TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: The completion of 18 years by the Sloth Bear Rescue Centre at Bannerghatta National Park (BNP) in Karnataka marks a significant milestone in the conservation efforts and facilities provided for sloth bears.

EVOLUTION OF THE CENTRE:

• Growth and Development:
  • Initially starting with just two buildings, the facility has expanded significantly, now comprising five large separate enclosures.
  • It has advanced infrastructure, including a state-of-the-art operation theatre and an eco-friendly bear kitchen operated using biomass-based cooking stoves.
• Sustainability Initiatives:
  • The centre’s focus on sustainability is evident from being the first fully solar-powered rescue centre in its organization.
  • Adoption of solar power not only aligns with eco-friendly practices but also reduces operational costs, showcasing a commitment to environmental conservation.

OUTREACH AND AWARENESS PROGRAMS:

• Engagement Strategies:
  • Recognizing the importance of raising awareness about sloth bear conservation, the centre emphasizes outreach programs.
  • Activities include corporate partnerships, celebrity visits, and an active volunteering program aimed at engaging people directly in bear care and conservation efforts.
• Benefits of Volunteer Participation:
  • Volunteers and participants directly contribute their time toward the care and wellbeing of rescued bears, enhancing the hands-on care provided to the animals.
  • This active involvement of volunteers not only benefits the bears but also fosters a sense of ownership and responsibility towards wildlife conservation among participants.

TESTIMONIAL AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS:

• Center’s Achievements:
  • The unique aspects of the Bannerghatta rescue centre’s journey and its evolution into a sustainable have been highlighted.
  • The integration of solar panels, an eco-friendly kitchen, and a commitment to energy efficiency showcases the center’s emphasis on sustainability and responsible operational practices.

CONCLUSION:

• The completion of 18 years by the Sloth Bear Rescue Centre at Bannerghatta National Park represents an impactful journey towards bear conservation and welfare.
• The center’s evolution into a sustainable and environmentally conscious facility, along with its innovative outreach strategies, signifies a holistic approach to wildlife conservation.
• The active involvement of various stakeholders, including volunteers, corporations, and celebrities, underscores the collaborative effort in protecting and preserving sloth bears and their habitat.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bannerghattas-sloth-bear-rescue-centre-completes-18-years/article67571030.ece

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT:  The UK drug regulator recently approved a gene therapy called Casgevy for the treatment of sickle cell disease and thalassaemia which is seen as a groundbreaking advancement in the field of medicine.

SIGNIFICANCE OF GENE THERAPY:

• Revolutionary Treatment Approach:
  • Casgevy, utilizing CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology, targets and edits the faulty gene responsible for sickle cell disease and thalassemia.
  • This therapy presents a potential cure by editing the patient’s own blood stem cells to produce fetal hemoglobin, alleviating symptoms and potentially offering a lifelong remedy.
• Disease Background:
  • Sickle cell disease causes red blood cells to adopt a crescent shape, obstructing blood flow and leading to severe pain, infections, anemia, and stroke.
  • Thalassemia results in low hemoglobin levels, causing fatigue, shortness of breath, irregular heartbeats, and necessitating lifelong blood transfusions.

WORKING MECHANISM OF CASGEVY:

• CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing:
  • Casgevy targets the BCL11A gene, critical in the switch from fetal to adult hemoglobin.
  • By promoting the production of fetal hemoglobin (which lacks the abnormalities of adult hemoglobin), the therapy aims to alleviate symptoms of these blood disorders.

IMPACT AND TRIAL RESULTS:

• Clinical Trial Outcomes:
  • Trials involving Casgevy showcased promising results:
    • For sickle cell disease, most participants experienced a significant reduction in severe pain crises post-treatment.
    • In thalassemia, a substantial number of patients didn’t require transfusions for at least a year after treatment.

TREATMENT PROCESS:

• Treatment Procedure:
  • The therapy involves collecting the patient’s blood stem cells, editing them over six months, and then transplanting them back after conditioning the bone marrow.
  • Patients need hospitalization for about a month post-transplant to allow the edited cells to regenerate red blood cells with normal hemoglobin.
• Side Effects and Challenges:
  • Similar to autologous stem cell transplants, patients might experience side effects like nausea, fatigue, fever, and an increased infection risk.
  • The primary challenges revolve around the therapy’s high cost (possibly up to $2 million per patient) and the absence of local manufacturing facilities, making it difficult for poorer countries to afford and access the treatment.

