THE CONTEXT: India today stands as the world’s largest democracy, a diverse society with a vibrant political landscape. The Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) plays a crucial role in this democratic framework by ensuring transparency, accountability, and financial integrity in Government’s functioning.

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• There was a shortage of competent accountants willing to work in local governments, especially in the lower tiers located in remote places.
• In this respect, CAG in collaboration with the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India has envisaged a set of online courses to create a pool of accountants intended to be available at local level, competent to prepare urban and rural local government accounts.
• Registration for these courses will commence on November 16, 2023, on Audit Diwas.
• Educational qualifications for eligibility have been prescribed at such level that these certified/ qualified accountants should be available for service on periodic contracts at reasonable cost to local bodies.

OFFICE OF COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR GENERAL OF INDIA (CAG)

• The Constitution of India (Article 148) provides for an independent office of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG).
• He is the head of the Indian Audit and Accounts Department and is one of the bulwarks of the democratic system of Government in India.
• He is the guardian of the public purse and controls the entire financial system of the country at both the levels i.e the Centre and the state.
• His duty is to uphold the Constitution of India and laws of Parliament in the field of financial administration.

APPOINTMENT AND REMOVAL

• The CAG is appointed by the President of India by a warrant under his hand and seal.
• The CAG holds office for a period of six years or up to the age of 65 years, whichever is earlier.
• He can resign any time from his office by addressing the resignation letter to the president.
• He can also be removed by the president on the same grounds and in the same manner as a judge of the Supreme Court.
• In other words, he can be removed by the president on the basis of a resolution passed to that effect by both the Houses of Parliament with special majority, either on the ground of proved misbehaviour or incapacity.

CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS FOR THE OFFICE OF CAG

• Article 148 broadly deals with the CAG appointment, oath and conditions of service.
• Article 149 deals with Duties and Powers of the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India.
• Article 150 says that the accounts of the Union and of the States shall be kept in such form as the President may, on the advice of the CAG, prescribe.
• Article 151 says that the reports of the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India relating to the accounts of the Union shall be submitted to the president, who shall cause them to be laid before each House of Parliament.
• Article 279 states that calculation of “net proceeds” is ascertained and certified by the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India, whose certificate is final.

FUNCTIONS OF COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR GENERAL OF INDIA (CAG)

• CAG audits the accounts related to all expenditure from the Consolidated Fund of India, Consolidated Fund of each state and UT having a legislative assembly.
• CAG audits all expenditure from the Contingency Fund of India and the Public Account of India as well as the Contingency Fund and Public Account of each state.
• CAG audits all trading, manufacturing, profit and loss accounts, balance sheets and other subsidiary accounts kept by any department of the Central Government and the state governments.
• CAG audits the receipts and expenditure of all bodies and authorities substantially financed from the Central or State revenues; government companies; other corporations and bodies, when so required by related laws.
• He ascertains and certifies the net proceeds of any tax or duty, and his certificate is final on the matter.
• He submits his audit reports relating to the accounts of the Centre and State to the President and Governor, who shall, in turn, place them before both the houses of Parliament and the state legislature respectively.
• He submits 3 audit reports to the President: Audit report on appropriation accounts, audit report on finance accounts and audit report on public undertakings.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE OFFICE OF COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR GENERAL OF INDIA (CAG)

• CAG helps maintain the separation of powers between legislature and executive by ensuring that the Government’s financial activities align with legislative intentions.
• Through its audit findings and recommendations, the CAG promotes good governance practices and helps governments streamline their operations, reduce inefficiencies, and adhere to financial discipline.
• Auditing the achievements of sustainable development goals is integrated in all audit work of CAG. Also, as a member of the UN Board of Auditors, CAG of India took up the audit of SDGs as a cross-cutting theme in the UN Audit in 2017.
• CAG engagement with citizens at various stages of audit encompasses:
• An Audit Advisory Board, including external domain experts
• Stakeholders’ meetings workshops
• Beneficiary surveys during audits
• Using the results of social audit to aid CAG’s audit
• Laying of audit reports in Parliament, state legislature and also uploading them on our website for information of citizens.

AUDIT OF LOCAL BODIES:

The 73rd and 74th Constitutional amendments marked a quantum leap in India’s democratic set-up, as they created tiers of self-governance below the level of states.

