THE CONTEXT:  Recently, the Speaker of the Maharashtra Assembly was required to decide whether the breakaway group of Shiv Sena MLA under the leadership of Eknath Shinde voluntarily gave up the membership of their party. He then would have decided their disqualification depending on the inquiry, but speaker went ahead of his powers under the 10^th schedule and acted on the question as to which faction is the real party.

CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS RELATED TO DISQUALIFICATIONS

• Originally, under the Tenth Schedule, a legislator could avoid disqualification on two grounds.

1. A split in political party occurs wherein one-third of the legislators form a faction and break with that party.

2. The legislator’s party merges with another party and not less than two thirds of them agree to the merger and walkout of the original party.

           In both these cases the outgoing legislators could claim exemption from disqualification.

• But the split provision in paragraph 3 of the Tenth Schedule was omitted through the 91st Constitution Amendment in 2003 because of the frequent abuse of this provision by legislators.
• Now only the merger provision in paragraph 4 remains which can protect defectors provided the conditions stipulated in paragraph 4 are met, the main condition being the merger of the defectors party with another party.
• It is an extremely difficult condition to fulfil, yet this condition is also being circumvented now in a number of cases.
• In Subhash Desai vs Principal Secretary, Governor of Maharashtra & Ors. (2023), the Supreme Court observed that a split has taken place in the Shiv Sena party, and thus two factions have come into existence.
• But in the context of the Tenth Schedule, this observation has no relevance because the Tenth Schedule does not recognise a split now. So, a split in a party no longer exempts the legislators from disqualification.

ISSUES:

1. An attempt to prevent disqualification

• The petition was filed by the original Shiv Sena party which sought the disqualification of the Shinde group. When such a petition is filed before the Speaker, he gets the jurisdiction to decide whether the respondent legislators have defected.
• This rebellion by the group of MLAs loyal to Eknath Shinde culminated in the formation of an alliance with the party in Opposition and Mr. Shinde being sworn in as Chief Minister.
• Speaker was called upon to decide whether this action of Eknath Shinde and his colleagues could be treated as voluntarily giving up the membership of the Shiv Sena party, and, hence, could be disqualified.
• Speaker judgment however tried to avoid this consequence and save the Shinde group from disqualification.

2. Flawed judgement:

• Voluntarily giving up the membership of their original party or voting against the whip of the party are treated as defection. The members of the legislature who do either of these things are liable to be disqualified under the anti-defection law contained in the Tenth Schedule of the Constitution.
• The fact that Eknath Shinde later became the Chief Minister or that a majority of the Shiv Sena’s legislators joined the Shinde group or that the original Shiv Sena party became a minority in the Assembly.
• These facts are irrelevant for the determination of the question of disqualification under the Tenth Schedule and speaker should not have taken into account these things to decide for the disqualification and hence is a deeply flawed judgment.

3. Speaker partial conduct:

• Speaker’s flawed move in the judgement indicates for the misuse of powers against Opposition members and unequal treatment for remarks against leaders.
• This instance of Speakers favouring ruling party is raising concerns over neutrality of the office of the speaker.

4. Against SC judgement:

• The Supreme Court of India has on several occasions explained the scope of the term voluntarily given up the membership used in paragraph 2(1)(a) of the Tenth Schedule.
• In Rajendra Singh Rana vs Swami Prasad Maurya (2007), the Court had said that when a member or a group of members of the ruling party joins hands with the Opposition party and meet the Governor along with the Members of the Opposition and try to form an alternative government, they can be said to have voluntarily given up the membership of their original party.
• So, in this case as well the conduct of the Shinde group of MLAs becomes clear that they have voluntarily given up the membership of their party.
• The Subhash Desai judgment makes it clear that the Shiv Sena led by Uddhav Thackeray is the original political party which alone could issue a valid whip to all the members of the Shiv Sena. It is that party whose membership the Shinde group voluntarily gave up and thus incurred disqualification under paragraph 2(1) of the Tenth Schedule.
• However, speaker went against the SC judgement and given its verdict in favour of the ruling party.

5. Going beyond constitutional provision:

• Tenth Schedule does not require speaker to decide which faction of the party is the real party. Yet, Speaker in this judgement tries to determine which faction is the real party.
• The question as to which faction is the real party cannot be decided by the Speaker as the Tenth Schedule does not require him to decide this. This question is decided only by the Election Commission of India under paragraph 15 of the symbols order.
• The only question that is required to be decided by the Speaker in some cases as a preliminary issue is which party the legislators defected from, or in other words which is their original political party.
• Thus, speaker went beyond the provisions of constitution as well to provide the judgment regarding the disqualification.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Ensure impartial role of speaker: There is a need for adoption of substantive practices to instil confidence in the office of speaker. For this, there is an urgent need for speakers to demonstrate impartiality along with other reforms.
• Enhance Democratic Functioning: The anti-defection law seeks to balance political stability with democratic representation and legislative accountability. The Speakers of the Lok Sabha and Legislative Assemblies must carry out their functions in accordance with sound democratic practices.
• Amending the constitution: As political dynamics evolve, the legal frameworks ensuring their relevance and effectiveness must be evolved as well. Amendments should address existing shortcomings, such as defining “voluntarily giving up membership” and removing distinctions in disqualification criteria.
• Independent tribunal: There is a need to consider the reforms such as an independent tribunal for handling disqualification cases. This will ensure impartiality in the process and upheld the democratic functioning of the house.

THE CONCLUSION:

The recent case of partial behaviour shown by speaker in case of Maharashtra legislative assembly affects the democratic principles. In this regard, urgent measures are needed to address challenge and restore faith in the institution of the Speaker.

UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

Q.1 “Once a speaker, Always a speaker’! Do you think the practice should be adopted to impart objectivity to the office of the Speaker of Lok Sabha? What could be its implications for the robust functioning of parliamentary business in India. (2019)

Q.2 The role of individual MPs (Members of Parliament) has diminished over the years and as a result healthy constructive debates on policy issues are not usually witnessed. How far can this be attributed to the anti-defection law, which was legislated but with a different intention? (2013)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTIONS

Q.1 The political crisis in Maharashtra has thrown the spotlight on the anti-defection law and the role of the speaker for the effective functioning of the house. Discuss the measures that can be taken to strengthen the impartiality of the Speaker in performing their duties.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/a-speakers-flawed-move-to-determine-the-real-faction/article67741208.ece

THE CONTEXT:  The 7^th October 2023 attack by Hamas on Israel, in which more than 700 Israelis have been killed, is believed to be the Palestinian militant group’s response to attempts at achieving “normalisation” of relations between Israel and other Muslim countries in West Asia. This has revived the century-old dispute between Israel-Palestine Conflict once again, necessitating the intervention by global and regional powers. This article explains in detail the various aspects of these conflicts from the UPSC perspective.

ABOUT ISRAEL-PALESTINE CONFLICT

The present issue of conflict inside Israel – Palestine arose, when Hamas militant fighters fired rockets into Israel and stormed southern Israeli cities and towns across the border of the Gaza strip, killing and injuring hundreds of soldiers and civilians and taking dozens of hostages. The attack took Israel by surprise, though the state quickly mounted a deadly retaliatory operation. After then the Israeli cabinet formally declared war against Hamas, followed by a directive from the defense minister to the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) to carry out a “complete siege” of Gaza. Since then, the two sides have traded daily rocket fire, and Israel ordered more than one million Palestinian civilians in northern Gaza to evacuate ahead of a possible ground assault.

Ismail Haniyeh, a Hamas leader said, “All the agreements of normalisation that you (Arab states) signed with (Israel) will not end this conflict,” referring to the larger Israel-Palestine conflict. The Iran-backed Lebanese group Hezbollah, which has also attacked Israeli forces in the north, said the attack was a “decisive response to Israel’s continued occupation and a message to those seeking normalisation with Israel”.

Background:

The conflict has its roots in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when Jewish immigrants began to settle in Palestine under the Ottoman Empire and, later, under British colonial rule. The United Nations partition plan of 1947, which aimed to establish separate Jewish and Arab states, played a significant role in shaping the conflict.

CREATION OF PALESTINE

The creation of a Palestinian state is a complex and contentious issue with a long history of conflict and diplomatic efforts. The goal of establishing a sovereign Palestinian state alongside Israel, often referred to as the “two-state solution,” has been the subject of numerous negotiations, initiatives, and international diplomacy.