FUTURE PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES:

• Cost and Access:
  • While the approval signifies a significant milestone, the exorbitant cost poses a major challenge, especially for patients in lower-income countries.
  • Anticipated reductions in prices over time and the development of local manufacturing facilities may improve accessibility.
• Ongoing Research:
  • Researchers, like Dr. Debojyoti Chakraborty’s team, are actively working on similar gene therapies in India, aiming to address sickle cell disease with a focus on making the treatment more accessible.

CONCLUSION:

• The approval of Casgevy in the UK represents a momentous leap in the treatment of sickle cell disease and thalassemia, offering a potentially curative approach through gene editing technology.
• However, the high cost and accessibility issues underscore the need for ongoing research, development of local manufacturing facilities, and efforts to make such revolutionary treatments more affordable and globally accessible.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-health/sickle-cell-breakthrough-9041297/

TAG: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: Recently, the Central government has exempted the Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In) from the ambit of the Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005.

BACKGROUND AND SIGNIFICANCE:

• Role of CERT-In:
  • CERT-In is the national nodal agency under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology.
  • It is responsible for responding to computer security incidents, handling cybersecurity emergencies, and issuing guidelines to prevent cyber threats.
  • Its exemption from the RTI Act means that the public may no longer have direct access to seek information through the RTI route from CERT-In.

IMPLICATIONS OF EXEMPTION:

• Reduced Transparency:
  • The exemption effectively reduces the transparency and accountability of CERT-In operations as it removes the obligation to disclose information under the RTI Act.
  • Citizens and stakeholders may face challenges in accessing information related to cybersecurity incidents, response measures, and guidelines issued by CERT-In.
• National Security and Confidentiality:
  • The exemption might be justified concerning national security and confidentiality concerns.
  • CERT-In deals with sensitive information related to cybersecurity threats and responses, which might warrant confidentiality.
• Impact on Governance:
  • The RTI Act empowers citizens to seek information from government organizations to ensure transparency and hold authorities accountable.
  • Exempting CERT-In might raise concerns about governance transparency in the cybersecurity domain.

AMENDMENT TO RTI ACT:

• Personnel Ministry’s Notification:
  • The Personnel Ministry has amended Section 24 of the RTI Act, adding CERT-In to the list of organizations exempted from RTI provisions.
  • CERT-In joins the existing list of 26 intelligence and security organizations already exempted from providing information under the RTI Act, except in matters related to corruption and human rights violations.
• Transparency Exceptions:
  • While transparency is crucial, certain sensitive agencies are exempted from RTI provisions to protect national security and confidentiality.
  • However, the exemption does not cover allegations of corruption and human rights violations.

PUBLIC CONCERNS AND REACTIONS:

• Access to Information:
  • The exemption raises concerns among the public, activists, and stakeholders about limited access to information crucial for understanding cybersecurity threats and response strategies.
• Balance between Security and Transparency:
  • Debates revolve around finding a balance between ensuring national security and maintaining transparency and accountability in government operations, particularly in critical domains like cybersecurity.
• Need for Clarity:
  • There might be a need for clear guidelines or mechanisms to ensure accountability, even with the exemption, to address concerns about transparency without compromising national security interests.

SOURCE: https://theprint.in/india/centre-exempts-cert-in-from-ambit-of-rti-act/1858355/

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The Union Health Ministry has made available generic drugs to support the care and treatment of four ailments: Tyrosinemia-Type 1, Gauchers Disease, Wilson’s Disease, and the Dravet-Lennox Gastaut Syndrome.

EXPLANATION:

• The development of generic drugs to treat four rare diseases (Tyrosinemia-Type 1, Gaucher’s Disease, Wilson’s Disease, and the Dravet-Lennox Gastaut Syndrome) is a significant step toward addressing the healthcare needs of patients with rare diseases.

IMPACT ON PATIENTS:

• Cost Reduction:
  • The availability of these indigenous generic drugs is expected to substantially reduce the cost of treatment for patients suffering from rare diseases.
  • The reduction in drug prices by 60 to 100 times of their current market value will significantly ease the financial burden on patients and their families.
• Access to Treatment:
  • Making these drugs available means greater accessibility to treatment for rare diseases, which otherwise might have been financially inaccessible to many due to high drug prices.
• Future Scope:
  • The Health Ministry’s plans to expand this initiative to include drugs for more rare diseases such as Phenylketonuria and Hyperammonemia will further benefit patients.
  • It will extend affordable treatment options to patients to a broader spectrum of rare conditions.