• The Parliament passed the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, whereby Gram Sabhas were required to conduct regular social audits of all projects taken up under the scheme within the Gram Panchayat. Social audit is an interesting tool for facilitating citizen oversight.
• The Ministry of Rural Development in consultation with the C&AG office notified the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Audit of Scheme Rules in 2011.
• The rules envisaged social audit units in each state as well as the audit process for social audit and follow-up action. The ambit of social audit has been significantly enlarged since.
• The primary audit of the accounts of local governments and issue of audit certificates is done by local fund auditors designated by state governments.
• Empowering PRIs and urban local bodies and municipalities envisions people’s participation in the process of planning, decision-making, implementation and delivery of a set of functions to be devolved to local governments by state legislatures.
• Recently, an international centre for local governance has been envisaged for recognition of local self-governance. It will serve as a centre of excellence for capacity building of local government auditors, both nationally and internationally. It will serve as a knowledge centre and think-tank, addressing capacity building for stakeholders at grass-roots level across the nation.
• Over the years, CAG has issued numerous manuals/ guidance, forming the bedrock of auditing and accounting by local governments. Annual Technical Inspection Reports (ATIR) are issued by CAG’s state audit offices entrusted with Technical Guidance and Support (TGS).
• The primary focus of CAG’s local government audit is an assessment of how well the delivery of the services pertaining to devolved functions have reached the last mile or the grassroots, through the efforts of the local governments.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Citizen engagement in audit: Citizen engagement guides audit in identifying high-risk areas of possible mismanagement and inefficiencies in governance, thereby improving focus and effectiveness. To effectively discharge the responsibility, it is important for audit to actively work in sync with citizens, appreciating their concerns and feedback.
• Handholding of local bodies by CAG: The 11th Finance Commission recommended CAG to improve local governance by capacity building of state local fund auditors in Audit Planning and Audit Methodologies, through Technical Guidance and Support (TGS).
• Curbing delays: There should be a time limit assigned for audits performed by CAG. Auditors should be provided access to records on priority basis on an urgent basis.
• Leveraging technology: There is a need for harnessing technology and digital solutions that can make audit’s citizen engagement more effective and efficient. Digital reports with interactive data visualisation tools lead to better understanding and appreciation of our audit products.

THE CONCLUSION:

As India’s democracy matures, the CAG’s role becomes even more vital in promoting good governance and safeguarding the people’s interests. To upheld democracy and accountability, mechanisms of CAG must be robust and citizen engagement must be active and informed.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

Q.1 The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) has a very vital role to play.” Explain how this is reflected in the method and terms of his appointment, as well as the range of powers he can exercise. (2018)

Q.2 The exercise of CAG’s powers in relation to the accounts of the Union and the States is derived from Article 149 of the Indian Constitution. Discuss whether an audit of the Government’s policy implementation could amount to overstepping its own (CAG) jurisdiction. (2016)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTIONS

Q.1 Discuss the role of the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) in establishing accountability of the Government to the people.

Q.2 Examine the role of the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) for ensuring the financial accountability of local governments in India.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/cag-of-india-writes-as-our-democracy-matures-my-role-is-becoming-more-vital-9019469/

1. CONCERNS RELATED TO THE GUIDELINES FOR GENETICALLY ENGINEERED INSECTS

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: In April 2023, the Department of Biotechnology issued the ‘Guidelines for Genetically Engineered Insects’.

EXPLANATION:

• India’s bioeconomy contributes 2.6% to the GDP.
• In April 2023, the Department of Biotechnology (DBT) released its ‘Bioeconomy Report 2022’ report, envisioning this contribution to be closer to 5% by 2030.
• This ambitious leap of $220 billion in eight years will require aggressive investment and policy support.
• But neither funding for the DBT nor its recent policies reflect any serious intention to uplift this sector.
• These guidelines are meant to provide procedural roadmaps for creating genetically engineered (GE) insects, but there are several key concerns.

UNCERTAINTY OF PURPOSE:

• The guidelines do not clearly specify the purposes for which GE insects may be approved in India.
• While they mention potential applications such as vector management in human and livestock health, crop pest management, environmental conservation, and healthcare protein production.
• But they lack a clear vision for how these insects can contribute to India’s broader bioeconomy goals.
• This lack of clarity hinders the alignment of biotechnology policies with the ambitious targets set in the “Bioeconomy Report 2022.”
• For instance, GE honeybees could be engineered to produce higher-quality or larger quantities of honey, potentially reducing imports and facilitating exports.
• Similarly, GE silkworms could be used to produce finer and cheaper silk, affecting prices and boosting sales.
• However, the guidelines and government policies do not provide a roadmap for how GE insects can directly benefit the bioeconomy or under what circumstances the government might approve their release.