The process and key developments related to the creation of a Palestinian state:

Mandate Period (1917-1948): During the Mandate period, Palestine was under British control following World War I, as mandated by the League of Nations. The Balfour Declaration of 1917, which expressed British support for a “national home for the Jewish people” in Palestine, set the stage for subsequent conflicts.

Balfour Declaration:

• The Balfour Declaration is a public statement issued by the British government in 1917 during World War I am announcing its support for the establishment of a “national home for the Jewish people” in Palestine, then an Ottoman region with a small minority Jewish population.
• The declaration is contained in a letter dated 2 November 1917 from the United Kingdom’s Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour to Lord Rothschild, a leader of the British Jewish community, for transmission to the Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland. It is highly controversial since its declaration. It is root of main cause of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.

It played a key role in the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948 and continues to be a reason of tension and conflict between Israelis and Palestinians.

United Nations Partition Plan (1947): In 1947, the United Nations proposed a partition plan that would have established separate Jewish and Arab states in Palestine, with an international administration for Jerusalem. The plan was accepted by the Jewish leadership but rejected by Arab states and Palestinian Arabs.

1948 Arab-Israeli War: The declaration of the State of Israel in 1948 led to the first Arab-Israeli war. Israel declared independence, and neighboring Arab states intervened. The war resulted in Israel gaining control of a larger portion of Palestine.

Palestinian Liberation Organisation (PLO): The Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) has played a significant role in the Israel-Palestine conflict since its inception. Its influence, actions, and interactions with various stakeholders have had various effects on the conflict.

Its formation marked the beginning of a more organized Palestinian national movement. The PLO’s early efforts focused on diplomatic recognition and support from Arab states.

The PLO’s engagement with the Oslo Accords and the recognition of the State of Israel was a crucial turning point in the conflict.

Occupation of West Bank and Gaza (1967): The Six-Day War in 1967 resulted in Israel occupying the West Bank, Gaza Strip, East Jerusalem, and the Golan Heights.

Camp David Accords (1978):

The Camp David Accords were a pair of political agreements signed by Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin on September 17, 1978, following twelve days of secret negotiations at Camp David, the country retreat of the President of the United States in Maryland. The two framework agreements were signed at the White House and were witnessed by President Jimmy Carter. The second of these frameworks (A Framework for the Conclusion of a Peace Treaty between Egypt and Israel) led directly to the 1979 Egypt–Israel peace treaty.

EMERGENCE OF HAMAS

• Hamas, or the Islamic Resistance Movement, emerged in the late 1980s as a Palestinian political and militant organization.
• It was founded during the First Intifada (Palestinian uprising) against Israeli rule in the occupied territories.
• Hamas is an Islamist organization with roots in the Muslim Brotherhood. It combines political and militant activities with a focus on Islamic governance and resistance against Israeli occupation.
• It has engaged in acts of violence, including suicide bombings and rocket attacks, against Israel. This has led to its designation as a terrorist organization by several countries.
• In the 2006 Palestinian legislative elections, Hamas won a majority of seats in the Palestinian Legislative Council, leading to its control of the Gaza Strip. This victory further complicated the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
• Hamas’s rise to power in Gaza resulted in a political and territorial divide with the Fatah-led Palestinian Authority in the West Bank. This division has persisted for years, contributing to the fragmentation of Palestinian territories.
• Hamas continues to be a significant player in the Israel-Palestine conflict, and its emergence has had a profound impact on the political and security dynamics in the region.

Hamas: Hamas is regarded as a terrorist organization by the U.S. government. In 2006, Hamas won the Palestinian Authority’s legislative elections. It ejected Fatah from Gaza in 2007, splitting the Palestinian movement geographically, as well. Hamas continues to be a significant player in the Israel-Palestine conflict, and its emergence has had a profound impact on the political and security dynamics in the region.

1987: Tensions in the occupied territories of West Bank and Gaza reached boiling point resulting in the First Intifada (Palestinian Uprising). It grew into a small war between Palestinian militants and the Israeli army.

Oslo Accords (1993-1995): The Oslo Accords were a series of agreements between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) that aimed to establish a Palestinian Authority with limited self-governance in parts of the West Bank and Gaza. These agreements were intended as interim measures leading to a final resolution, but a permanent solution was never reached.

• 1993: Under the Oslo Accords Israel and the PLO agree to officially recognize each other and renounce the use of violence. The Oslo Accords also established the Palestinian Authority, which received limited autonomy in the Gaza Strip and parts of the West Bank.
• 2005: Israel begins a unilateral withdrawal of Jews from settlements in Gaza. However, Israel kept tight control over all border crossings (blockade).
• 2012: UN upgrades Palestinian representation to that of “non-member observer state”.
• Territorial Disputes of Israel with Neighboring Countries:

West Bank: The West Bank is sandwiched between Israel and Jordan. One of its major cities is Ramallah, the de facto administrative capital of Palestine. Israel took control of it in the 1967 war and has over the years established settlements there.

Gaza: The Gaza Strip located between Israel and Egypt. Israel occupied the strip after 1967, but relinquished control of Gaza City and day-to-day administration in most of the territory during the Oslo peace process. In 2005, Israel unilaterally removed Jewish settlements from the territory, though it continues to control international access to it.

Golan Heights: The Golan Heights is a strategic plateau that Israel captured from Syria in the 1967 war. Israel effectively annexed the territory in 1981. Recently, the USA has officially recognized Jerusalem and Golan Heights as a part of Israel.

PEACE INITIATIVES

• Various international and regional peace initiatives have been proposed, including the Camp David Accords, the Roadmap for Peace, and the Arab Peace Initiative.
• These initiatives sought to address the core issues of borders, refugees, Jerusalem, and security.In January 2022, the creation of a sovereign Palestinian state alongside Israel had not been realized. The situation remained marked by ongoing conflicts, Israeli settlements in the West Bank, and disputes over the status of Jerusalem and refugees.
• Many countries and international organizations have expressed support for a two-state solution, with a sovereign and viable Palestinian state living side by side with Israel.
• Efforts to create a Palestinian state continue to be a major focus of international diplomacy and conflict resolution.

WHAT ARE THE IMPACTS OF THE ONGOING WAR?

• Israel-Palestine conflict has had far-reaching and detrimental consequences, affecting the daily lives and well-being of individuals and communities in the region, as well as contributing to broader regional and international challenges.
• The conflict has resulted in the loss of numerous lives, including both Israeli and Palestinian civilians, as well as combatants. Many people have been injured, some of whom suffer long-term physical and psychological trauma.
• Frequent military operations and clashes have caused significant damage to infrastructure, including housing, schools, hospitals, and businesses. The conflict has resulted in economic instability, high unemployment rates, and poverty in both Israeli and Palestinian communities.
• The Middle East accounts for nearly a third of the global oil supply. The conflict has led to a surge in crude oil prices, with Brent crude and US West Texas Intermediate crude witnessing significant hikes. If the conflict spreads to other oil-producing nations in the region, especially Iran, the global economy could face severe repercussions.
• India’s exports to Israel, primarily petroleum products, account for 1.8% of India’s total merchandise exports. If the conflict escalates, it could create supply-side problems.
• The conflict has made investors wary, leading to a shift towards safe-haven assets. Equity markets globally have been affected, with US stock futures and Asian markets trading lower.
• The involvement of other nations, especially Iran, could exacerbate the situation. Iran’s potential retaliation could endanger the passage of vessels through the Strait of Hormuz, a critical global oil supply route.

WHAT WERE THE ABRAHAMIC ACCORDS AND RECENT ATTEMPTS AT NORMALISATION?

In 2002, Saudi Arabia led an Arab Peace Initiative, which proposed the withdrawal of Israel from the territories it had occupied in 1967, including the Golan Heights, the settlement of the Palestinian refugee question, and the recognition of East Jerusalem as the capital of an independent Palestinian state. Only then could there be a normalisation of relations between the Arab world and Israel, it said.

• The initiative was subsequently endorsed twice by the Arab League. Over the past dozen-odd years, a series of developments in the region have led to incremental progress in the process of ‘normalisation’.

Rise of MBS: In Saudi Arabia, Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman (MBS) is keen to expand beyond his kingdom’s traditional spheres of economic interests. Israel-Saudi ties have made progress in recent months. Israel’s Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said a few weeks ago that an agreement with its historical rival in the region was in the works and would be brokered by the US.