GOVERNMENT INITIATIVE AND COLLABORATION:

• Stakeholder Engagement:
  • The initiative involved collaboration with various stakeholders, including academia, pharmaceutical industries, organizations, drug regulators, and the Department of Pharmaceuticals.
  • This comprehensive engagement demonstrates a concerted effort to address the healthcare needs of those with rare diseases.
• Non-Commercial Venture:
  • Emphasizing the non-commercial aspect of the initiative, Health Minister highlighted that this endeavor is primarily aimed at serving those in acute need, indicating a humanitarian approach to healthcare.
• Engagement with Pharmaceutical Companies:
  • The government’s engagement with pharmaceutical companies, including discussions with companies selling patented rare disease drugs, showcases efforts to explore partnerships and potential solutions for patients who urgently need these medicines.

HEALTHCARE LANDSCAPE AND RARE DISEASES:

• Prevalence and Impact:
  • Rare diseases collectively affect a small percentage of the population but pose significant challenges due to their low prevalence.
  • In India, it’s estimated that there could be millions of cases, with 80% of these diseases being genetic.
• Sustainable Healthcare Measures:
  • The initiative is deemed a more sustainable measure compared to existing schemes aimed at financially aiding patients.
  • It represents a long-term solution to address the healthcare needs of patients with rare diseases.

INDUSTRY PARTICIPATION:

• Company Participation:
  • The involvement of several pharmaceutical companies, such as Biophore India, Laurus Labs, Azico Biophore, MSN Pharmaceuticals, and Akums Drugs and Pharmaceutical, demonstrates private sector participation and support for this initiative.

CONCLUSION:

• The development and availability of generic drugs for rare diseases in India through government-led initiative signify a crucial step towards enhancing accessibility, affordability, and sustainability in treating patients with rare health conditions.
• This initiative’s success not only relies on cost reduction but also on collaborative efforts between the government, pharmaceutical companies, and various stakeholders to address healthcare disparities for those affected by rare diseases.

WHAT IS GENERIC MEDICINE?

• A generic drug is a medication that has exactly the same active ingredient as the brand name drug and yields the same therapeutic effect.
• It is the same in dosing, safety, strength, quality, the way it works, the way it is taken, and the way it should be used.
• They do not involve repetition of extensive clinical trials over the years, unlike brands that undergo extensive R&D procedure.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/four-generic-made-in-india-drugs-to-treat-rare-diseases-offer-relief-for-patients-more-in-pipeline/article67570839.ece

TAG: GS 2: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

THE CONTEXT: Recently, India and the European Union signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on semiconductors that will help in building a “robust supply chain” and support innovation.

EXPLANATION:

• The Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) signed between India and the European Union (EU) regarding semiconductors marks a significant step toward enhancing collaboration in technology and building a robust supply chain.

Strategic Importance:

• Semiconductors are critical components driving the digital world, essential in various sectors such as electronics, telecommunications, automotive, and more.
• Post-COVID-19, there has been a global shift towards diversifying supply chains away from heavy reliance on China, making semiconductor production and supply more strategically important.

Indo-EU Collaboration:

• The MoU between India and the EU aims to strengthen collaboration and information sharing in the semiconductor sector, capitalizing on each other’s strengths and experiences.
• It is an essential move in aligning India’s semiconductor strategy with those of the EU and the U.S., especially in the Indo-Pacific region.

KEY HIGHLIGHTS OF THE MOU:

• Information Exchange:
  • The agreement emphasizes sharing experiences, best practices, and information on respective semiconductor ecosystems.
  • Identifying areas of collaboration in research, development, and innovation among universities, research organizations, and businesses is a significant focus.
• Skill Development and Collaboration:
  • The MoU aims to foster skill development, talent, and workforce training specifically for the semiconductor industry.
  • It encourages collaboration through workshops, partnerships, and promoting direct investments.
• Level Playing Field:
  • One critical aspect highlighted in the agreement is ensuring a level playing field in the semiconductor sector.
  • This includes sharing information on granted public subsidies to prevent unfair advantages and promote fair competition.
• Future Meetings and Plans:
  • The Trade and Technology Council is set to convene in India in early 2024, further solidifying the collaboration and exploring opportunities for deeper cooperation.