UNCERTAINTY FOR RESEARCHERS:

• The guidelines are applicable only to research, not confined trials or deployment.
• Once GE insects are developed and tested in the laboratory, researchers can conduct trials with them.
• But this requires approval from the Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) of the Union Environment Ministry.
• However, there is no clarity on whether the Environment Ministry will approve the deployment of GE insects or the criteria they would use to consider such proposals.
• This uncertainty creates a disincentive for researchers and investors to engage in research on GE insects.
• Furthermore, the guidelines define GE insects based on their risk group rather than the end product.
• This means that even insects modified for non-consumption purposes, such as silk or lac production, are subject to the same stringent checks.
• This lack of differentiation could impede research and development efforts for various insect-related industries.

UNCERTAINTY OF AMBIT:

• The guidelines provide standard operating procedures for GE mosquitoes, crop pests, and beneficial insects but do not clearly define what is meant by “beneficial” in the context of GE insects.
• This lack of clarity about which insects and modifications are considered “beneficial” can hinder funding and research efforts, particularly in a country with limited public and private funding.
• Additionally, the guidelines do not adequately account for more dangerous possibilities of genetic engineering, such as unintentionally generating malicious products.
• In the past, there have been concerns about the potential misuse of genetic engineering technology, which may pose risks to both human health and the environment.

CONCLUSION:

• The guidelines for genetically engineered insects in India are criticized for their lack of clarity regarding the purpose, deployment, and definition of “beneficial” insects.
• This uncertainty can deter researchers and investors from engaging in research on GE insects and hinder the development of a robust bioeconomy in India.
• To align with the goals outlined in the “Bioeconomy Report 2022,” it is suggested that these guidelines need revision and further clarification to promote innovation and industrial action in the biotechnology sector.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/genetically-engineered-insects-dbt-guidelines-problems-uncertainty/article67014161.ece

2. PRODUCTION GAP REPORT

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Recently a report titled the “Production Gap Report,” has been produced by several environmental organizations, including the Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI), Climate Analytics, E3G, International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD), and the UN Environment Programme (UNEP).

EXPLANATION:

• The report highlights a significant disparity between government commitments to combat climate change, particularly through the reduction of fossil fuel emissions, and their actual plans and projections for fossil fuel production.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE REPORT:

• Climate Commitments vs. Fossil Fuel Production:
  • There has been a global consensus among 151 governments to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050-2070 as part of the Paris Agreement.
  • Despite the global consensus the report finds that these governments plan to produce significantly more fossil fuels than would be consistent with limiting global warming to 1.5°C or 2°C.
  • In essence, they are on track to produce twice as much fossil fuel in 2030 than would be compatible with the 1.5°C target and 69% more than the 2°C target.

• Widening Fossil Fuel Production Gap:
  • The report indicates that even though governments have pledged to peak global coal, oil, and gas demand this decade, their forecasts, if implemented without new policies, would lead to increased global coal production until 2030 and continued growth in global oil and gas production until at least 2050.
  • This creates an ever-widening gap between projected fossil fuel production and the emission reduction targets set by the Paris Agreement.

• Promotion of Fossil Gas as a Transition Fuel:
• • The report also highlights that many governments are promoting fossil gas as a transition fuel to a more sustainable energy future.
  • However, it raises concerns that there are no apparent plans to transition away from fossil gas in the future.
  • The report emphasizes that in order to achieve the 1.5°C goal set by the Paris Agreement, there is a pressing need to start reducing global coal, oil, and gas production.
  • Simultaneously scaling up clean energy, reducing methane emissions, and implementing other climate mitigation actions should be given appropriate attention.

UPCOMING CLIMATE CONFERENCE IN DUBAI:

• In the end of November, representatives from at least 190 countries are expected to gather in Dubai for the annual Conference of Parties (COP).
• The COP meetings are a crucial forum for discussing strategies to reduce fossil fuel emissions, accelerate the adoption of renewable energy, and provide support to vulnerable nations coping with the impacts of global warming.

CONCLUSION:

• The report underscores a significant inconsistency between the global climate commitments made under the Paris Agreement and governments’ actual plans and projections for fossil fuel production.
• This misalignment raises concerns about the ability to limit global warming to the agreed-upon targets.
• It also highlights the urgent need for governments to take more decisive actions to reduce fossil fuel production and transition to cleaner, renewable energy sources to combat climate change effectively.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/world-will-overshoot-2030-coal-limit-to-tame-warming-by-twice-over/article67513521.ece

3. ORGANIC FARMING MISSION

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Recently, the Kerala Government has created an Organic Farming Mission to encourage the adoption of sustainable organic and climate-smart farming practices in the State.