Abrahamic Accords: The two countries signed a normalisation deal in 2020 that came into effect the following year. Also brokered by the US, the “Abrahamic Accords” led to the UAE becoming the third Arab country, after Egypt in 1979 and Jordan in 1994, to agree to formally normalise its relationship with Israel. The two countries also signed a trade deal in May 2022.

The Abraham Accords initially included the UAE and Bahrain, and later, Sudan and Morocco. As The Indian Express reported then, “The accord was contingent on the suspension of Israel’s plans to annex the West Bank, although it is noteworthy that they chose the word ‘suspend’ instead of ‘end.’”

The Iran factor: Abu Dhabi’s Crown Prince Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan is seen as a leader who considers “an expansionist Iran and transnational political Islamists” as the “principal threats” to the UAE and its allies. In this assessment, Israel is seen as a formidable regional power that shares these views, so better ties with it make strategic sense. The promise of being closer to “the US strategic orbit” is an important factor too.

Emergence of China: The rise of China is key, which was behind an attempt at normalisation of ties between Saudi Arabia and Iran this year. While the endurance of these ties over a long period has been questioned, it still points to another lasting, complex political issue in the region seeing some kind of forward movement. It also showed China utilising its economic heft to emerge as a player in regions that were so far mostly seeing US involvement.

WHERE DOES THE PALESTINIAN ISSUE FIGURE IN ALL OF THIS?

• The struggle of the Palestinians has been seen as being put on the back burner, even as conflict and violence have not stopped. There is deep unhappiness among the more militant sections of the Palestinians, and even the moderate West Bank government of Mahmoud Abbas has criticised many of these agreements.
• A 2020 article for the think tank Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (‘Without the Palestinians, Israeli Normalization Is Still Beyond Reach’), argued that the normalisation of ties cannot take hold truly unless past annexations and other points of concern are not resolved. This was crucial for the region’s people, and not just governments.
• “Normalization is not simply a top-level exchange of officials; rather, it’s a public-to-public engagement. Decades after the Egyptian peace accords, people-to-people normalization does not exist, and relations remain quite cold on a cultural level announcing partial or full diplomatic relations with Arab states does not result in acceptance by Arab populations, unless accompanied by grassroots buy-in, which is inextricably connected to the question of Palestine,”.

IMPACT OF ISRAEL-PALESTINE CONFLICT ON INDIA AND INTERNATIONAL GEOPOLITICAL SCENARIO

The Israel-Palestine conflict has implications for India and the broader international geopolitical scenario.

Impact on India:

1. Foreign Policy Challenges: India’s stance on the Israel-Palestine conflict poses foreign policy challenges. Historically, India has expressed solidarity with the Palestinian cause, rooted in its anti-colonial and pro-self-determination principles. However, India has also developed strong diplomatic, economic, and security ties with Israel. Balancing these interests can be challenging.

2. Energy and Defense Cooperation: India has a growing energy relationship with Israel, primarily through the import of Israeli natural gas. India also benefits from Israeli defense technology and cooperation in various sectors, including cybersecurity.

3. Tensions within the Indian Diaspora: India is home to a diverse population with varied views on the Israel-Palestine conflict. The issue can sometimes lead to internal tensions and debates within the Indian diaspora.

4. Global Diplomacy: India’s stance on the Israel-Palestine conflict is part of its broader approach to international diplomacy. India often aligns itself with Non-Aligned Movement principles and seeks to play a role in global peace and security. Its positions on the Israel-Palestine conflict can influence its relations with other countries and organizations.

Impact on the International Geopolitical Scenario:

1. Global Alliances: The Israel-Palestine conflict has been a defining issue in the Middle East, with various global and regional powers taking sides. The U.S. has traditionally supported Israel, while other countries, including Russia, the European Union, and various Arab states, have expressed support for the Palestinian cause. This conflict has influenced global alliances and conflicts in the region.

2. Terrorism and Security Concerns: The Israel-Palestine conflict has contributed to regional instability and security concerns. Various Palestinian factions have been involved in acts of terrorism, and Israel’s security measures have often led to tension. These issues have ripple effects on global security dynamics.

3. Diplomatic Initiatives: The international community, including the United Nations and regional organizations, has consistently attempted to mediate and find a resolution to the conflict. The lack of a comprehensive and lasting solution has raised questions about the efficacy of international diplomacy.

4. Human Rights and Humanitarian Concerns: The conflict has resulted in a significant humanitarian crisis, with casualties and displacement on both sides. The treatment of Palestinians in the occupied territories and the status of refugees remain key human rights concerns on the global stage.

INDIA’S RESPONSE

• India’s response to the Israel-Palestine conflict has evolved over the years, reflecting a combination of historical factors, foreign policy considerations, and domestic concerns.
• India has consistently advocated for a peaceful resolution to the conflict based on the principles of a two-state solution, where Israel and Palestine coexist side by side in peace and security. India’s position aligns with international consensus on this issue.
• India maintains diplomatic relations with both Israel and the Palestinian Authority. It has a diplomatic mission in Tel Aviv and a Consulate General in East Jerusalem, which serves as its de facto embassy to the Palestinians.
• India has support his decision to abstain vote at the UN General Assembly (UNGA) for a ceasefire in the Israel-Palestine conflict as its way of protesting the omission of any “explicit condemnation” of the heinous 7^th Oct 2023, terror attack by Hamas militants on Israel.

THE WAY FORWARD

• Two-State Solution, the Israel and Palestine coexist as separate, sovereign states. Negotiations should aim to define the borders of both states, ensuring that each has viable, contiguous territory.
• Encourage both parties, Israel and Palestine, to engage in direct negotiations. International mediation may play a role, but ultimately, the parties themselves must agree on the terms of a settlement.
• Negotiations should focus on the core issues, including borders, the status of Jerusalem, security arrangements, refugees, and water rights. A just and mutually agreed-upon resolution of these issues is essential for a lasting peace.
• Engage international actors, including the United Nations, the United States, the European Union, and regional powers, to support the peace process and ensure the parties’ compliance with agreements.
• Implement confidence-building measures to create trust between the parties. These may include prisoner releases, the cessation of settlement construction, and economic development in Palestinian territories.
• Involve regional players, such as Egypt, Jordan, and the Arab League, to support the peace process and contribute to regional stability.
• Focus on long-term economic and social development in both Israel and Palestine to address the root causes of the conflict and create a sustainable peace.

THE CONCLUSION:

The Israel-Palestine conflict is extremely challenging and may require a long-term commitment from all parties involved. The path to peace must address the legitimate aspirations and security concerns of both Israelis and Palestinians and respect their right to self-determination.

UPSC PERSPECTIVE QUESTIONS

Q.1 Analyze how the Israel-Palestine conflict affects India’s foreign policy, particularly in terms of balancing its support for the Palestinian cause and its growing relations with Israel.

Q.2 Explain the Abraham Accords and the recent attempts at normalization between Israel and various Arab states. Discuss the factors that are posing challenges to this normalization process.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q.1 Which one of the following countries of South-West Asia does not open out to the Mediterranean Sea? (2015)

(a)    Syria

(b)    Jordan

(c)     Lebanon

(d)    Israel

Ans: (b)

Mains

Q.1 ‘Too little cash, too much politics, leaves UNESCO fighting for life.’ Discuss the statement in the light of US’ withdrawal and its accusation of the cultural body as being ‘anti-Israel bias’. (2019)

Q.2 “India’s relations with Israel have, of late, acquired a depth and diversity, which cannot be rolled back.” Discuss. (2018)

(Newspapers, PIB and other important sources)

Prelim and Main

1. 100 million Indians to be affluent by 2027: Report READ MORE

2. Indo-US satellite NISAR to study Earth’s cryospheric changes, will help in natural resource, hazard management READ MORE