IMPLICATIONS AND POTENTIAL OUTCOMES:

• Strengthening Supply Chains:
  • By sharing information and collaborating on semiconductor technology, both India and the EU aim to build more resilient supply chains, reducing dependence on a single dominant supplier.
• Technological Advancements:
  • Collaboration in research, development, and innovation could lead to advancements in semiconductor technology, potentially accelerating progress in areas like AI, IoT, and other emerging tech.
• Economic and Industrial Growth:
  • Enhanced cooperation might result in increased investments, job creation, and economic growth in both regions, particularly in the semiconductor and related industries.
• Geopolitical Implications:
  • This alignment between India and the EU, along with the U.S., could influence geopolitical dynamics, potentially shaping global trade patterns and alliances in the tech sector.
• In conclusion, the MoU on semiconductors between India and the EU signifies a step toward fostering collaboration, knowledge-sharing, and mutual growth in the semiconductor industry.
• It not only aims to strengthen technological capabilities but also addresses strategic and economic aspects to build more resilient and competitive supply chains in the global semiconductor market.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-eu-sign-semiconductor-pact-to-help-build-a-robust-supply-chain/article67571216.ece

THE CONTEXT: In a parliamentary democracy, Governors do not have a unilateral veto over Bills passed by the legislature. This is the crux of the Supreme Court’s ruling in a case arising from Punjab after Governor Banwarilal Purohit withheld assent to some Bills passed by the State Assembly on the pretext that these were adopted in an illegal session of the House.

MORE ON THE NEWS

• Supreme Court’s judgment in State of Punjab vs Principal Secretary to the Governor of Punjab and Another, delivered on November 10, and made available on November 23, is a landmark in resolving federal disputes impinging on the office of the Governor.
• The elected government in Punjab was aggrieved on the ground that its Governor, neither assented to or returned four Bills passed by the State Assembly.
• The Governor was also accused of not furnishing a recommendation for the introduction of certain Money Bills in the Assembly.

SUPREME COURT’S JUDGMENT IN STATE OF PUNJAB VS PRINCIPAL SECRETARY TO THE GOVERNOR OF PUNJAB

• The Supreme Court has now read the power to withhold assent and the proviso in conjuction, holding that whenever the Governor withholds assent, he has to send the Bill back to the legislature for reconsideration.
  • This effectively means that the Governor either grants assents in the first instance or will be compelled to do so after the Bill’s second passage.
• The Court has done well to point out that Governors, in a system that requires them to function mainly on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers, cannot withhold action on Bills and must act as soon as possible.
• This is a clear reprimand administered to Governors who believe they can endlessly delay action on Cabinet or legislative proposals because of the absence of a prescribed timeframe.
  • Governor’s stand that the particular session of the Assembly was illegal because an adjourned House was reconvened by the Speaker on his own-has been rejected.
• The Court has ruled that the earlier session had only been adjourned and not prorogued.

SCOPE FOR CONTROVERSY:

There is still some residual scope for controversy if, as a result of Governors being divested of the power to reject Bills unilaterally, they start referring Bills they disapprove of to the President.

• Such an eventuality should not be allowed to arise.

GOVERNOR’S POWER WITH RESPECT TO THE BILLS

Article 200 of the constitution:

• When a Bill has been passed by the Legislative Assembly of a State or, in the case of a State having a Legislative Council, has been passed by both Houses of the Legislature of the State, it shall be presented to the Governor.
• Governor shall declare either that he assents to the Bill or withholds assent or reserves the Bill for the consideration of the President.
• Governor may also return the Bill if it is not a Money Bill with a message requesting reconsideration by the house or houses.

Article 201 of the constitution:

• When a Bill is reserved by a Governor for the consideration of the President, the President shall declare either assents to the Bill or withholds assent from the bill.
• President may also direct the Governor to return the Bill to the House or houses of the legislature of the state for reconsideration.

• In case the Governor chooses to withhold assent, he should return the Bill as soon as possible with a message requesting the Legislative Assembly to reconsider the proposed law or any specified provisions or suggest amendments.
• The Assembly would reconsider and pass the Bill, and this time, the Governor should not withhold his assent.
• In short, the constitutional head of the State would bow to the considered decision of the elected representatives of the people.

