoing loss of life and human suffering.
Despite this, the court refrained from ordering a ceasefire, citing potential challenges in rendering Israel defenseless against an attack.
Binding Nature and Enforcement:
While ICJ rulings are legally binding, the court lacks enforcement mechanisms. The weight of its opinions, however, influences international institutions and the United Nations.
The eventual determination on whether Israel is committing genocide is expected to be a prolonged process.
International Court of Justice
The ICJ is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations (UN).
The International Court of Justice is also known as the World Court. It was established in June 1945 by the Charter of the United Nations and began work in April 1946.
The seat of the Court is at the Peace Palace in The Hague (Netherlands).
Of the six principal organs of the United Nations, ICJ is the only one not located in New York (United States of America).
Its official working languages are English and French
All members of the UN are ipso facto parties to the statute, but this does not automatically give ICJ jurisdiction over disputes involving them.
The ICJ gets jurisdiction only on the basis of the consent of both parties.
The Charter of the United Nations was signed on 26 June 1945, in San Francisco, at the conclusion of the United Nations Conference on International Organisation and came into force on 24 October 1945.
The ICJ consists of a panel of 15 judges elected by the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) and United Nations Security Council (UNSC) for nine-year terms.
These organs vote simultaneously but separately. In order to be elected, a candidate must receive an absolute majority of the votes in both bodies.
The Court does not include more than one national of the same State. Moreover, the Court as a whole represents the main forms of civilization and the principal legal systems of the world.
Conclusion:
The ICJ’s interim ruling signifies a crucial step in addressing the complexities of the Gaza conflict.
While stopping short of ordering a ceasefire, the mandated provisional measures underscore the court’s commitment to preventing genocidal acts and ensuring humanitarian assistance.
The ongoing legal proceedings will shape the narrative surrounding Israel’s actions in Gaza, contributing to international discussions on the protection of vulnerable populations during armed conflicts.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION KINDLY REFER TO THE MAINS FOCUS OF 29TH JANUARY 2024.
THE CONTEXT:The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has marked a significant milestone in space exploration with the announcement of the INSAT-3DS satellite’s journey to the launch port at the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota.
EXPLANATION:
Designed as an exclusive meteorological satellite, INSAT-3DS is set to enhance and ensure the continuity of services provided by its predecessors, INSAT-3D and 3DR.
INSAT-3DS:
INSAT-3DS, is an exclusive meteorological satellite realized by ISRO.
Its primary objective is to provide continuity of services to the existing in-orbit INSAT-3D and 3DR satellites and significantly enhancing the capabilities of INSAT system is flagged off to SDSC-SHAR launch port on January 25, 2024 for the launch onboard GSLV F14.
The Satellite had successfully completed Satellite Assembly, Integration & Testing activities at U R Rao Satellite Centre, Bengaluru.
Pre-Shipment Review (PSR) was held with the participation of members from user community on January 25, 2024.
The satellite is a user funded project with Ministry of Earth Science (MoES), configured around ISRO’s well proven I-2k bus platform with a Lift-Off Mass of 2275 kg. Indian Industries have significantly contributed in the making of the Satellite.
DESIGN AND ADVANCED PAYLOADS:
The satellite is designed for enhanced meteorological observations and monitoring of land and ocean surfaces for weather forecasting and disaster warning, with state-of-the-art payloads viz., 6 channel Imager & 19 channel Sounder meteorology payloads, communication payloads viz., The Data Relay Transponder (DRT) and Satellite aided Search and Rescue (SAS&R) transponder.
Data Relay Transponder (DRT):
The DRT instrument plays a pivotal role in receiving meteorological, hydrological, and oceanographic data from automatic Data Collection Platforms and Automatic Weather Stations.
This data augmentation significantly contributes to advancing weather forecasting capabilities.
Satellite-aided Search and Rescue (SAS&R) Transponder:
The SAS&R transponder is strategically incorporated to relay distress signals and alert detections from beacon transmitters.
With global receive coverage, this feature enhances search and rescue services, emphasizing the satellite’s role in addressing emergency situations.
Conclusion:
As INSAT-3DS heads to the launch port, India’s capabilities in meteorological observation and disaster management are set to reach new heights.
The satellite not only builds upon the successes of its predecessors but also signifies India’s commitment to advancing space technology for the betterment of weather forecasting, disaster warning, and global search and rescue efforts.
The upcoming launch is a testament to ISRO’s continued innovation and its pivotal role in shaping India’s presence in the field of space exploration.
THE CONTEXT:The Economic Community of West African States (Ecowas) faces a significant upheaval as Niger, Mali, and Burkina Faso, all junta-led nations, declare their departure from the regional bloc.
EXPLANATION:
This move comes after their suspension due to military coups, prompting tensions with Ecowas, which has been urging a return to democratic governance.
Sovereign Decision to Withdraw:
In a joint statement broadcasted on state media, the three countries announced their withdrawal, describing it as a “sovereign decision.”
They emphasized Ecowas’ deviation from its founding principles and Pan-African ideals, alleging influence by foreign powers and a failure to address the pressing issue of jihadist violence within their borders.
Founding Members’ Dissatisfaction:
Niger, Mali, and Burkina Faso, founding members since Ecowas’ establishment in 1975, voiced their dissatisfaction, accusing the bloc of betraying its foundational principles.
The joint statement portrayed Ecowas as a threat to member states and peoples, reflecting a broader discontent with the regional organization’s role and effectiveness.
Tensions Post-Military Coups:
Relations between Ecowas and the three countries soured after military coups unfolded in Niger (2022), Burkina Faso (2022), and Mali (2020).
The regional bloc consistently called for a return to civilian rule, heightening tensions as the junta-led nations resisted these calls.
Ecowas Response and Diplomacy:
Ecowas responded to the withdrawal announcement, expressing its commitment to finding a negotiated solution.
The bloc emphasized the three countries’ importance and insisted that it had not received formal notification about their withdrawal.
Diplomatically, Ecowas faces the challenge of maintaining regional stability while addressing the concerns raised by the departing nations.
Formal Withdrawal Procedures:
According to the Ecowas treaty, member states wishing to withdraw must provide written notice a year in advance and adhere to its provisions during that period.
The formal withdrawal procedures raise questions about the legality and timing of the announced exit by Niger, Mali, and Burkina Faso.
Hardened Stance and Accusations:
Despite suspension, sanctions, negotiations, and even threats of military intervention, the military leaders in the three nations have adopted a hardened stance.
They accuse Ecowas of being influenced by external powers, distancing themselves from former colonial power France, strengthening ties with Russia, and forming The Alliance of Sahel States.
Security Concerns and Delayed Elections:
The junta-led countries argue that their priority is to restore security before holding elections, citing challenges in containing jihadist insurgencies linked to al Qaeda and Islamic State.