3. Jharkhand declares drought in 17 districts READ MORE

4. WHO certifies Cabo Verde malaria-free; third African country to do so READ MORE

5. In 2023, global ocean heat content doubled or tripled since the late 1980s, shows study READ MORE

6. Prepare Coastal Zone Management Plans without delay, NGT tells coastal States and Union Territories READ MORE

7. Assam’s Kaziranga National Park records 27% increase in waterbirds READ MORE

8. SC refuses to stay new law excluding CJI from panel picking CEC, ECs READ MORE

9. PM Modi to inaugurate India’s longest sea bridge ‘Mumbai Trans Harbour Link’ tomorrow | See Pics READ MORE

Main

GS Paper- 1

1. Ustad Rashid Khan’s legacy of perfection READ MORE

2. Revisit Tagore to revive higher ed READ MORE

3. Why is child marriage still high in West Bengal? READ MORE

4. Snow cover across Northern Hemisphere has declined in last 4 decades due to changing climate: Study READ MORE

5. Global warming, sea level rise, ageing flood defence systems: Why European countries have been flooded READ MORE

6. A looming crisis: How India can balance its water demand and supply across sectors? READ MORE

GS Paper- 2

POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

1. Respecting SEBI’s mandate, expertise, functional freedom READ MORE

2. Maharashtra Speaker’s verdict in Shiv Sena MLA disqualification case stirs up political controversy READ MORE

SOCIAL ISSUES

1. On the Swachh Survekshan awards: Factors that hinder general improvement in sanitation must be overcome READ MORE

INTERNATIONAL ISSUES

1. Halfway to 2030:Unravelling Global food security challenges READ MORE  

2. Muizzu’s Maldives is missing the ‘Geo’ in geopolitics READ MORE

3. India in the South Asian neighbourhood: Friendship or friction? READ MORE

GS Paper- 3

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

1. Robust revenues: On direct tax collection target and fiscal consolidation READ MORE

2. Watering the seeds of the rural economy: Evidence from groundwater irrigation in India READ MORE

3. India needs a new automobile policy READ MORE

4. Effect of FDI Inflows on the Export Performance of India READ MORE

5. Shoots of change: India’s agritech revolution READ MORE

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

1. To combat climate challenges, the Finance Commission needs to step up READ MORE

2. India’s climate goals: Navigating a complex dilemma READ MORE

3. Environmental Impact Assessments: Ex post facto clearances of violations will only serve to weaken the regulatory regime. READ MORE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

1. Are antibiotics over-prescribed in India? READ MORE

2. Direct mobile broadcasting is a gamechanger READ MORE

INTERNAL SECURITY

1. Cybersecurity Threats in Online Gaming: Learnings for India READ MORE  

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

1. Awareness and deterrence key to reducing fire hazards READ MORE

GS Paper- 4

ETHICS EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDY

1. Divine acts in us when we act in the divine READ MORE

2. Arise, Awake, Vivekananda Has A Message For You READ MORE

3. Viksit Bharat: Youth to play a pivotal role READ MORE

4. Is there a hidden purpose to our existence? READ MORE

Questions for the MAIN exam

1. The country requires a fiscal blueprint that harmonises economic growth with environmental imperatives and the 16th FC is the best-placed institutional mechanism to fulfil this critical need. Comment.

2. Indian diplomacy in the neighbourhood lacked both the economic and the military resources to deliver on its policy objectives that it inherited as the successor state to British India. Examine.

3. As long as defection disputes are in the hands of Speakers, and not any independent authority, political considerations will undoubtedly cast a shadow on the power to disqualify. Argue in the light of recent developments.

4. The lack of access to timely and accurate information always remained a hurdle for farmers in India. Discuss how the agri-tech startups are bridging this information gap through mobile applications and digital platforms?

5. In the global effort to feed a growing population sustainably, technological advancements and innovation in agriculture are more critical than ever. Discuss how in recent years, the Indian agricultural landscape has witnessed a transformative wave driven by the Agri-Tech startup ecosystem to increases the yield in Agriculture?

6. In a world where almost every economic asset of a nation, including scenic natural tourist spots is being weaponised, a strategic balance is required with neighbours. Comment on the statement in the light of recent developments in India’s neighbourhood.

QUOTATIONS AND CAPTIONS

• We do not need guns and bombs to bring peace, we need love and compassion.
• Strong direct tax receipts create a fiscal cushion and room for more reforms.
• For civic sanitation to remain a sustainable movement, it is high time that the government intervenes and prevents it from being a numbers game.
• The Finance Commission needs to metamorphose from a conventional fiscal arbitrator to an orchestrator of India’s climate readiness. The country requires a fiscal blueprint that harmonises economic growth with environmental imperatives.
• Conservation of standing forests and increasing forest cover density helps lock carbon underground contributing to mitigation of global warming.
• The Finance Commission (FC), responsible for fiscal federalism in the country, has in the past provided incentives to states to maintain and improve their forest cover.
• The country requires a fiscal blueprint that harmonises economic growth with environmental imperatives. The 16th FC is the best-placed institutional mechanism to fulfil this critical need.
• Innovations to tackle the seemingly intractable problem of crop burning will require funds. So will mangrove restoration, a key necessity given the weather vagary-induced floods in recent times.
• India needs a new urban imagination that will facilitate not just augmenting infrastructure in old cities but also building new urban spaces.
• The Maldives Government should realise that their economy is dependent on tourism and in the business of hospitality, one needs to be humble and not arrogant.
• A significant improvement in agricultural production accompanied with modest consumption gains, as well as a substantial increase in population density.
• The impact of foreign direct investments on the expansion of export-based foreign trade in emerging economies is explored.
• Indian agritech is making impressive strides and expanding its global footprint, but it is still at a nascent stage and has penetrated only 1 percent of its potential market value.
• To end the intergenerational cycle of poverty and eradicate all types of malnutrition, policymakers must intensify their efforts.
• Indian diplomacy in the neighbourhood lacked both the economic and the military resources to deliver on its policy objectives that it inherited as the successor state to British India.

ESSAY TOPIC

• The truly happy ones, understand life.

50-WORD TALK

• Maharashtra assembly speaker Narwekar ruling in favour of Shinde faction in MLAs’ disqualification case was on expected lines. His interpretation of Sena’s leadership structure and SC’s observation on legislative majority was ingenious and convenient. Anti-defection law has become ineffective. SC’s suggestion for independent tribunal for disqualification petitions must be implemented.
• The islands remain largely inaccessible, tourist connectivity cumbersome and facilities limited. It’s time to unlock Lakshadweep’s potential. This round has gone to India; Maldives is busy controlling the damage after its ministers’ remarks on PM Modi’s Lakshadweep visit. But what comes next is an inconvenient truth: we haven’t leveraged the tourism potential of our archipelago.

Things to Remember:

• For prelims-related news try to understand the context of the news and relate with its concepts so that it will be easier for you to answer (or eliminate) from given options.
• Whenever any international place will be in news, you should do map work (marking those areas in maps and exploring other geographical locations nearby including mountains, rivers, etc. same applies to the national places.)
• For economy-related news (banking, agriculture, etc.) you should focus on terms and how these are related to various economic aspects, for example, if inflation has been mentioned, try to relate with prevailing price rises, shortage of essential supplies, banking rates, etc.
• For main exam-related topics, you should focus on the various dimensions of the given topic, the most important topics which occur frequently and are important from the mains point of view will be covered in ED.
• Try to use the given content in your answer. Regular use of this content will bring more enrichment to your writing.

THE CONTEXT: Recently, a three-day conference held in Jaipur of police officers from across India was a learning experience, and many subjects of contemporary relevance in the area of Information Technology formed the core of the agenda. However, many relevant issues were not addressed that indicate need for police reform in the country.

MAJOR THEMES DISCUSSED IN THE JAIPUR CONFERENCE:

• The three day Conference was held in hybrid mode with DGsP/IGsP and Chiefs of Central Police Organisations attending physically from Jaipur and over 500 Police officers of various ranks participating through video conferencing from across the country.
• Modernizing Law Enforcement: The conference stressed the need for comprehensive training programs from Station House Officer (SHO) to Director General of Police (DGP) level.
• Harnessing Technology for Security: It underscored the significance of technology upgradation, extending from local police stations (Thana) to Police Headquarters (PHQ), to ensure the successful implementation of the new laws. It also stressed the need for linking of databases and adopting AI driven analytical approach for tackling the emerging security challenges.
• Security Gains Since 2014: An overall improvement in the security scenario in the country since 2014 especially the reduction of violence in the three critical hotspots, i.e, Jammu & Kashmir, North-East and Left Wing Extremism has been highlighted.
• Uniformity for Counter-Terror Mechanisms: This Conference over the years has emerged as a ‘Think Tank’, facilitating decision making and formulation of new security strategies.  There is a need for emphasis on uniformity of structures, size and skill of counter terror mechanisms across the country.
• Internal Security and National Development: The Conference need to deliberate on a range of security related issues of critical importance including security of borders, cyber-threats, radicalization, fraudulent issuance of identity documents and threats emerging from AI.