VARIOUS COMMITTEE RECOMMENDATIONS:

The Sarkaria Commission (1987):

• The Commission has submitted that it is only the reservation of Bills for consideration of the President, that too under rare cases of unconstitutionality, that can be implied as a discretionary power of the Governor.
• Save in such exceptional cases, the Governor must discharge his functions under Article 200 as per the advice of ministers.
• It further recommended that the President should dispose of such Bills within a maximum period of six months.
• In the event of the President ‘withholding assent’, the reasons should be communicated to the State Government wherever possible.

The Punchhi Commission (2010):

The Commission had recommended that the Governor  should take a decision with respect to a Bill presented for their assent within a period of six months.

• However, these recommendations have not been implemented till date.

CHALLENGES ASSOCIATED WITH GOVERNOR’S OFFICE

The Appointment of Governors: The Governor  of a State shall be appointed by the President on the advice of the central government.

• Many states are unhappy about the role of the governor because the governor is appointed by the central government.
• Therefore, there is a possibility of the Governor’s office being used to control and remove the state government.

Disproportionate role in the affairs of opposition-ruled States: Most opposition-ruled States, namely, Kerala, West Bengal, Punjab, Telangana, Jharkhand and Tamil Nadu have had problems with respective Governors, who sought to display overbearing attitudes vis-a-vis the elected governments, using their discretionary powers under the Constitution.

No constitutional provisions in case of disagreement: There are no provisions laid down in the Constitution for the manner in which the Governor and the state must engage publicly when there is a difference of opinion.

THE WAY FORWARD

• As per our Constitutional scheme, there is a need for a nominal head of the State executive just like the President for the Union executive.
• However, federalism is a basic feature of our Constitution and the Governor’s office should not undermine the powers of elected governments at the States.
• The Constitution may be amended to provide that the Chief Ministers shall be consulted before appointment of the Governors.
• The recommendation of the Punchhi Commission that Governors may be removed through an impeachment by the State Legislature can also be considered.
  • This would arm the State legislatures with the power to remove an uncooperative Governor.

CONCLUSION:

The problem of delay in according to assent to Bills passed by the legislature is a burning issue that confronts our polity and quite often is an affront to our democracy and its fundamentals. Giving assent to Bills is one of the few areas in which the Governor can exercise his discretion. But again, this discretion cannot be used arbitrarily or based on a personal preference, but only in Constitutional terms with cogent reasons.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION:

Q) Discuss the essential conditions for exercise of the legislative powers by the Governor. Discuss the legality of re-promulgation of ordinances by the Governor without placing them before the Legislature. (2022)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q) Discuss the role of the Governor with respect to the Bills passed by the State legislature. What insights can be drawn from the relevant Supreme Court judgments? Explain.

SOURCE: No vote for veto: The Hindu Editorial on Governors and their powers – The Hindu

THE CONTEXT:  There have been frequent outbreaks of Nipah in Kerala in recent years. From September 12 to 15, 2023 India’s health ministry reported six laboratory-confirmed Nipah virus cases, including two deaths, in Kozhikode district in the southern state of Kerala. The WHO said as of September 27, 1,288 contacts of the confirmed cases were traced, including high-risk contacts and healthcare workers, who are under quarantine and monitoring for 21 days. This article explains in detail the various aspects of the outbreak of Nipah Virus from the UPSC perspective.

ABOUT NIPAH VIRUS

Nipah virus (NiV) is a zoonotic virus that can infect both animals and humans. It is a member of the Henipavirus genus in the Paramyxoviridae family. NiV was first identified in 1999 during an outbreak of encephalitis and respiratory illness in pigs and humans in Malaysia and Singapore. Since then, outbreaks have occurred almost annually in parts of Asia, primarily Bangladesh and India. There are currently no drugs or vaccines specific for Nipah virus infection although WHO has identified Nipah as a priority disease for the WHO Research and Development Blueprint. Intensive supportive care is recommended to treat severe respiratory and neurologic complications.

Source of Nipah Virus

• The source of Nipah virus (NiV) is the fruit bat (genus Pteropus), also known as the flying fox.
• Fruit bats are natural hosts of NiV and do not show any signs of illness when they are infected.