ORGANIC FARMING MISSION:

• The primary objective of the Organic Farming Mission is to expand organic farming in Kerala.
• The mission sets a target of cultivating 5,000 hectares of land using organic farming practices within the next five years, with an annual target of 1,000 hectares.
• This demonstrates the government’s commitment to increasing the adoption of organic agriculture.
• The Kerala Agriculture Minister officially announced the formation of the mission.
• The government had issued formal orders related to the mission in October 2023 demonstrating political will and commitment to promoting organic farming.
• Mandates and Practices:
  • The mission mandates that at least 10% of the area in farms run by the State Agriculture Department be dedicated to organic farming practices.
  • This ensures that a significant portion of government-managed agricultural land will be used for organic farming.
  • Additionally, the mission aims to encourage farmers to continue organic farming for at least five years.

• Certification and Marketing:
  • The mission recognizes the importance of certification, branding, and marketing of organic agricultural products.
  • It plans to implement an organic farming protocol that aligns with national and international standards, indicating a commitment to ensuring the quality and marketability of organic products.

• Value Addition:
  • The mission highlights the importance of value addition for organic products.
  • This could involve processing, packaging, and marketing strategies to enhance the value of organic produce.
  • Value addition can lead to increased income for farmers and greater consumer acceptance.

• Access to Resources:
  • To support farmers, the mission aims to ensure that they have access to high-quality seeds and production equipment/materials.
  • This will be facilitated through various organizations and collectives, ensuring that farmers have the necessary resources to practice organic farming effectively.

• Local Initiatives and Governance:
  • The mission mentions the formation of organic farming schemes in every Assembly constituency in Kerala, which will involve collaboration with local collectives and farmer producer organizations.
  • This approach reflects a bottom-up, community-based approach to implementing organic farming initiatives.

• Management Structure:
• • The mission is set to be overseen by a governing council chaired by the Agriculture Minister, and an executive committee comprising members from government departments and farm sector institutions.
  • This structured governance ensures effective management and coordination of mission activities.

PREVIOUS INITIATIVES:

• The Kerala Government had previously announced the Organic Farming Policy in 2010.
• The Left Democratic Front (LDF) had also promised to institutionalize mechanisms for promoting organic farming in its election manifesto.
• There has been the continuation of efforts to promote sustainable farming practices in the state.
• The creation of the Poshaka Samriddhi Mission in September 2023, which focuses on increasing millet and vegetable production.
• Multiple aspects of sustainable and diversified agriculture have been simultaneously addressed by the government.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-government-forms-organic-farming-mission-to-boost-climate-smart-agriculture/article67512619.ece/amp/

4. PUSA 2090 AND STUBBLE BURNING

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT, AGRICULTURE

THE CONTEXT: Stubble burning in states like Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, and Rajasthan remains an issue. A new rice variety named Pusa 2090 has been developed as a promising solution to the issue of stubble burning in North India.

EXPLANATION:

• The primary cause of stubble burning is the cultivation of long-duration paddy varieties like Pusa-44 and the Supreme Court has given the directives to stop this practice.
• A new rice variety has been developed called Pusa-2090 by the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) and it has the potential to replace Pusa-44.

PUSA-44 VARIETY:

• Pusa-44, bred by Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), is known for its high yield, producing 35-36 quintals per acre.
• However, it has a long maturation period of 155-160 days, leaving little time for farmers to prepare the fields for the next wheat crop.
• As a result, farmers resort to burning the remaining stubble after harvest.

PUSA-2090 – AN ALTERNATIVE:

• IARI has developed Pusa-2090, which is presented as an improved version of Pusa-44.
• This new variety is characterized by both high yield and a shorter maturation period of 120-125 days, making it more suitable for crop rotation.
• It’s a crossbreed of Pusa-44 and CB-501, an early-maturing Japonica rice line.
• Benefits of Pusa-2090:
  • Pusa-2090 is claimed to yield as much as Pusa-44 while maturing earlier.
  • It has been tested and officially identified for cultivation in Delhi and Odisha.
  • Farmers have shown interest in adopting this variety due to its potential to reduce the need for stubble burning.

• Crop Area and Stubble Burning:
  • Pusa-44 occupies a significant share of the crop area in Punjab, with 5.48 lakh hectares under cultivation in the current kharif season.
  • Stubble burning is a major concern in Punjab, and Pusa-44’s long maturation period contributes to this problem.