ISSUES:

• Public Perception: There is an undeniable fact that the police have still to earn the trust and confidence of a majority of the population. Their image in the public eye continues to be frightful and there has been no upgradation in the reputation of our police forces.
• Federal Complexity: Another complexity related to police force is the growing discord between the Centre and a few Opposition-led States. States look down upon the centrally recruited IPS officers on whom they have no control. States prefer to have their own recruits vis-à-vis those with divided loyalties.
• Politicisation of police force: There is constant issue of politicisation of police force which is affecting the democratic system of government. The issue of how to insulate our police officers from political whims dominates all debates on the police.
• Internal divide: Though, the newly recruited police force is more educated and technology-savvy but the issues remain as there is little chance for them to display their talent. There is internal division among the police forces as high rank officers like IPS takes all the glory depriving the lower ranks of any chance to prove themselves.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Modernisation of police forces: Police lack modern technological capabilities necessary to perform quality investigations. Police forces need to adopt modern methods like forensics, data analysis etc. to ensure timely justice.
• Community engagement: Community engagement significantly enhances police reform efforts by fostering trust and understanding. Actively involving communities provides valuable knowledge about their specific needs and priorities.
• Need For Political Will: There is a need for political will to bring out police reforms. The Supreme Court in the Prakash Singh case (2006) gave seven directives where considerable work in police reforms is still needed. However, due to the lack of political will these directives were not implemented in letter and spirit in many states.
• Narrowing gap: There is a need to narrow down the gap between police officers of lower and higher rank to support and get the best out of each other. A major restructuring that narrows the gap between the higher ranks and the lower ranks could help in any exercise to drastically improve the quality of policing.
• Accountability: Ensuring Accountability acts as a crucial check against abuse of power. An accountable police force instils confidence in the public which is fundamental element of a competent force. Citizen reacts in a calm and law-abiding manner when they feel comfortable and think that their police uphold high standards of behaviour.

THE CONCLUSION:

The Indian police force is currently struggling with various challenges, including political interference, inadequate training and resources and lack of accountability. There is a need for fair and effective police system with accountability for upholding the rule of law and police forces must undergo modernisation and professionalisation to adapt to the evolving needs of society.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

Q.1 Analyse internal security threats and transborder crimes along Myanmar, Bangladesh and Pakistan borders including Line of Control (LoC). Also, discuss the role played by various security forces in this regard. (2020)

Q.2 Cross-Border movement of insurgents is only one of the several security challenges facing the policing of the border in North-East India. Examine the various challenges currently emanating across the India-Myanmar border. Also, discuss the steps to counter the challenges. (2019)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTIONS

Q.1 Analyse the multidimensional challenges faced by the police forces and suggest measures for police reforms for ensuring internal security in India.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/a-case-diary-for-the-indian-police/article67735128.ece

THE CONTEXT: In the long-drawn political battle in Maharashtra, speaker in Maharashtra Legislative Assembly announced the verdict in the Shiv Sena MLAs disqualification case. This verdict is viewed as politically charged and has intensified the rift between party factions that has raised question on speaker office as well.

ISSUES:

• Affects representative democracy: Anti-defection law has been criticised as it affects representative democracy and impairs the deliberative nature of politics. It has been also targeted regarding its efficiency to curb political behaviour and the indiscriminate movement across party lines.
• Misuse of discretionary power by speaker: Another issue regarding the issue of anti defection is misuse of discretionary power of speaker. It also indicates that any loophole in the law will be used to the advantage of the majority party. Such misuse is not only the result of the lacuna in the law but also of the structural deficiencies with the role of the Speaker.
• Doesn’t set any time frame: It does not provide a clear and timely mechanism for deciding the cases of defection, and leaves the power to disqualify the members to the discretion of the presiding officers of the houses, who may be biased or influenced by political pressures.
• Limited power of court: It is also noted that the power of court to intervene is limited when the authority is acting ultra vires or there is a colourable exercise of their power. Also, the judicial review cannot be availed at a stage prior to the making of a decision by the Speaker, or at an interlocutory stage of proceedings. These rules limit the authority of the court in this regard.

10^TH  SCHEDULE OF THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION AND THE ROLE OF SPEAKER  

• The Tenth Schedule of the Indian Constitution, also known as the Anti-Defection Law, was added by the 52nd Amendment in 1985.
• It was a response to the toppling of multiple state governments by party-hopping MLAs after the general elections of 1967.
• It lays down the provisions related to disqualification of members of Parliament (MPs) and State Legislatures on grounds of defection.

Exception:

• It allows a group of MP/MLAs to join (i.e., merge with) another political party without inviting the penalty for defection.
• And it does not penalise political parties for encouraging or accepting defecting legislators.
• As per the 1985 Act, a ‘defection’ by one-third of the elected members of a political party was considered a ‘merger’.
• But the 91st Constitutional Amendment Act, 2003, changed this and now at least two-thirds of the members of a party must be in Favour of a “merger” for it to have validity in the eyes of the law.

Deciding authority:

• The decision on questions as to disqualification on ground of defection are referred to the Chairman or the Speaker of such House, which is subject to ‘Judicial review’.
• However, the law does not provide a timeframe within which the presiding officer has to decide a defection case.

Grounds for Defection:

• If an elected member voluntarily gives up his membership of a political party.
• If he/she votes or abstains from voting in such House contrary to any direction issued by his political party.
• If any independently elected member joins any political party.
• If any nominated member joins any political party after the expiry of six months.
  

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Strengthening Party Accountability: There is a need to introduce regulations to enforce internal party democracy and transparency that could potentially curb defection motivated by discontent within parties. It can be done by making party funding more transparent and accountable which can incentivize defections.
• Address structural issues: To examine the shortcomings of the anti defection law, it is imperative to critically analyse the role and importance of the office of the Speaker as it is the most important functionary under the anti-defection law.
• Global system: There is need to learn and take inspiration from the global system in case of anti defection law. For instance, due to well-established conventions, the Speakers in the United Kingdom shed all party affiliations upon election.

THE CONCLUSION:

It is essential to understand the role of the Speaker in anti defection law to holistically comprehend the manner in which they deviate from the anti-defection laws and subvert the procedure. There is an urgent need for a rigid and uncompromising anti- defection law to regain the faith of the people in the electoral system.

UPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

Q.1 “Once a speaker, Always a speaker’! Do you think the practice should be adopted to impart objectivity to the office of the Speaker of Lok Sabha? What could be its implications for the robust functioning of parliamentary business in India. (2019)

Q.2 The role of individual MPs (Members of Parliament) has diminished over the years and as a result healthy constructive debates on policy issues are not usually witnessed. How far can this be attributed to the anti-defection law, which was legislated but with a different intention? (2013)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION

Q.1 “ The paradoxical nature of the office of the Speaker is one of the leading causes for the ineffective realization of the anti-defection law”. Examine.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/the-speakers-court-on-the-maharashtra-assembly-speakers-ruling/article67731204.ece

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: The central government introduced a Bill seeking to amend the service conditions of Election Commission of India (ECI) members.

EXPLANATION:

• The Bill was introduced in Parliament on August 10,2023 but was not taken up for discussion in the Monsoon Session.
• It has now been listed for consideration and passing on December 12, along with key amendments that would ‘restore’ the status of the members of the ECI.

Constitutional Background and Supreme Court’s Ruling

• Earlier, the Supreme Court mandated the appointment of CEC and ECs by a committee comprising the Prime Minister, Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha, and the CJI.
• This ruling sought to rectify the absence of a specific legislative process for their appointment in the Constitution, thereby giving the central government significant authority in appointing these officials.

Criticism and Concerns Raised

• The proposed Bill received criticism from various quarters, particularly for replacing the CJI in the selection committee with a Cabinet Minister.
• This raised concerns over the government having undue influence in choosing candidates for these crucial positions.
• Former and current officials of the ECI raised objections not merely due to the alteration in perks but primarily because of the perceived downgrading of the ECI’s status from that of a Supreme Court judge to a government official.
• The status change, if implemented, was seen as potentially affecting the ECI’s authority to summon senior officials and Ministers, significantly impacting its ability to function independently.

Amendments and Reversal of Status Change

• Amidst the criticisms, Law Minister proposed amendments to restore the equivalence of the CEC and ECs to that of a Supreme Court judge.
• The amendments aimed to retain the existing salary, dearness allowance, and leave encashment rules for these positions, aligning them with the status quo.

Current Status and Future Appointments

• No appointments have been made through the revised mechanism outlined by the Supreme Court order since no vacancies have emerged in the ECI post the March ruling.
• The upcoming vacancy expected in February 2024, upon the retirement of EC Anup Chandra Pandey, will likely be the first opportunity to apply the mechanism laid down by the court.