TRANSMISSION

• Nipah virus (NiV) is a zoonotic virus, meaning that it can be transmitted from animals to humans.
• NiV is transmitted from fruit bats to other animals, such as pigs, and to people through direct contact with their bodily fluids or through contaminated food or water.
• If a person then eats the infected pig meat, they can also become infected with NiV.
• Human-to-human transmission of NiV is thought to occur through close contact with the secretions or excretions of an infected person. This can include contact with the person’s saliva, urine, feces, or respiratory secretions.

Historical Outbreaks:

• In the first known NiV outbreak in Malaysia and Singapore in 1999, the virus was transmitted to people through contact with infected pigs. The outbreak resulted in more than 250 cases and over 100 deaths.
• In subsequent NiV outbreaks in Bangladesh and India, the virus has been transmitted to people through a variety of routes, including:
  • Consumption of contaminated food or water, such as raw date palm juice contaminated with bat urine or saliva.
  • Direct contact with infected pigs or bats
  • Human-to-human transmission through direct contact with the blood, body fluids, or respiratory secretions of an infected person
• In the 2001 NiV outbreak in Siliguri, India, transmission of the virus was also reported within a health-care setting, where 75% of cases occurred among hospital staff or visitors.

SYMPTOMS

The symptoms of Nipah virus (NiV) infection range from mild to severe. Some people may have no symptoms at all, while others may develop encephalitis, which is inflammation of the brain. Encephalitis can lead to a variety of neurological symptoms, including headache, fever, confusion, seizures, and coma. Death can occur in 40-75% of cases.

The initial symptoms of NiV infection typically appear 4-14 days after exposure to the virus. These symptoms are Fever, Headache, Muscle pain, Vomiting, Sore throat, Cough, Difficulty breathing.

WHAT IS THE TREATMENT FOR NIPAH VIRUS?

• There is no specific treatment for Nipah virus (NiV) infection. Treatment is supportive and includes providing the patient with fluids, oxygen, and medications to control seizures and other symptoms.
• In some cases, patients may need to be hospitalized in an intensive care unit (ICU) to receive specialized care.
• Researchers are working to develop specific treatments for NiV infection, but there are currently no licensed drugs or vaccines available.

HOW CAN NIPAH VIRUS TRANSMISSION BE PREVENTED?

There is no vaccine available for Nipah virus (NiV) infection. Some measures to help prevent Nipah virus infection includes-

• Raising awareness about its spread and transmission.
• Avoid contact with sick bats and pigs.
• Reducing the risk of bat-to-human transmission
• Reducing the risk of animal-to-human transmission by using Gloves and other protective clothing.
• Practice good hygiene, such as washing your hands frequently with soap and water.

IS THERE A VACCINE FOR NIPAH VIRUS?

• No, there is no currently licensed vaccine for Nipah virus (NiV) infection. However, several NiV vaccines are in development, and some have shown promising results in preclinical and clinical trials.
• One of the most promising NiV vaccines is an mRNA-based vaccine developed by Moderna. The vaccine has been shown to be safe and effective in animal studies, and it is currently in Phase 1 clinical trials in humans.
• Another promising NiV vaccine is a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV) vaccine developed by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). The vaccine has also been shown to be safe and effective in animal studies, and it is currently in Phase 2 clinical trials in humans.

Some of the potential treatments that are being investigated include:

• Monoclonal antibodies: These are laboratory-produced proteins that can recognize and bind to specific viruses, such as NiV. Monoclonal antibodies can help to neutralize the virus and prevent it from infecting cells.
• Antiviral drugs: These drugs can work by inhibiting the replication of the virus or by killing infected cells.
• Vaccines: Vaccines can help to protect people from NiV infection by stimulating the body’s immune system to produce antibodies against the virus.

WHAT ARE MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES?

• Monoclonal antibodies are laboratory-made proteins that mimic the behaviour of antibodies produced by the immune system to protect against diseases and foreign substances.
• An antibody attaches itself to an antigen – a foreign substance, usually a disease-causing molecule – and helps the immune system eliminate it from the body.
• Monoclonal antibodies are specifically designed to target certain antigens.
• Niels K. Jerne, Georges J.F. Köhler and César Milstein were awarded the medicine Nobel Prize in 1984 for their work on the “the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies”.