Niger seeks a transition period of up to three years, Mali delayed elections initially set for February, and Burkina Faso prioritizes the fight against insurgents over immediate elections.
Impacted Ecowas Delegation Meeting:
A scheduled meeting between Ecowas and the junta in Niger faced disruption as the delegation’s aircraft developed technical problems, resulting in a postponement.
The meeting aimed to discuss sanctions on Niger, further complicating the ongoing diplomatic efforts to address the political impasse.
ECOWAS
The Heads of State and Government of fifteen West African Countries established the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) when they signed the ECOWAS Treaty on the 28th of May 1975 in Lagos, Nigeria.
The Treaty of Lagos was signed by the 15 Heads of State and government of Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Sénégal and Togo, with its stated mission to promote economic integration across the region.
The Senegalese President was represented by the Minister for Foreign Affairs.
Cabo Verde joined the union in 1977.
The only Arabic-speaking Member Mauritania withdrew in December 2000.
The ECOWAS region, which spans an area of 5.2 million square kilometres.
The Member States are Benin, Burkina Faso, Cabo Verde, Côte d’Ivoire, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Sénégal and Togo.
Objectives:
Promoting economic integration among member states.
Facilitating the free movement of people, goods, and services.
Enhancing regional cooperation in various sectors, including industry, transport, energy, and finance.
Fostering a borderless region governed by democratic principles, the rule of law, and good governance.
Conclusion:
The withdrawal of Niger, Mali, and Burkina Faso from Ecowas marks a critical moment in West African geopolitics, reflecting deep-seated dissatisfaction and tensions.
As Ecowas navigates the complexities of diplomatic resolution and regional stability, the departure of these founding members raises questions about the organization’s future and its ability to address the evolving political landscape in the region.
GENOMIC MEDICINE’S REVOLUTIONARY IMPACT ON CANCER CARE: POWER OF WHOLE-GENOME SEQUENCING
TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
THE CONTEXT:Cancer, a global public health challenge with escalating incidence rates, is now at the forefront of a medical revolution driven by genomic medicine.
EXPLANATION:
Whole-genome sequencing emerges as a pivotal tool, enabling a comprehensive examination of an individual’s DNA in a single test.
This transformation comes at a critical time when the World Health Organization anticipates a 60% rise in the cancer burden over the next decade.
Cancer and Genomic Basis:
Cancer is fundamentally a genomic disease, characterized by uncontrolled cell division due to genetic changes.
Genomic technologies, bolstered by initiatives like the Cancer Genome Atlas, have played a crucial role in decoding the molecular underpinnings of cancer.
The focus has shifted to precision oncology, with nearly a third of FDA-approved therapies relying on DNA-based tests as biomarkers.
Precision Oncology and Molecular Tests:
Precision oncology therapies, guided by molecular tests, are at the forefront of cancer treatment.
The recent U.K. study, part of the ‘100,000 Genome Program,’ reinforces the potential of cancer genomics to revolutionize care.
Molecular tests, often DNA-based, determine the eligibility of precision therapies, marking a paradigm shift in clinical approaches.
Whole-Genome Sequencing’s Role:
At the heart of this revolution lies whole-genome sequencing, capable of deciphering an individual’s entire DNA – all 3.2 billion nucleotides – in a single, comprehensive test.
This approach involves sequencing both healthy blood-derived DNA and cancerous tissue or tumor-derived DNA, offering a holistic understanding.
Insights from the U.K. Study:
The U.K. study, involving over 13,800 cancer patients, showcases the transformative potential of cancer genomics.
By integrating genome sequencing with routine clinical data, the study identifies new avenues for customizable cancer treatments.
Notably, distinct DNA changes in brain tumors, bowel cancers, and lung cancers open up new therapeutic targets.
Implications for Challenging Conditions:
The study’s findings extend to challenging conditions such as ovarian cancers and sarcomas.
Approximately 10% of sarcomas exhibited genetic changes influencing treatment decisions, while a proportion of ovarian cancers was identified as potentially inherited.
These revelations reshape our understanding of these conditions.
National Health Service (NHS) Vision:
Aligned with England’s public health vision, particularly the NHS, the study underscores the real-world application of genomics in cancer care.
Insights gained from large-scale studies are already influencing patient care, with hospital trusts incorporating preemptive genome sequencing for informed clinical decisions.
Caution and Nuanced Perspective:
While the study marks a milestone, caution is advised regarding the use of information from whole-genome sequencing.
The absence of available treatments for identified harmful genetic changes raises important considerations.
However, ongoing advances in precision oncology are rapidly addressing these gaps.
The future of cancer care involves a shift in clinical testing, integrating genomics, protein studies, and metabolite analysis (multi-omics).
This holistic approach enhances the understanding of tumors, identifies molecular subtypes, and informs cancer progression and treatment.
Conclusion:
The U.K. study serves as a cornerstone in the intersection of genomics and cancer care.
While celebrating its transformative potential, the broader conversation must address the nuances of integrating genomics into standard cancer care protocols.
As genomics research continues, it paves the way for a future where population-scale insights seamlessly guide clinical decision-making.
It offers new horizons, opportunities, and inevitable challenges in the evolving landscape of cancer treatment.
It was launched into a 650-km, 6° inclination orbit on September 28, 2015, with a lift-off mass of 1515 kg, by PSLV-C30 (XL) rocket from Satish Dhawan Space Centre Sriharikota.
AstroSat carries a total of five scientific payloads enabling imaging, studying temporal and spectral properties of galactic and extra- galactic cosmic sources in a wide range of wavelengths on a common platform.
Cygnus X-1, discovered over four decades ago, is among the first confirmed black hole systems in our galaxy.
It is positioned at a distance approximately 400 times greater than the Earth-Sun distance.
It comprises a black hole twenty times the Sun’s mass and a companion supergiant star, forty times more massive than the Sun, forming a binary system.
Instrumentation and Contribution:
AstroSat spacecraft has the following five payloads:
Ultra Violet Imaging Telescope (UVIT), developed by IIA, consist of two identical telescopes of aperture 380 mm. One telescope covers FUV (130–180 nm) band and the other covers NUV (200–300 nm) and visible band (320–550 nm). The hyperbolic mirrors are super polished.
Large Area X-ray Proportional Counter (LAXPC), developed by TIFR has three identical gas detectors. LAXPC has a total effective area of 8000 cm2.
Cadmium–Zinc–Telluride Imager (CZTI), developed by TIFR works in 20–100 keV. The imaging capability is achieved with coded mask. CZTI also has the capability of making X-ray polarization measurements.
Soft X-ray Telescope (SXT), developed by TIFR, uses X-ray reflecting mirrors and an X-ray CCD for imaging and spectral studies in 0.3–8 keV.