Conclusion

• The proposed Bill faced significant opposition due to concerns over the selection process and potential downgrading of the ECI’s status.
• The government’s decision to revert the proposed changes through amendments underscores the importance of maintaining the ECI’s independence and authority, aligning its status with that of a Supreme Court judge.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-law/eci-members-status-sc-judges-bill-explained-9065014/

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The Saiga antelope, which faced a perilous decline since the breakup of the Soviet Union, has demonstrated a remarkable recovery, prompting the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) to alter its status from Critically Endangered to Near Threatened.

EXPLANATION:

• Despite disease outbreaks and challenges, conservation efforts have contributed significantly to its survival.

Saiga Population and Decline

• In 2003, merely 6% of the Saiga population remained, marking a drastic decline from an estimated one million in the early 1990s.
• The antelope species, existing since the last Ice Age, were originally spread across the Eurasian Steppe but now inhabit fragmented populations within Kazakhstan, Mongolia, the Russian Federation, and Uzbekistan.

Conservation Impact and Efforts

• The positive change in the Saiga’s global Red List status is attributed to effective national and international conservation initiatives, particularly in Kazakhstan.
• Kazakhstan witnessed a substantial recovery in Saiga populations, increasing from a critical low of 48,000 in 2005 to over 1.9 million, largely due to anti-poaching measures, law enforcement, and the establishment of protected areas.

Government and Civil Society Collaboration

• The Government of Kazakhstan has taken commendable leadership in species recovery, investing in impactful actions and forming collaborations with civil society.
• This inclusive network involves government bodies, conservationists, academics, and international experts.
• International organizations like the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) have played significant roles in facilitating coordinated conservation efforts across Saiga habitats.

Ongoing Challenges and Future Prospects

• While there has been a notable increase in Saiga populations in Kazakhstan and Mongolia, the species still faces challenges.
• Challenges include ongoing poaching, illegal trade, disease outbreaks, climate change impacts, human interference, and infrastructure development, all of which threaten the Saiga’s full recovery.

Continued Conservation Efforts

• Efforts to sustain recovery include maintaining population monitoring, protecting key habitats, collaborating with local communities for awareness and conservation actions and addressing persistent threats to Saiga populations.
• While progress has been significant, the Saiga’s full recovery will only be achieved by restoring its ecological role across its entire range and addressing the persisting threats to its existence.

Conclusion

• The Saiga antelope’s resurgence from the brink of extinction is a testament to the success of coordinated conservation efforts, particularly in Kazakhstan, and international collaboration.
• However, sustained efforts are crucial to ensuring the Saiga’s continued recovery and securing its place in the vast Eurasian Steppe ecosystem.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/miracle-on-the-steppe-the-saiga-has-beaten-extinction-for-now-finds-new-iucn-red-list-93335

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: The Lok Sabha approved two bills on December 12 to extend the constitutional provisions granting 33% reservation for women in Parliament and State legislatures to the Union Territories of Puducherry and Jammu and Kashmir.

EXPLANATION:

• The bills aim to implement the Constitution (106th Amendment) Act in these regions to ensure gender representation in legislative bodies.

Debate Context and Dominance of Article 370 Verdict

• Despite the focus on the women’s reservation bills, the parliamentary discussion was largely influenced by the recent Supreme Court verdict regarding the abrogation of Article 370.
• The debate’s trajectory was steered towards this verdict, drawing attention away from the core topic of the bills.

Content of the Bills

• Minister of State for Home presented the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation (Second Amendment) Bill and the Government of Union Territories (Amendment) Bill in the Lok Sabha.
• The Bills aimed to modify the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019, and the Government of Union Territories Act, 1963, respectively, to facilitate women’s reservations in the legislative assemblies of Jammu and Kashmir and Puducherry.

Parliamentary Debates and Perspectives

• The importance of women’s representation has been emphasized.
• However, linking the debate timing to the recent Supreme Court verdict on Article 370, echoing the disappointment of parties from Jammu and Kashmir.
• The absence of MLAs in Jammu and Kashmir for the past six years has been highlighted, questioning the governance structure in the Union Territory.
• Historical obligations and promises during Jammu and Kashmir’s accession to India has been referenced, expressing concerns over the unresolved issues post the Article 370 abrogation.

Implementation and Future Steps

• The implementation of the women’s reservation law faces delays as it awaits the next census (anticipated in late 2024) and subsequent delimitation exercises in 2026 to determine the specific constituencies reserved for women.
• The women’s quota in the Lok Sabha and Assemblies will be in effect for 15 years, with provisions for Parliament to extend the benefit period subsequently.

Conclusion

• Despite the bills’ passage aimed at enhancing gender representation in legislatures, the parliamentary debate was diverted towards the broader context of governance and unresolved issues following the abrogation of Article 370.
• The bills are a step forward for gender inclusion in the political landscape of Jammu and Kashmir and Puducherry, although broader governance concerns dominated the discussion.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ls-clears-bills-for-womens-quota-in-jk-puducherry-assemblies/article67631129.ece

TAG: GS 2: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Recently, Researchers at Berhampur University, Odisha, made a significant discovery of a new species of marine amphipod, belonging to the genus Demaorchestia, in Chilika Lake on the east coast of India.

EXPLANATION:

• The species was named Demaorchestia alanensis after Professor Alan Myers of University College Cork, Ireland, a notable expert in marine amphipod studies.
• The discovery was led by an assistant professor at Berhampur University, along with two other researchers.
• The new species discovery adds to the global species count of the genus Demaorchestia, making it a total of six known species in this group.

Collection and Description

• Researchers collected at least eight specimens of the species from Barkul beach in Ganjam district, Odisha, along the Chilika Lake shore in January 2022, using handpicking techniques.
• The identification of the new species was confirmed after extensive surveys and laboratory tests at Berhampur University.
• A research scholar highlighted the distinctiveness of this species from the other five globally known species of Demaorchestia.

Deposition and Characteristics

• The specimens were deposited in the Zoological Survey of India’s Estuarine Biology Regional Centre, Gopalpur-on-Sea, Odisha, for further detailed examination and research.
• The newly discovered species appears white in colour and measures less than 15 millimeters in length, possessing 13 pairs of legs.
• Notably, three pairs of legs are utilized for swimming, eight for terrestrial movement, and the remaining two pairs for capturing prey and feeding.

Unique Features and Taxonomy

• The distinguishing feature of this species includes two to three strong, hair-like structures (setae) on the anterior margin of the propodus of the gnathopod.
• It belongs to the subfamily Platorchestiinae, commonly found along the Indian coast, according to Shesdev Patro.

Ecological Importance and Future Research

• Amphipods play a significant role in marine ecosystems, contributing to the food chain and serving as indicators for assessing climate change impacts and coastal ecosystem health.
• Further research aims to deepen understanding regarding the specific ecological roles of amphipods in coastal and marine environments.

Talitridae Family and Previous Discoveries

• Talitridae, the family to which this species belongs, is considered one of the oldest groups of amphipods and has existed since the Jurassic age.
• The family is divided into four subfamilies, with Platorchestiinae being one of them and represented along the Indian coastline.
• Earlier discoveries include two other marine amphipods: Quadrivisio Chilikensis from seaweeds near Nalaban, and Talorchestia buensis from the West Bengal coastal area.
• The discoveries contribute to enriching scientific knowledge about marine biodiversity in India and hold significance for conservation and ecological studies of coastal ecosystems.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/new-marine-amphipod-species-found-in-chillika-lake-odisha-93338

TAG: GS 3: AGRICULTURE

THE CONTEXT: Recently the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) of the United Nations released the “Regional Overview of Food Security and Nutrition 2023: Statistics and Trends” report.

EXPLANATION:

• The report highlighted concerning statistics related to the affordability of healthy diets, malnutrition, and stunted growth in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh.

Affordability of Healthy Diet

• In 2021, 74.1% of Indians were unable to afford a healthy diet, showing a slight improvement from 2020’s 76.2%.
• Pakistan and Bangladesh faced similar challenges, with 82.2% and 66.1% of their populations respectively encountering difficulties in accessing healthy food.
• Rising food costs, when not matched by increased income, exacerbate the challenge of affordability, leading to more people unable to access nutritious meals.