What is m102.4?

• It is a “potent, fully human” monoclonal antibody that neutralises Hendra and Nipah viruses, both outside and inside of living organisms.
• The antibody has passed phase-one clinical trials, which means that researchers tested it with a relatively small number of people to estimate the right dose of treatment that also doesn’t cause side effects.

How do monoclonal antibodies work?

• Monoclonal antibodies are specifically engineered and generated to target a disease. They are meant to attach themselves to the specific disease causing antigen. An antigen is most likely to be a protein.
• Köhler and Dr. Milstein, who established a generation of monoclonal antibodies for use in humans in 1975, used this principle to describe the hybridoma a fusion cell made up of B cells (white blood cells that produce antibodies) and myeloma cells (abnormal plasma cells). These hybrid cells allowed the researchers to produce a single antibody clone, which came to be known as a monoclonal antibody.
• Most successful monoclonal antibodies during the pandemic were engineered to bind to the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The binding prevented the protein from exercising its regular functions, including its ability to infect other cells.
• The initial technology of producing hybridoma in mice was unsustainable. Today, these antibodies are made using recombinant DNA technology. Here, the gene that codes for the monoclonal antibody’s binding region also known as the variable region is isolated from a B cell or synthesised in the laboratory.
• This antibody is then introduced into a host cell, often a bacterium or a mammalian cell, using recombinant DNA technology (which involves manipulating DNA material outside an organism to obtain specific traits or characteristics).
• The host cells, called bioreactors, produce large quantities of the monoclonal antibodies which are extracted, purified, and readied for use as desired.
• Glycoproteins are one of the major components of viruses that cause diseases in humans. According to a research paper published in October 2020, the m102.4 monoclonal antibody binds itself to the immunodominant receptor-binding glycoprotein of the Nipah virus, potentially neutralising it.

ICMR RESPONSE TO NIPAH VIRUS OUTBREAK IN KERALA

The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) has taken a number of steps to respond to the Nipah virus outbreak in Kerala. These steps include:

• Sending a team of experts to Kerala to help with the outbreak response. The team is providing technical support to the state government on case management, contact tracing, and surveillance.
• Providing diagnostic tests for Nipah virus to laboratories in Kerala. The ICMR has also provided training to laboratory staff on how to perform the tests.
• Developing a vaccine for Nipah virus. The ICMR is working with a number of partners to develop a vaccine for Nipah virus. The vaccine is currently in preclinical trials, and the ICMR is hoping to start clinical trials in the near future.
• Raising awareness of Nipah virus and how to prevent infection. The ICMR is working with the state government and other stakeholders to raise awareness of Nipah virus and how to prevent infection. This includes developing educational materials and conducting public awareness campaigns.
• The ICMR is working with other national and international organizations to respond to the Nipah virus outbreak in Kerala. The ICMR is committed to working with all stakeholders to control the outbreak and protect public health.

HOW THE KERALA GOVERNMENT IS MANAGING THE OUTBREAK OF NIPAH VIRUS?

The Kerala government is managing the outbreak of Nipah virus in a comprehensive and effective manner, drawing on lessons learned from previous outbreaks in the state. The key components of the state’s response include:

• Early detection and reporting:The government has issued guidelines to all healthcare facilities to be on the lookout for suspected cases of Nipah virus and to report them immediately to the Kerala’s Health department and control room. It is ensured that cases are identified and isolated early, which is essential for preventing further transmission of the virus.
• Contact tracing and quarantine:The government is tracing all contacts of confirmed cases and placing them under quarantine for 21 days. It helps to identify and isolate any potential cases of infection, and to prevent the virus from spreading to the wider community.
• Public health education and awareness: The government is conducting public health education campaigns to raise awareness about Nipah virus, its symptoms, and how to prevent infection. It includes distributing information materials, conducting door-to-door visits, and using social media platforms.
• Clinical management:The government has established dedicated isolation wards for Nipah virus patients in major hospitals across the state. These wards are staffed by trained healthcare professionals and equipped with the necessary medical supplies and equipment to provide optimal care to patients.
• Research and development:The government is supporting research and development into Nipah virus, including the development of vaccines and treatments. This is essential for improving the prevention and management of Nipah virus outbreaks in the future.