Scanning Sky Monitor (SSM) developed by ISRO is an all sky monitor for detecting and monitoring transient sources and for follow-up studies of known X-ray sources in 2.5–10 keV region.
Significance of X-ray Polarisation:
While normal X-ray measurements focus on energy or intensity, the polarisation of X-rays provides insights into the orientation of the oscillating electric field.
This information unveils crucial details about the geometry and other properties of the black hole.
Connection to Black Hole Jet Emissions:
The study successfully linked high-energy X-ray radiation to the black hole jet in Cygnus X-1.
The measurement of high polarisation in the 100-380 keV range suggests that radiation emitted from the source above 100 keV likely originated from the black hole jet.
Scientific Implications:
The polarization data obtained from Cygnus X-1 offers a unique perspective on the immediate vicinity of the black hole.
from the Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics (IUCAA) highlighted that polarization, as one of the properties carried by photons, helps unveil information about the accelerating charged particles emitting light.
Conclusion:
The successful measurement of X-ray polarisation from Cygnus X-1 by AstroSat represents a significant milestone in astrophysics.
The study not only advances our understanding of black hole environments but also showcases the prowess of Indian space science and collaborative research efforts.
The results open new avenues for unraveling the mysteries surrounding black hole jet emissions, contributing to the broader body of knowledge in the field.
MOMENTOUS RULING: ON ISRAEL AND THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE ORDER
THE CONTEXT: The UN’s highest judicial body, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) ordered that Israel must take all measures within its power to prevent all acts within the scope of the Genocide Convention. The court was ruling on the nine provisional measures requested by South Africa in its genocide claim against Israel.
WHAT IS THE CASE BEFORE THE WORLD COURT?
Earlier, South Africa approached the International Court of Justice (ICJ) to seek an immediate order affirming that Israel had violated its commitments under the 1948 Genocide Convention.
In its application, South Africa argued that Israel, in its ongoing Gaza assault, has transgressed from the provisions of Article 2 of the Convention. This article defines the term “genocide” to mean “acts committed with intent to destroy, wholly or partly, a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group”.
South Africa has also sought interim relief for the Palestinians and asked the ICJ to order Israel to immediately suspend all military operations in Gaza, as an interim measure.
They argue that Israel’s actions meet the specific criteria outlined in the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide.
The court did not agree to South Africa’s request for an immediate ceasefire in Gaza. However, it directed Israel to allow the entry of basic services and humanitarian assistance into the Palestinian enclave.
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
The ICJ is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations (UN).
The International Court of Justice is also known as the World Court. It was established in June 1945 by the Charter of the United Nations and began work in April 1946.
The seat of the Court is at the Peace Palace in The Hague (Netherlands).
Of the six principal organs of the United Nations, ICJ is the only one not located in New York (United States of America).
Its official working languages are English and French
All members of the UN are ipso facto parties to the statute, but this does not automatically give ICJ jurisdiction over disputes involving them.
The ICJ gets jurisdiction only on the basis of the consent of both parties.
The Charter of the United Nations was signed on 26 June 1945, in San Francisco, at the conclusion of the United Nations Conference on International Organisation and came into force on 24 October 1945.
These organs vote simultaneously but separately. In order to be elected, a candidate must receive an absolute majority of the votes in both bodies.
The Court does not include more than one national of the same State. Moreover, the Court as a whole represents the main forms of civilization and the principal legal systems of the world.
The Genocide Convention was the first human rights treaty adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 9 December 1948. It signified the international community’s commitment to ‘never again’ after the atrocities committed during the Second World War.
According to the Genocide Convention, genocide is a crime that can take place both in time of war as well as in time of peace.
The definition of the crime of genocide, as set out in the Convention, has been widely adopted at both national and international levels, including in the 1998 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC).
The Convention establishes on State Parties the obligation under Article IV to take measures to prevent and to punish the crime of genocide, including by enacting relevant legislation and punishing perpetrators, “whether they are constitutionally responsible rulers, public officials or private individuals”.
That obligation, in addition to the prohibition not to commit genocide, have been considered as norms of international customary law and therefore, binding on all States, whether or not they have ratified the Genocide Convention.
The Genocide Convention has been ratified or acceded to by 153 States (as of April 2022, with Zambia). Other 41 United Nations Member States have yet to do so. From those, 18 are from Africa, 17 from Asia and 6 from America.
SIGNIFICANCE OF ICJ RULING ON ISRAEL
Rules based international order: The outcome holds significance not only for mitigating the crisis in Gaza but also as a crucial test for the “rules-based international order.” The ICJ‘s decisions in the coming months will play a pivotal role in shaping perceptions of the international legal framework.
Protection of human rights: The judgement stands as a cornerstone in international efforts to prevent and punish the crime of genocide. It will act as a beacon in the pursuit of justice and the protection of human rights on a global scale.
Legal accountability: The order is a moral and legal allegation of Israel for bombing health facilities, designated safe areas, and densely populated areas. The ICJ has directed Israel to take effective and immediate measures to ensure humanitarian assistance and basic services to Gaza.
Preventing genocide: While Israel and its allies highlight the absence of an order to stop military action, it cannot be ignored that the order is tailored to achieving the objective of preventing genocide. That most of the provisional measures were favoured by a 15-2 majority shows a high degree of consensus on steps to prevent genocide.
Prompting humanitarian action by Israel: The order makes it difficult for Israel to choose a policy of deliberate non-compliance. The ruling asks for a report in one month on steps taken to implement the measures can only mean that Israel has to demonstrate progress on the extent of humanitarian aid it has permitted.
THE WAY FORWARD:
Compensation for Palestine: There is a need for effective and immediate measures to ensure humanitarian assistance and basic services to Gaza to provide interim relief for the Palestinians.
Israel Comply with ICJ: Israel must comply with ICJ’s order to prevent genocide, step up aid in Gaza at the earliest and immediately suspend all military operations in Gaza as an interim measure.
Prevent genocide: There is a need to establish a credible expectation that the perpetrators of genocide and related crimes to held accountable as it can effectively contribute to a culture of prevention of genocide.
Strengthen institutions: Efforts should be made to strengthen institutions like ICJ and UNSC in upholding international law and addressing human rights violations.
THE CONCLUSION:
Despite the absence of an explicit call for a ceasefire, the ruling handed down by the International Court of Justice is a momentous one that binds Israel to its obligation to prevent acts of genocide in its ongoing military operations in Gaza.
UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS
Q.1 “India’s relations with Israel have, of late, acquired a depth and diversity, which cannot be rolled back.” Discuss. (2018)
Q.2 ‘Too little cash, too much politics, leave UNESCO fighting for life.’ Discuss the statement in the light of the US’ withdrawal and its accusation of the cultural body as being ‘anti-Israel bias’.(2019)
MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION
Recently, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) ordered Israel to prevent genocidal acts in Gaza. In this regard, discuss the impact of the ICJ ruling on the ongoing war and the challenges associated with its implementation.