Impact of COVID-19 and “5Fs” Crisis

• The report highlighted the lingering effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the “5Fs” crisis (Food, Feed, Fuel, Fertilisers, and Finance) in the region.
• The region still suffers from the aftermath of these crises, with Asia-Pacific accounting for half of the world’s severe food insecurity, affecting more women than men.

Nutrition and Health

• The region continues to struggle with undernourishment, with 370.7 million undernourished individuals, representing half of the global total.
• Stunting, wasting, overweight issues among children under 5 years, and anaemia among women of reproductive age remain significant concerns.

Undernourishment and Food Insecurity

• 6% of India’s population faces undernourishment, impacting health, nutrition, as well as economic and social well-being.
• Southern Asia registers higher prevalence rates for severe food insecurity compared to other subregions, with Southern Asia also showing higher percentages for moderate or severe food insecurity since 2015.

Childhood Malnutrition

• 7% of Indian children under five suffer from stunted growth, largely attributed to factors such as poor maternal health, inadequate infant feeding practices, and persistent infections.
• India records the highest rate of wasting among children under five in the region at 18.7%, surpassing the WHO’s global nutrition target of less than 5%.

Maternal Health and Anaemia

• Anaemia affects 53% of women aged 15 to 49 in India, posing health risks for both women and their offspring during pregnancy and childbirth.

Other Health Concerns

• Obesity among adults stands at 1.6%, and the prevalence of low birthweight in India is notable at 27.4%.

Breastfeeding and Nutrition Improvements

• India has shown improvement in exclusive breastfeeding rates among infants (0–5 months) at 63.7%, higher than the global prevalence of 47.7%.
• However, India faces challenges with high rates of low birthweight in the region, alongside Bangladesh and Nepal.

Conclusion

• The FAO report underlines critical challenges in achieving nutritional goals, emphasizing the need for comprehensive strategies to address affordability, food security, and malnutrition issues in India and the broader region.
• The statistics highlight the urgency for targeted interventions and policies to improve access to healthy diets and mitigate the detrimental effects of malnutrition on public health and well-being.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/741-of-indians-unable-to-afford-a-healthy-diet-fao-report/article67631605.ece

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: The SR Bommai v Union of India case revolved around the interpretation of Article 356 of the Indian Constitution, which details the circumstances under which the President can impose President’s rule in a state.

EXPLANATION:

• In this case, a nine-judge bench of the Supreme Court deliberated on the legality and circumstances of imposing the President’s rule in a state.

Relevance of SR Bommai Case in Article 370 Ruling

• Judicial Review of President’s Proclamation:
  • SR Bommai set a significant precedent by allowing judicial review of the President’s proclamation imposing President’s rule.
  • The Supreme Court ruled that the proclamation could be subjected to judicial scrutiny based on grounds such as illegality, malafide, extraneous considerations, abuse of power, or fraud.

• Parliamentary Approval Requirement:
  • The case highlighted the necessity for parliamentary approval before the President exercises the power to impose President’s rule.
  • If Parliament doesn’t approve the proclamation within two months, the dismissed government automatically gets revived.

• Centre-State Relationship Clarification:
• • The ruling emphasized that while the Centre possesses considerable power concerning states, it cannot undermine or infringe upon the states’ reserved powers.
  • The judgment delineated a clear boundary, preventing the Centre from encroaching on the states’ powers.

Impact on Subsequent Presidential Proclamations

• Following the SR Bommai judgment, the imposition of President’s rule notably decreased.
• The ruling’s impact is evident in the reduction of President’s rule instances from an average of 2.5 times a year between 1950 and 1994 to just over once a year from 1995 to 2021.

Application in the Jammu and Kashmir Challenge

• In the context of the challenge to the abrogation of Article 370 in Jammu and Kashmir, the Supreme Court referred to the SR Bommai ruling extensively.
• The question arose regarding whether the President could approve the revocation of J&K’s special status during the period of President’s rule.
• The Court relied on SR Bommai to validate the actions of the President, asserting that these actions were constitutionally valid.
• It cited differing standards set in SR Bommai by Justices PB Sawant and Jeevan Reddy.
• Justice Sawant focused on determining if the exercise of power was mala fide or palpably irrational, whereas Justice Reddy underscored the need to consider advisability and necessity while evaluating the President’s actions.

Conclusion

• The SR Bommai case’s significance lies in establishing the parameters for judicial review of President’s rule and delineating the boundaries between the Centre and states.
• This landmark judgment served as a cornerstone for validating the actions of the President during President’s rule, as evidenced in the recent Supreme Court ruling on the abrogation of Article 370 in Jammu and Kashmir.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/key-aspects-of-article-370-verdict-unpacked-9064079/

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: The Supreme Court’s recent ruling on December 11 emphasized that the declaration of State emergency under Article 356 and subsequent actions by the President must exhibit a “reasonable nexus.”

EXPLANATION:

• This implies that the actions taken by the President during the period of State emergency are subject to judicial scrutiny, and they should align with the objective of the emergency declaration.

Context of the Jammu and Kashmir Crisis

• The crisis in Jammu and Kashmir arose when Chief Minister Mehbooba Mufti resigned on June 19, 2018, following the withdrawal of support by the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP).
• The Governor then issued a Proclamation under Section 92 of the Jammu and Kashmir Constitution, assuming the powers and functions of the State government in case of a constitutional breakdown.
• Subsequently, the State Legislative Assembly was dissolved on November 21, 2018, leading to the invocation of Article 356 by the President, which extended the President’s rule until July 3, 2019.

Key Legislative Actions and Constitutional Changes

• On August 5, 2019, the President issued the Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, applying all provisions of the Indian Constitution to Jammu and Kashmir.
• Additionally, a new provision, Article 367(4), was introduced in the Indian Constitution to replace the requirement for a recommendation from the Jammu and Kashmir Constituent Assembly with that of the Legislative Assembly.
• This facilitated the abrogation of Article 370 without the former Assembly’s recommendation.

Open Question on the Proclamation of Article 356

• The Supreme Court left open the question of whether the objective behind the proclamation of Article 356 in December 2018 had a “reasonable nexus” with the subsequent actions of the President and Parliament in August 2019.
• The revocation of Article 356 in Jammu and Kashmir occurred only in October 2019.

Judicial Scrutiny of President’s Actions

• Chief Justice highlighted that the actions undertaken by the President during a State emergency are subject to judicial review.
• The Court can examine whether the actions of Parliament align reasonably with the objective sought to be achieved by the Proclamation of President’s rule under Article 356.

Burden of Proof and Shifting Onus

• The onus lies initially on the challenger to prima facie establish that the President’s actions during the emergency were a “mala fide or extraneous exercise of power.”
• If a prima facie case is established, the burden shifts to the Centre to justify that the exercise of power during the emergency had a reasonable nexus with the emergency’s objective.

Conclusion

• The recent Supreme Court ruling underscores the requirement of a reasonable nexus between the declaration of a State emergency under Article 356 and subsequent actions of the President and Parliament.
• It highlights the scope for judicial scrutiny of the President’s actions during an emergency and the shifting burden of proof in challenging the exercise of power during such times.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/declaration-of-state-emergency-under-article-356-and-subsequent-actions-of-president-should-have-reasonable-nexus-sc/article67628022.ece/amp/

TAG: GS 2: POLITY

THE CONTEXT: The Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court unanimously affirmed the President’s authority to abrogate Article 370 in August 2019, leading to the reorganization of Jammu and Kashmir into two Union Territories, thereby nullifying its special privileges.

EXPLANATION:

• Chief Justice D.Y. Chandrachud led the five-judge Bench that validated the President’s power to unilaterally issue a notification to nullify Article 370 if “special circumstances warrant a special solution.”
• The court emphasized that it could not contest the President’s decision regarding the cessation of the special circumstances that initially led to the establishment of Article 370.

Historical Integration of Jammu and Kashmir

• The court acknowledged the 70-year-long collaborative effort between the Centre and Jammu and Kashmir for the integration process.
• The aim was to align the rights and obligations outlined in the Indian Constitution with those of the people of Jammu and Kashmir, making them applicable in the entirety.

Redundancy of Jammu and Kashmir Constitution

• The Supreme Court declared the Jammu and Kashmir Constitution “redundant” and “inoperative,” emphasizing that the Indian Constitution stands as a comprehensive code for constitutional governance.

Restoration of Statehood and Elections

• The Centre assured the restoration of Statehood to the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir at the earliest.
• The Election Commission of India was directed to conduct Jammu and Kashmir Assembly elections by September 30, 2024.