The Kerala government is working with the central government and the World Health Organization (WHO) to ensure that the outbreak is brought under control as quickly as possible. The state government’s response to the Nipah virus outbreak has been praised by public health experts and the WHO.

THE CHALLENGES FACED BY INDIA IN THE WAKE OF A NIPAH VIRUS OUTBREAK

RAPID IDENTIFICATION AND DIAGNOSIS

• One of the primary challenges is the rapid identification and diagnosis of Nipah virus cases. Accurate and timely diagnosis is crucial for implementing control measures and providing appropriate care to patients.

INFECTION CONTROL

• Managing and containing Nipah virus outbreaks require strict infection control measures, which can be challenging to implement, especially in resource-limited healthcare settings. Adequate supplies of personal protective equipment (PPE) and training for healthcare workers are essential.

PUBLIC AWARENESS

• Ensuring that the public is aware of the risks associated with Nipah virus and understands preventive measures is critical. Raising public awareness and addressing misconceptions can be a challenge.

CONTACT TRACING AND QUARANTINE

• Identifying and monitoring individuals who have come into contact with confirmed cases is vital to prevent further transmission. This can be logistically challenging and resource-intensive.

HEALTHCARE CAPACITY

• A sudden outbreak can strain healthcare facilities and resources. Maintaining adequate healthcare capacity to manage Nipah virus cases while still providing care for other medical conditions is a significant challenge.

INFECTIONS FROM OUTSIDE THE COUNTRY

• Given that infectious diseases do not respect borders, international collaboration with neighboring countries and global health organizations is crucial to effectively manage and contain Nipah virus outbreaks.

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL IMPACTS

• Outbreaks can have economic and social impacts, including travel restrictions, trade disruptions, and economic strain. Balancing public health measures with these broader impacts is a challenge.

WAY FORWARD

PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE PLANS

• Develop and regularly update preparedness and response plans at the national, state, and local levels. These plans should include clear protocols for early detection, case management, contact tracing, and isolation measures.

SURVEILLANCE AND EARLY DETECTION

• Strengthen surveillance systems to detect Nipah virus cases early. This includes improving laboratory testing capabilities and monitoring and reporting cases in both humans and animals.

RESEARCH AND VACCINE DEVELOPMENT

• Continue research into the Nipah virus, including efforts to develop vaccines, antiviral treatments, and diagnostic tools. Collaborate with national and international research organizations to accelerate these efforts.

HEALTHCARE WORKER TRAINING

• Conduct regular training and drills for healthcare workers to ensure they are well-prepared to handle Nipah virus cases. Adequate supplies of personal protective equipment (PPE) and training in its use are essential.

ONE HEALTH APPROACH

• Implement a One Health approach that recognizes the interconnections between human, animal, and environmental health. This approach can help in monitoring and preventing zoonotic diseases like Nipah virus.

ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE (AMR)

• Be vigilant about the potential misuse of antibiotics during Nipah virus outbreaks, which can contribute to antimicrobial resistance. Promote judicious use of antibiotics.

RESEARCH ON BAT BEHAVIOR AND ECOLOGY

• Conduct research on the behavior and ecology of fruit bats, the reservoir for Nipah virus, to inform strategies for minimizing the risk of spillover to humans.

REGULATORY FRAMEWORK

• Develop and enforce regulatory frameworks for handling and transporting animals, especially those known to carry Nipah virus.

THE CONCLUSION: Nipah virus outbreaks in India represent a significant public health challenge. Such outbreaks not only threaten public health but pose major challenge for economic growth of the country. It is crucial for Indian health agencies to focus on preparedness, surveillance, early detection, and rapid response. There should be more investment in vaccine development and research for such zoonotic diseases.

UPSC PERSPECTIVE QUESTIONS

Q.1 How does the Nipah virus spread? Why Kerala has been the epicentre of sporadic outbreaks of Nipah virus? Is there a cure for this ‘emerging zoonotic disease’?

Q.2 Discuss the challenges of preventing and managing the outbreak of Nipah Virus in India.

UPSC PREVIOUS QUESTIONS                  

Q.1 COVID-19 pandemic accelerated class inequalities and poverty in India. Comment. (UPSC- 2020)

Q.2 COVID-19 pandemic has caused unprecedented tigation. devastation worldwide. However, technological advancements are being availed readily to win over the crisis. Give an account of how technology was sought to aid management of the pandemic.  (UPSC- 2020)

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