NOTE: REFER TO DAILY NEWS ANALYSIS OF 29TH JANUARY FOR MORE INFORMATION.
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Question 1 of 5
1. Question
1. Consider the following statements:
Statement-I: We do not witness a lunar eclipse on every full moon day.
Statement-II: Moon’s orbit is inclined at an angle of about 5 degrees to Earth’s orbital plane.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?
Correct
Answer: A
Explanation: Both the statements are correct and Statement-II is correct explanation of Statement-I.
What are Eclipses?
• Eclipses are astronomical events that occur when the sun, moon, and Earth align in specific ways.
• There are two primary types of eclipses: solar and lunar.
• A solar eclipse happens when the moon comes between the sun and Earth during a new moon, blocking out the sun’s light.
• Conversely, a lunar eclipse occurs when the Earth is positioned between the sun and the moon during a full moon, casting a shadow on the moon.
Why is there no eclipse every full and new moon?
• Moon’s Path: The moon orbits around Earth, completing one orbit roughly every month.
• Ecliptic Plane: In an ideal scenario, if the moon’s orbit matched Earth’s orbital plane, called the ecliptic, we would witness a solar eclipse during every new moon and a lunar eclipse during every full moon.
• Moon’s Inclination: However, the moon’s orbit is inclined at an angle of about 5 degrees to Earth’s orbital plane, causing irregular eclipse patterns.
Role of Lunar Nodes
• Lunar Nodes: The moon’s orbit intersects Earth’s orbital plane at specific points known as nodes, categorized as ascending or descending nodes depending on the moon’s orbital direction.
• Eclipse Occurrence: Eclipses happen when a full or new moon closely aligns with one of these nodes, ensuring the sun, moon, and Earth are in alignment.
Incorrect
Answer: A
Explanation: Both the statements are correct and Statement-II is correct explanation of Statement-I.
What are Eclipses?
• Eclipses are astronomical events that occur when the sun, moon, and Earth align in specific ways.
• There are two primary types of eclipses: solar and lunar.
• A solar eclipse happens when the moon comes between the sun and Earth during a new moon, blocking out the sun’s light.
• Conversely, a lunar eclipse occurs when the Earth is positioned between the sun and the moon during a full moon, casting a shadow on the moon.
Why is there no eclipse every full and new moon?
• Moon’s Path: The moon orbits around Earth, completing one orbit roughly every month.
• Ecliptic Plane: In an ideal scenario, if the moon’s orbit matched Earth’s orbital plane, called the ecliptic, we would witness a solar eclipse during every new moon and a lunar eclipse during every full moon.
• Moon’s Inclination: However, the moon’s orbit is inclined at an angle of about 5 degrees to Earth’s orbital plane, causing irregular eclipse patterns.
Role of Lunar Nodes
• Lunar Nodes: The moon’s orbit intersects Earth’s orbital plane at specific points known as nodes, categorized as ascending or descending nodes depending on the moon’s orbital direction.
• Eclipse Occurrence: Eclipses happen when a full or new moon closely aligns with one of these nodes, ensuring the sun, moon, and Earth are in alignment.
Question 2 of 5
2. Question
2. Consider the following features of China type of climatic region:
1. Year-round influence of on-shore trade winds.
2. Fairly uniform annual distribution of rainfall.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Correct
Answer: C
Explanation:
Statement 1 is correct:
Features of Warm Temperate Eastern Margin Climate (China Type):
• Influenced by the on-shore Trade Winds all the year-round, without any monsoon variations.
Statement 2 is correct:
• Fairly uniform distribution of rainfall throughout the year.
• There is rain every month, except in the interior of central China, where there is a distinct dry season.
• Rain comes either from convectional sources or as orographic rain in summer, or from depressions in prolonged showers in winter.
• It is sometimes referred to as the Gulf type or Natal type of climate.
• This type of climate is found on the eastern margins of continents in warm temperate latitudes, just outside the tropics as seen clearly in the below figure:
Incorrect
Answer: C
Explanation:
Statement 1 is correct:
Features of Warm Temperate Eastern Margin Climate (China Type):
• Influenced by the on-shore Trade Winds all the year-round, without any monsoon variations.
Statement 2 is correct:
• Fairly uniform distribution of rainfall throughout the year.
• There is rain every month, except in the interior of central China, where there is a distinct dry season.
• Rain comes either from convectional sources or as orographic rain in summer, or from depressions in prolonged showers in winter.
• It is sometimes referred to as the Gulf type or Natal type of climate.
• This type of climate is found on the eastern margins of continents in warm temperate latitudes, just outside the tropics as seen clearly in the below figure:
Question 3 of 5
3. Question
3. In the context of Shale gas, consider the following statements:
1. Shales are fine-grained sedimentary rocks.
2. Guar gum is used in the extraction of shale gas.
3. Large quantity of water is required in the extraction of shale gas.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
Correct
Answer: C
Explanation:
Statement 1 is correct:
Shale Gas
• Shales are fine-grained sedimentary rocks formed of organic-rich mud that can be rich resources of petroleum and natural gas.
• Shale gas refers to natural gas that is trapped within shale formations due to its low permeability and cannot escape to the surface as easily as conventional natural gas.
Statement 2 is correct:
• Use of Guar gum: Guar gum can quickly turn water into a very thick gel. Adding guar gum increases the viscosity of water and makes high-pressure pumping and the fracturing process more efficient.
• High viscosity water is much more effective at suspending sand grains and carrying them into the fractures.
• The guar bean is grown mainly by farmers in Rajasthan and Haryana.
Statement 3 is correct:
Challenges and Environmental concerns:
• Shale is mostly found about 2,000 meters deep onshore, in areas of human habitation; unlike oil drilling that takes place offshore. Specially designed water bore-wells may be needed in such areas to tackle escaping methane gas. The use of high-power compressors and other equipment could also unsettle local populations, while shale drilling could affect groundwater reserves.
• The gas produced from such reservoir rocks is known as ‘tight gas’ and it requires massive hydraulic fracturing technique. So the potential impacts of hydraulic fracturing locally and downstream of drilling areas are also a big concern. Hydraulic fracturing involves drilling through the water table into deep underground shale gas reserves. Millions of gallons of water are then used to break the shale and release the gas. In theory, all wells should be completely encased until past the water table level.
Incorrect
Answer: C
Explanation:
Statement 1 is correct:
Shale Gas
• Shales are fine-grained sedimentary rocks formed of organic-rich mud that can be rich resources of petroleum and natural gas.
• Shale gas refers to natural gas that is trapped within shale formations due to its low permeability and cannot escape to the surface as easily as conventional natural gas.