Validity of Reorganization and President’s Rule

• The court did not find it necessary to examine the legality of reorganizing Jammu and Kashmir into two Union Territories.
• It upheld the creation of the Union Territory of Ladakh from the state.
• The timing of the abrogation following the dissolution of the Jammu and Kashmir State Legislative Assembly and the subsequent imposition of President’s rule did not deter the court’s decision.
• Even if the court had ruled against the Proclamation issued under Article 356, it stated that no material relief could be provided as President’s Rule was revoked on October 31, 2019.

Understanding Article 370’s Temporariness

• The court clarified that Article 370 was a “temporary provision” established during a time of internal conflict and war to facilitate Jammu and Kashmir’s accession to the Union.
• It underscored that only the Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir’s power to recommend abrogation ceased to exist with its dissolution in 1957.
• However, the President’s authority under Article 370(3) remained intact.
• Chief Justice highlighted that the State of Jammu and Kashmir did not possess “internal sovereignty” distinct from other states in the country.
• The special privileges and separate Constitution were considered aspects of asymmetric federalism rather than sovereignty.

Conclusion

• The Supreme Court’s verdict validates the abrogation of Article 370, emphasizing its temporary nature and underscoring the constitutional integration of Jammu and Kashmir into the Union.
• The ruling provides clarity on the President’s power, the historical context, and the state’s constitutional status while reiterating the primacy of the Indian Constitution in governing the entire nation.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-upholds-abrogation-of-article-370-says-move-was-part-of-70-year-old-exercise-to-integrate-jk-to-the-union/article67626914.ece

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Researchers at IIT Jodhpur have developed a groundbreaking method that combines algae-assisted microbial fuel cells to capture carbon dioxide, treat wastewater, and generate power simultaneously.

EXPLANATION:

• This technology represents a promising alternative to traditional carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) methods, offering multiple benefits in environmental remediation and energy production.

ALGAE-ASSISTED CARBON CAPTURE PROCESS

• Absorption of CO2 from Flue Gas
  • The process initiates by cooling the flue gas from thermal power stations and industrial plants using a heat exchanger.
  • The cooled flue gas is then directed to a sieve-plate absorption column, where sodium carbonate supplemented wastewater absorbs CO2, producing flue-gas-derived bicarbonates (FGDBs).

• Utilization in Algae-Assisted Microbial Fuel Cells (MFC)
• • FGDBs are utilized in plastic bag photobioreactors (PBRs) combined with algae-assisted microbial fuel cells.
  • This novel integration facilitates biochemical CO2 sequestration while simultaneously generating power and promoting algae biomass growth.

ADVANTAGES OVER CONVENTIONAL METHODS

• Efficiency of CO2 Fixation
  • Compared to the conventional method of bubbling flue gases into algal ponds, the indirect biochemical route adopted by IIT Jodhpur proves more efficient.
  • It converts CO2 into carbonates, enhancing the solubility of inorganic carbon in water, thereby fostering increased carbon retention in the water.

• Closed Systems and Wastewater Usage
• • The use of closed systems like PBRs is highlighted as preferable to open ponds, as they prevent decomposition of bicarbonates into CO2 and maintain pH levels.
  • Additionally, the technology utilizes wastewater, utilizing a thermo-tolerant algal strain (Chlorella vulgaris) capable of thriving in such conditions.

POWER GENERATION AND SCALING CHALLENGES

• Algae in Microbial Fuel Cells
  • The integration of algae into microbial fuel cells generates electricity.
  • This bio-electrochemical process harnesses the metabolic activity of microorganisms breaking down organic matter in wastewater, releasing electrons that produce electric current.

• Scalability and Limitations
• • While theoretically, all available flue gas can be used to grow algae, scalability presents challenges.
  • A tonne per day of CO2 capture demands a substantial algae culture area, limiting the practical scale of operation.
  • Moreover, only a small fraction of algae is used for power generation, leaving the majority available for bioenergy purposes.

FUTURE PROSPECTS AND DEVELOPMENT

• Further Refinement and Research
  • Technology requires refinement and further research.
  • Developmental avenues include enhancing microbial consortia or genetically engineered strains, comprehensive mass balance studies, determination of feed flow rates, and retention times for efficient CO2 capture.

• Device Optimization
• • Enhancements to the device itself could involve integrating specialized gas diffusing devices (spargers) for a stable gas supply, ensuring sustained algal growth.

CONCLUSION

• IIT Jodhpur’s innovative algae-assisted microbial fuel cell technology showcases a promising approach to address multiple environmental challenges simultaneously.
• While requiring further development and refinement, its potential to capture CO2, treat wastewater, and generate power represents a significant step towards sustainable and efficient energy solutions.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/business-tech/carbon-capture-by-algae-assisted-microbial-fuel-cell-shows-promise/article67624539.ece

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The renewable energy pledge, signed by 118 countries during the COP28 climate summit, aims to triple the world’s green energy capacity to 11,000 GW by 2030.

EXPLANATION:

• This initiative is crucial in reducing reliance on fossil fuels for energy generation.
• The objective is to limit the global average temperature increase, striving to stay below the 2-degree Celsius temperature rise since pre-industrial times, in alignment with the 2015 Paris Agreement goals.

Goals and Implications

• The pledge requires countries to double the global average annual rate of energy efficiency improvements from about 2% to over 4% each year until 2030.
• This ambitious target signifies a collective effort by world governments to mitigate the rise in emissions and shift away from fossil fuel dependency.
• The intention is to contribute to curbing the temperature rise and ideally achieve the more ambitious 1.5-degree Celsius goal set in the Paris Agreement.

Unbinding Nature of the Pledge

• It’s essential to note that while this pledge is a significant indicator of global leaders’ intentions to tackle emissions, it is not legally binding and is not officially part of the COP28 calendar.
• However, it signals a strong commitment to combatting global emissions.

ROLE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN CLIMATE MITIGATION

• Renewable Energy’s Growing Dominance
  • The International Energy Agency (IEA) forecasts that between 2022 and 2027, renewables will constitute over 90% of global electricity capacity expansion.
  • Countries like China, the EU, the US, and India are key drivers behind this acceleration, implementing policies, regulatory reforms, and market changes to address the energy crisis.

• Transitioning Away from Fossil Fuels
  • Solar, wind, hydropower, and biofuels are recognized as the primary future energy sources, even in developing nations.
  • The ambitious aim to triple renewable energy by 2050 is expected to significantly diminish reliance on fossil fuels for energy generation.

• Global Efforts and India’s Role
• • Various countries are actively increasing their renewable energy capacity.
  • India, for instance, is the world’s third-largest renewable energy producer and aims to fulfill 50% of its electricity demands from renewables by 2030, with a net-zero emissions target by 2070.
  • However, challenges such as rising costs, labor constraints, and supply chain issues are impeding renewable energy projects globally.

GLOBAL ENERGY TRANSITION CHALLENGES

• Expanding Renewables Beyond Electricity
  • While the electricity sector is experiencing substantial growth in renewables, accounting for only a fifth of global energy consumption, integrating renewable sources into transportation and heating remains a critical challenge in the overall energy transition.

• Hurdles in Renewable Deployment
• • Despite the enthusiasm for renewable energy, deployment faces obstacles like rising costs, labor shortages, and supply chain disruptions.
  • These challenges have resulted in delays and cancellations of projects, causing substantial financial losses for leading developers worldwide.

GEOPOLITICAL CONSIDERATIONS AND STANDPOINTS

• Initiatives and Opposition
  • The pledge spearheaded by the EU, US, and UAE received support from several countries but faced opposition from major coal-dependent nations like India and China.
  • These countries expressed concerns about the initiative’s stance on phasing down coal and halting investments in new coal-fired power plants.

• India’s Position
• • India, while initially staying away from the initiative due to its implications on coal, had previously supported a G20 commitment to triple global renewable energy capacity by 2030.
  • This reflects the complexity of balancing energy transition goals with existing economic dependencies on coal.

CONCLUSION

• The renewable energy pledge at COP28 represents a significant commitment by numerous countries to accelerate the global shift towards renewable energy sources.
• Despite challenges and diverging perspectives, this initiative highlights the urgent need for collaborative efforts to mitigate climate change by transitioning away from fossil fuels.
• However, the practical implementation and overcoming of geopolitical differences pose significant challenges on the road to achieving these ambitious targets.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-climate/cop28-tripling-renewable-energy-target-9062282/