Statement 2 is correct:
• Use of Guar gum: Guar gum can quickly turn water into a very thick gel. Adding guar gum increases the viscosity of water and makes high-pressure pumping and the fracturing process more efficient.
• High viscosity water is much more effective at suspending sand grains and carrying them into the fractures.
• The guar bean is grown mainly by farmers in Rajasthan and Haryana.
Statement 3 is correct:
Challenges and Environmental concerns:
• Shale is mostly found about 2,000 meters deep onshore, in areas of human habitation; unlike oil drilling that takes place offshore. Specially designed water bore-wells may be needed in such areas to tackle escaping methane gas. The use of high-power compressors and other equipment could also unsettle local populations, while shale drilling could affect groundwater reserves.
• The gas produced from such reservoir rocks is known as ‘tight gas’ and it requires massive hydraulic fracturing technique. So the potential impacts of hydraulic fracturing locally and downstream of drilling areas are also a big concern. Hydraulic fracturing involves drilling through the water table into deep underground shale gas reserves. Millions of gallons of water are then used to break the shale and release the gas. In theory, all wells should be completely encased until past the water table level.
Question 4 of 5
4. Question
4. With reference to Madden Julian Oscillation(MJO), consider the following statements:
1. It is a system of cloud bearing winds travelling along the equator.
2. Each cycle of MJO lasts approximately 30–60 days.
3. In its active phase in the tropics, MJO plays an important role in the occurrence of monsoon rains.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
Correct
Answer: C
Explanation:
Statement 1 is correct:
• The Madden Julian Oscillation (MJO) is one of the most important atmosphere-ocean coupled phenomena in the tropics, which has a profound influence on the Indian summer monsoon.
• MJO is a massive weather event consisting of deep convection coupled with atmospheric circulation, moving slowly eastward over the Indian and Pacific Oceans.
• MJO is an equatorial traveling pattern of anomalous rainfall that is planetary in scale.
Statement 2 is correct:
• Each cycle lasts approximately 30–60 days. Also known as the 30-60 day oscillation, 30-60 day wave, or intra-seasonal oscillation (ISO).
Statement 3 is correct:
• The MJO involves variations in wind, sea surface temperature (SST), cloudiness, and rainfall.
• As it moves, strong MJO activity often splits the planet in to two — one in which the MJO is in the active phase and brings rainfall, and the other in which it suppresses rainfall.
• In the active phase, MJO results in more than average rainfall for that time of the year, while in the suppressed phase, the area receives less than average rainfall.
• An active phase is generally followed by a weak or suppressed phase, in which there is little MJO activity.
• Three active MJO periods are witnessed every year on average.
Incorrect
Answer: C
Explanation:
Statement 1 is correct:
• The Madden Julian Oscillation (MJO) is one of the most important atmosphere-ocean coupled phenomena in the tropics, which has a profound influence on the Indian summer monsoon.
• MJO is a massive weather event consisting of deep convection coupled with atmospheric circulation, moving slowly eastward over the Indian and Pacific Oceans.
• MJO is an equatorial traveling pattern of anomalous rainfall that is planetary in scale.
Statement 2 is correct:
• Each cycle lasts approximately 30–60 days. Also known as the 30-60 day oscillation, 30-60 day wave, or intra-seasonal oscillation (ISO).
Statement 3 is correct:
• The MJO involves variations in wind, sea surface temperature (SST), cloudiness, and rainfall.
• As it moves, strong MJO activity often splits the planet in to two — one in which the MJO is in the active phase and brings rainfall, and the other in which it suppresses rainfall.
• In the active phase, MJO results in more than average rainfall for that time of the year, while in the suppressed phase, the area receives less than average rainfall.
• An active phase is generally followed by a weak or suppressed phase, in which there is little MJO activity.
• Three active MJO periods are witnessed every year on average.
Question 5 of 5
5. Question
5. Consider the following pairs:
Types of lakes – Associated physical feature
1. Kettle lake – Wind erosion
2. Oxbow lake – River meanders
3. Lagoon lake – Coastal region
4. Playa lake – Karst region
How many of the above given pairs are correctly matched?
Correct
Answer: B
Explanation:
Pair 1 is matched incorrectly:
• A kettle (also known as a kettle lake, kettle hole, or pothole) is a depression/hole in an outwash plain formed by retreating glaciers or draining floodwaters.
• The kettles are formed as a result of blocks of dead ice left behind by retreating glaciers, which become surrounded by sediment deposited by melt water streams as there is increased friction.
Pair 2 is matched correctly:
• An oxbow lake starts as a curve, or meander, in a river. A lake forms as the river finds a different, shorter course. The meander becomes an oxbow lake along the side of the river.
Pair 3 is matched correctly:
• A lagoon is a shallow body of water protected from a larger body of water (usually the ocean) by sandbars, barrier islands, or coral reefs around the Coastal region.
• They are often called estuaries, sounds, bays, or even lakes.
Pair 4 is matched incorrectly:
• The playa, also called pan, flat, or dry lake, is a flat-bottom depression that is caused by Wind erosion and is found in interior desert basins and adjacent to coasts within arid and semi-arid regions, periodically covered by water that slowly filtrates into the groundwater system or evaporates into the atmosphere, causing the deposition of salt, sand, and mud along the bottom and around the edges of the depression.
Incorrect
Answer: B
Explanation:
Pair 1 is matched incorrectly:
• A kettle (also known as a kettle lake, kettle hole, or pothole) is a depression/hole in an outwash plain formed by retreating glaciers or draining floodwaters.
• The kettles are formed as a result of blocks of dead ice left behind by retreating glaciers, which become surrounded by sediment deposited by melt water streams as there is increased friction.
Pair 2 is matched correctly:
• An oxbow lake starts as a curve, or meander, in a river. A lake forms as the river finds a different, shorter course. The meander becomes an oxbow lake along the side of the river.
Pair 3 is matched correctly:
• A lagoon is a shallow body of water protected from a larger body of water (usually the ocean) by sandbars, barrier islands, or coral reefs around the Coastal region.
• They are often called estuaries, sounds, bays, or even lakes.
Pair 4 is matched incorrectly:
• The playa, also called pan, flat, or dry lake, is a flat-bottom depression that is caused by Wind erosion and is found in interior desert basins and adjacent to coasts within arid and semi-arid regions, periodically covered by water that slowly filtrates into the groundwater system or evaporates into the atmosphere, causing the deposition of salt, sand, and mud along the bottom and around the edges of the depression.
THE CONTEXT:After a hiatus of approximately three years, a rare golden tiger has been sighted in Kaziranga National Park and Tiger Reserve (KNPTR), marking a significant event in wildlife observation.
EXPLANATION:
The golden tiger is a rare phenotype characterized by a recessive genetic trait.
The adult male golden tiger was photographed by a tourist and shared on National Tourism Day.
The photo captured the majestic creature strolling through Kaziranga National Park.
Tourists’ tour guide also witnessed this extraordinary sighting.
Assam Chief Minister’s office acknowledged the rare sighting, emphasizing the richness of Assam’s wildlife. The sighting contributes to the ongoing efforts to study and conserve the diverse fauna found in the region.
Phenotype Characteristics
The golden phenotype is an uncommon recessive trait that adds to the diversity of tiger populations.
The sighting reinforces the existence of this genetic variation in the wild.
The golden tiger’s last sighting in Kaziranga dates back to 2020, emphasizing the rarity of such occurrences.
Golden tiger:
A golden tiger (also known as a golden tabby tiger) is a Bengal tiger exhibiting a color variation resulting from a recessive gene.
The golden tiger’s coloring originates from a recessive trait known as ‘wideband,’ which influences the production of black pigments during the hair growth cycle.
Golden tigers are not a separate subspecies but rather a result of genetic variation within Bengal tigers.
They are exceptionally rare in the wild and even rarer in captivity.
Genetic Research
Scientists at the National Centre for Biological Sciences are conducting non-invasive scat sampling and DNA mapping to investigate the genetic basis of the golden phenotype.
Both pseudo-melanistic (dark-coated) and golden phenotypes are expressed as recessive traits, indicating the presence of a significant number of heterozygotes in the population.
The heterozygotes, having one copy of the genetic variant, resemble normal tigers and can be identified through genetic analyses.
Implications of Recessive Traits
The occurrence of recessive traits suggests factors such as population isolation, a small population, or inbreeding.
Understanding recessive traits is crucial for assessing the genetic health and diversity of tiger populations.
Kaziranga National Park:
It is located in the Golaghat and Nagaon districts of Assam.
It was declared a national park in 1974.
It is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site and houses two-thirds of the total world population of the greater one-horned rhinoceros.
It is the largest undisturbed area in the Brahmaputra Valley floodplains.
It is a mix of eastern wet alluvial grasslands, semi evergreen forests and tropical moist deciduous forests.
Conclusion
The rare sighting of the golden tiger in Kaziranga National Park is a testament to the region’s unique biodiversity.
As scientists delve into genetic analyses, the findings will contribute to the broader understanding of tiger populations and their evolutionary history.
This remarkable observation underscores the importance of conservation efforts to safeguard these majestic creatures and their genetic diversity.
MARS ROVER PERSEVERANCE CONFIRMS ANCIENT LAKE SEDIMENTS ON RED PLANET
TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
THE CONTEXT:NASA’s Perseverance rover has provided conclusive data supporting the presence of ancient lake sediments in Mars’ Jerezo Crater, indicating the past existence of water and potential habitats for microbial life.
EXPLANATION:
NASA’s rover Perseverance has recently collected data affirming the presence of ancient lake sediments deposited by water in Mars’ Jerezo Crater, a substantial basin on the red planet.
This revelation builds upon earlier orbital imagery and scientific conjecture proposing that parts of Mars were once submerged in water, fostering conditions suitable for microbial life.
Study Findings
The study, led by teams from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), and the University of Oslo, relied on ground-penetrating radar observations conducted by Perseverance.
These observations, made over several months in 2022, traversed the Martian surface from the crater floor to adjacent sedimentary-like features resembling Earth’s river deltas.
The rover’s RIMFAX radar instrument provided subsurface scans, offering a cross-sectional view of rock layers up to 65 feet (20 meters) deep.
UCLA planetary scientist David Paige, the first author of the paper, likened this view to “looking at a road cut.”
The distinct layers confirmed the deposition of soil sediments carried by water at Jerezo Crater and its delta, resembling processes seen in Earth’s lakes.
Implications for Mars’ History
The findings support the long-standing theory that Mars, now cold and arid, once experienced warmer, wetter conditions potentially conducive to life.
Researchers anticipate further insights from an up-close examination of Jerezo’s sediments, expected to be collected by Perseverance for future analysis on Earth.
Geo-Biological Endeavor
The study serves as validation for scientists, reaffirming that their choice of Jerezo Crater as a research site was apt.
Earlier remote analysis of core samples surprised researchers by revealing volcanic rocks, contrary to the anticipated sedimentary composition.
However, even these volcanic rocks exhibited signs of alteration due to water exposure, aligning with the broader narrative of Mars’ complex geological history.
The RIMFAX radar readings revealed evidence of erosion before and after the formation of sedimentary layers, highlighting the dynamic geological processes at play.
Paige emphasized that while volcanic rocks were initially encountered, the rover’s arrival at the delta area provided crucial evidence of lake sediments, fulfilling the mission’s primary objectives.
Conclusion
NASA’s Perseverance continues to unravel Mars’ mysteries, offering valuable insights into the planet’s past.
The confirmation of ancient lake sediments further fuels scientific curiosity, underscoring the importance of Mars’ geological history in understanding its potential for past habitability.
ONE NATION, ONE ELECTION: LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE TRANSFORMATIONS PROPOSED
TAG: GS 2: POLITY
THE CONTEXT: Bar Council of India (BCI) Chairman suggests Constitutional changes, political funding reforms to High-Level Committee for ‘One Nation, One Election’.
EXPLANATION:
The concept of ‘One Nation, One Election,’ advocating simultaneous elections for Central and State governments, has garnered attention.
The Chairman of the Bar Council of India (BCI) has presented suggestions to the High-Level Committee for One Nation, One Election.
The proposed changes span constitutional amendments, empowering the Election Commission, electoral law modifications, political funding reforms, administrative preparedness, and public awareness campaigns.
Constitutional Amendment:
Synchronization of Tenures:
The foremost recommendation involves amending the Constitution to synchronize the tenures of State Assemblies with the Lok Sabha, requiring modifications to Articles 83, 85, 172, 174, and 356.
Examination of Additional Articles:
Articles 243K and 243ZA, establishing a State Election Commission, should be examined for potential adjustments.
Empowerment of Election Commission:
Resource and Authority Augmentation: To manage logistics and execution, the Election Commission of India (ECI) needs enhanced resources and authority, potentially requiring a restructuring for increased capabilities.
Amendments to Electoral Laws:
Representation of the People Act: Suggestions include amendments to the Representation of the People Act, 1951, outlining coordinated polling schedules, uniform campaign periods, and expenditure limits for both Parliamentary and State elections.
Political Funding Reforms:
Equitable Electoral Practices: To ensure fair electoral practices and mitigate monetary influence, substantial reforms to laws governing political funding and campaign finances are proposed.
Administrative Preparedness:
Comprehensive Coordination: Meticulous coordination between Union and State governments is deemed essential for seamless execution. This involves aspects such as security measures, polling station management, deployment of election personnel, and logistical requisites.
Public Awareness and Voter Education:
Key to Success: Extensive public awareness initiatives and voter education campaigns are emphasized as vital components for the success of ‘One Nation, One Election.’
Advantages and Challenges:
Cost and Administrative Efficiency:
Simultaneous elections could offer advantages such as cost and administrative efficiency, continuous governance, voter convenience, decentralization of power, greater policy focus, and reduced security concerns.
Disadvantages:
Challenges include the need for significant constitutional changes, an overemphasis on national issues, and the potential influence of national trends on State elections.
About the Committee:
Government has constituted an eight-member high level committee to examine One Nation, One Election in September, 2023.
Former President Ram Nath Kovind has been appointed as Chairman of the committee. Union Home Minister, Congress MP Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury, Former Leader of Opposition in Rajya Sabha, Former Chairman 15th Finance Commission. K. Singh and others are appointed as the members of the committee.
The high level committee will examine and make recommendation for holding simultaneous elections of Lok Sabha, State Legislative Assemblies, Municipalities and Panchayats, keeping in view the existing framework under the Constitution and other statutory provisions.
It will examine and recommend, if the amendments to the Constitution would require ratification by the States.
They will also suggest a framework for synchronisation of elections and specifically, suggest the phases and time frame within which simultaneous elections may be held.
The committee will also examine the logistics and manpower required, including EVMs and VVPATs for holding simultaneous elections.
Bar Council of India (BCI):
It is a statutory body established under the Advocates Act 1961 to regulate and represent the Indian bar.
It performs the regulatory function by prescribing standards of professional conduct and etiquette and by exercising disciplinary jurisdiction over the bar.
It also sets standards for legal education and grants recognition to universities whose degrees in law will serve as qualification for enrolment as an advocate.
It conducts the All-India Bar Examination (AIBE) to grant a ‘Certificate of Practice’ to advocates practising law in India.
Conclusion:
The detailed proposals by BCI Chairman provide a comprehensive roadmap for the effective implementation of ‘One Nation, One Election.’
Acknowledging the paradigm shift required, the suggestions address legal, administrative, and logistical aspects, underlining the importance of consensus-building among political entities and a thorough assessment of potential ramifications on democratic principles.
The proposal reflects the need for meticulous planning to usher in this transformative change in India’s electoral landscape.
NEWLY DISCOVERED ASTEROID’S CLOSE APPROACH TO EARTH
TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
THE CONTEXT:A recently discovered asteroid, named 2024 BJ, is set to make its closest approach to Earth on January 27.
EXPLANATION:
This space rock, measuring up to 121 feet (37 meters) wide, will pass between Earth and the moon.
Despite its proximity, astronomers assure that there is no threat to our planet.
We will look into the asteroid’s discovery, trajectory, and the safety measures in place.
Asteroid 2024 BJ (orbit shown in white) will zoom close past Earth (orbit show in light blue)
Discovery and Characteristics:
Astronomers detected the asteroid on January 17 and officially documented the discovery on the following day.
Designated as a near-Earth asteroid of the Apollo type, 2024 BJ has an egg-shaped orbit that crosses the Earth’s path.
The size of the asteroid is estimated to be up to 121 feet wide, posing no significant threat to Earth.
Closest Approach and Trajectory:
The closest point to Earth is expected to occur at 12:30 p.m. EST on January 27, just three and a half hours after passing close to the moon.
The estimated speed of the asteroid during its approach is 14,200 mph (22,850 km/h).
The Virtual Telescope Project will provide a livestream of the event starting from 12:15 p.m. EST, allowing viewers to observe the asteroid as a white speck against the backdrop of stars.
Distance and Comparison:
2024 BJ will come within 220,000 miles (354,000 kilometers) of Earth, which is more than nine tenths of the average distance between Earth and the moon.
The proximity of this asteroid allows for close observation but does not pose a threat.
Asteroid Classification and Earth’s Safety:
Classified as a near-Earth asteroid of the Apollo type, 2024 BJ belongs to a group whose orbits cross Earth’s path.
The Apollo asteroids, numbering over 1,600, constitute the majority of Earth-crossing and potentially hazardous asteroids.
Reassuringly, 2024 BJ is not large enough to be considered hazardous, and current predictions suggest that Earth is safe from cataclysmic “planet-killer” asteroids measuring more than 0.6 miles (1 km) across for the next 1,000 years.
Planetary Defense Measures:
The analysis touches upon the reassuring fact that Earth appears safe from catastrophic asteroid impacts in the foreseeable future.
In the event of an unforeseen threat, scientists have devised plans to deflect potentially hazardous asteroids, including using rockets or, in extreme cases, nuclear weapons detonated in space.
Conclusion:
The detailed analysis provides insights into the characteristics, trajectory, and safety aspects of the newly discovered asteroid 2024 BJ.
While its close approach offers a unique observational opportunity, the reassurance of Earth’s safety from this specific asteroid is emphasized.
The broader context includes an overview of asteroid classifications, planetary defense measures, and the ongoing efforts to monitor and understand celestial bodies in our solar system.
INDIA-FRANCE DEFENSE TIES: A STRATEGIC LEAP FORWARD
TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
THE CONTEXT: Recently, India and France have announced a “defence industrial roadmap” for cooperation on defence production, for future collaboration on “co-design and co-development” of military hardware, as well as key agreements on space cooperation.
EXPLANATION:
India and France have solidified their defense and strategic partnership with the announcement of a “defence industrial roadmap” during talks between Prime Minister and French President in Jaipur.
The roadmap, along with key agreements on space cooperation, signifies a significant leap in bilateral relations.
Defence Industrial Roadmap and Collaboration:
The roadmap aims at fostering cooperation in defense production.
Emphasis on “co-design and co-development” of military hardware aligns with India’s strategic goals.
Identification of opportunities for partnership in defense industrial sectors, including aircraft, land and maritime warfare, space, robotic technology, cyber-defense, and artificial intelligence-led vehicles.
Focus on building defense supply chains for mutual benefit and potential contributions to security partnerships with other nations.
Space Cooperation and Defence-Space Partnership:
India and France signed agreements on space cooperation, including a defense-space partnership.
Collaboration on “space situational awareness” and an MoU on coordinating satellite launches were key components of the partnership.
Underscores joint efforts in harnessing space technology for mutual benefits.
Airbus-TATA Chopper Deal and Pending Defense Deals:
Airbus and TATA finalized a joint venture for local manufacturing of civilian helicopters.
Pending mega defense deals, such as Rafale-M fighter jets and Scorpene-class submarines, are in the cost negotiation phase.
Deals, once concluded, are expected to significantly enhance India’s defense capabilities.
Challenges and Pressing Issues:
The French government raised concerns about a French journalist facing possible deportation.
India emphasizes “compliance with rules,” highlighting challenges in diplomatic relations.
Journalist visa restrictions and related issues underscore the importance of addressing bilateral concerns.
Civil Nuclear Cooperation and Strategic Partnership:
Delays in the civil nuclear cooperation agreement for building reactors at Jaitapur were discussed.
Technical, engineering, financial, and localization aspects are still under discussion, reflecting the complexity of nuclear collaborations.
The defense industrial roadmap mirrors India’s collaboration efforts with the U.S. and underscores the depth of the strategic partnership with France.
Diplomatic Engagement and Republic Day Invitation:
Macron’s acceptance of Prime Minister’s Republic Day invitation strengthens bilateral ties.
High-level engagement and supervision reflect the significance both leaders attach to the partnership.
French president’s third visit to India and the sixth invitation for a French President to Republic Day highlight the robust nature of India-France relations.
Conclusion:
It indicates that India and France have taken significant steps to strengthen their defense, space, and strategic partnerships.
The defense industrial roadmap, space cooperation, and pending defense deals underscore the commitment of both nations to enhance mutual capabilities and address shared security challenges.
Challenges, including diplomatic concerns and delays in specific agreements, highlight the need for ongoing dialogue and cooperation to ensure the sustained growth of the bilateral relationship.
The multifaceted engagement showcases the dynamic and evolving nature of India-France ties.
HISTORICAL DISCOVERIES IN TAMIL NADU: INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE 11TH AND 16TH CENTURIES
TAG: GS 1: HISTORY
THE CONTEXT: A significant archaeological discovery has been made by the Virarajendran Archaeological and Historical Research Centre near Kangayam in Tamil Nadu.
EXPLANATION:
Two stone inscriptions, one in the 11th century ‘Grantham’ script and the other in 16th-century Tamil, were unearthed at the Lord Shiva and Lord Vishnu temples in Pazhnchervazhi village.
We will look into the details of the discoveries, shedding light on their historical and cultural significance.
Discovery at Pazhnchervazhi Village
The Virarajendran Archaeological and Historical Research Centre made the discovery during the renovation work at Lord Shiva and Lord Vishnu temples in Pazhnchervazhi village.
Members uncovered the stone slabs bearing inscriptions.
11th Century ‘Grantham’ Inscription
The 11th-century stone, with ‘Grantham’ inscriptions, was found in front of the Amman shrine inside the Siva Temple.
It measures 220 cm in height, 50 cm in width, and 20 cm in thickness, with graffitti marks and writings on all four sides.
Content and Symbolism
The inscriptions include two standing lamps, ‘trishul,’ conch, and moon symbols on the front side.
Repetition of words such as ‘hrim,’ ‘hushta,’ ‘hushra,’ ‘sham,’ and ‘lam’ suggests that the stone was used for ‘manthra’ worship, believed to cure diseases.
16th Century Tamil Inscription
The 16th-century Tamil inscription was found inside the Vishnu temple.
It measures 80 cm in height, 50 cm in width, and 20 cm in thickness, containing descriptions in 12, nine, and four lines on three sides.
Historical Narratives
The inscription reveals details about governance during the 18th day of Tamil month ‘Masi’ in the ‘Vilimpiya’ year.
Sriman Kuppala Annarkal governed the village, and a potter named Kuthar Sungam donated four rupees for perpetual lamp lighting in the Vishnu temple.
The four rupees were a tax levied for each pottery wheel, indicating the profitability of pottery-making during that era.
Historical Context and Significance
Medieval Period Names
Pazhanchervazhi village, known as ‘Pazhanhepali’ and ‘Pazhancherpalli’ in the medieval period, was a hub for Shaivism, Vaishnavism, and Jainism, each flourishing during different periods.
Cultural Practices
The ‘Grantham’ inscriptions suggest a cultural and religious practice of ‘manthra’ worship for healing, providing insights into ancient rituals.
The 16th-century Tamil inscription showcases the economic importance of pottery-making, reflecting taxation practices and the perpetuity of temple rituals.
Conclusion
The discoveries of stone inscriptions from the 11th and 16th centuries in Pazhnchervazhi village enrich our understanding of the region’s historical, cultural, and economic aspects.
These inscriptions not only provide glimpses into religious practices and governance systems but also reveal the economic vitality of activities like pottery-making.
The findings underscore the importance of continued archaeological research in unraveling the layers of Tamil Nadu’s rich history and heritage.
RESURGENCE OF WETLAND LIFE: RARE BIRD SIGHTING AND VIBRANT ECOSYSTEM IN PAMPORE
TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT
THE CONTEXT: Amidst a prolonged dry spell in the winter season, the wetlands of Pampore in south Kashmir’s Pulwama district have witnessed a delightful surprise – the sighting of a Common shelduck, a rare guest in the region.
EXPLANATION:
This event has stirred excitement among bird watchers, highlighting the vitality of the wetlands in sustaining migratory birdlife.
We will explore the significance of the rare bird sighting, the overall health of Pampore’s wetlands, and the community-led conservation efforts contributing to the thriving ecosystem.
Rare Sighting of Common Shelduck
The Common shelduck, a member of the Anatidae family, was spotted near Chatlam wetland, located a mere 2 km from Pampore town.
Considered a rare bird in the region, it is known to inhabit Euro-Siberian regions and the coastline of the United Kingdom.
Director of Wetland Research Centre and Project Associate at Wildlife Institute of India confirmed the rarity of the bird sighting.
A local birder captured photographs of the Common shelduck on January 14, marking its presence after several years.
Annual Migration and Central Asian Flyway (CAF)
The winter season attracts numerous migratory birds to Kashmir, following the Central Asian Flyway (CAF), one of the globally recognized migration flyways.
The wetlands in the region become vibrant with a diverse array of migratory birds during this period.
Pampore is home to several wetland reserves, including Chatlam, Fashkoori, Manibugh, and Krenchoo.
Despite a prolonged dry spell, all four satellite wetlands in Pampore remain unaffected by water shortages.
Community-led Conservation Efforts
Water Conservation Measures
Project Director of the Wetland Conservation Project attributes the thriving wetlands to community involvement and NGO efforts.
The wetlands, including Chatlam, have maintained sufficient water levels, creating a conducive environment for migratory birds.
Preserving Ecosystem and Habitat
The wetlands in Pampore have been consistently conserved and preserved, creating a safe haven for migratory birds.
The preservation efforts include maintaining a safe ecosystem, suitable habitats, and nesting places for the avian visitors.
Conclusion
The rare sighting of the Common shelduck in Pampore’s wetlands underscores the resilience and health of the ecosystem.
Despite challenging weather conditions, the community-led conservation initiatives and effective water management have ensured the well-being of the wetlands.
This event not only brings joy to bird watchers but also highlights the importance of local efforts in preserving biodiversity and sustaining migratory birdlife in the region.
The wetlands of Pampore stand as a testament to the harmonious coexistence of nature and community-led conservation practices.