• Comparative Analysis:
  • Pusa-44 has been compared with another variety, PR-126, bred by the Punjab Agricultural University.
  • While PR-126 matures faster (125 days), it yields slightly less than Pusa-44.
  • It is emphasized that Pusa-2090 combines the best of both worlds, offering high yields and a shorter maturation period.

• Potential Adoption and Impact:
• • Farmers in Punjab have already started test-planting Pusa-2090, with initial results reported as very promising.
  • The potential adoption of Pusa-2090 could significantly reduce stubble burning in the region and contribute to improved air quality.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/possible-answer-to-farm-fires-new-rice-variety-can-replace-pusa-44-9019491/

5. ELECTORAL BONDS (EB) AND ELECTORAL TRUSTS (ET)

TAG: GS 2: POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT: Electoral Bonds are under challenge before the Supreme Court because they have become the primary route of political funding since they were launched in 2018.

EXPLANATION:

• After a three-day hearing, the Supreme Court on November 3 reserved its judgment on the challenge to the central government’s Electoral Bonds Scheme.

ELECTORAL TRUSTS:

• Electoral Trusts (ET) were introduced in 2013 by the UPA government.
• Unlike EBs, ETs have a higher degree of transparency, requiring trusts to report contributions and donations to the Election Commission of India.
• Under the ET scheme, any company registered under Section 25 of the Companies Act, 1956, can establish an electoral trust.
• Contributors to ETs include Indian citizens, Indian companies, firms, Hindu Undivided Families, or associations of persons living in India.
• Trusts are required to donate 95% of contributions to registered political parties under the Representation of the People Act, 1951.
• Contributors’ PAN or passport numbers are necessary for transparency.

ELECTORAL BONDS:

• Electoral Bonds (EB) were introduced in 2018 and have become the primary route of political funding.
• These bonds focus on ensuring donor anonymity.
• EBs are exempt from disclosure requirements, offering anonymity to donors.
• Parties inform the Election Commission of India (ECI) of the aggregate donations received through EBs but do not provide details of individual donors.
• The lack of transparency in EB donations is argued to protect donor privacy.

TRANSPARENCY IN FUNDING:

• The key difference between the two schemes is transparency.
• ETs provide details about contributors and beneficiaries, making it clear who funds which party.
• EBs, on the other hand, are not transparent regarding donors’ identities.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS:

• Data over nine financial years (2013-14 to 2021-22) show that political funding through both schemes increased after the introduction of EBs.
• The total amount donated through ETs over this period was Rs 2,269 crore, with significant growth over the years.
• In contrast, donations through EBs outstripped ET contributions, totaling Rs 9,208 crore between 2017-18 and 2021-22.
• The BJP received 72% of the total donations through ETs, a higher share than it received through EBs (57%).
• The Congress received 10% of EB funding and 9.7% of ET donations.
• The Trinamool Congress was the third-largest recipient of EBs (8.3%) but received only 0.11% of ET funds.
• The Biju Janata Dal (BJD) received about 1% of ET donations and reported its entire income in 2021-22 as coming from EBs.

OVERALL IMPACT:

• EBs have become the dominant source of political funding, with significant contributions compared to ETs.
• The lack of transparency in EBs has raised concerns, while ETs offer more insight into donor-party relationships.
• While EBs emphasize donor anonymity, ETs require greater disclosure, enabling the public to understand the relationships between contributors and political parties.
• A report by the Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR) earlier this year found that more than 55% of the funding for political parties came through electoral bonds.
• In fact, for some parties, these bonds have become the only source of contributions — the BJD declared to the ECI that its entire income from “grants, donations and contributions” in 2021-22 came from EBs.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-politics/electoral-bonds-electoral-trusts-9018591/  

1. Why purush and prakriti are gender-neutral READ MORE
2. Living with tempests READ MORE

1. Climate change made the multi-year drought 25 times more likely in Syria and Iraq, 16 times in Iran: Analysis READ MORE
2. Importance of ‘loss and damage’ funds READ MORE  
3. Douse the fires without enraging farmers READ MORE

1. Language: Emotional connect and more READ MORE
2. Bihar survey exposes disparities among OBCs READ MORE  
3. The role of caste and gender in determining science education in India READ MORE

1. Move towards e-FIR, but with caution READ MORE
2. Reviewing freedom READ MORE
3. Reserving poverty READ MORE
4. As our democracy matures, my role is becoming more vital READ MORE

(Newspapers, PIB and other important sources)

Prelim and Main

1. G7 appeals for humanitarian pauses in Gaza, seeks hostages’ release READ MORE
2. The problem with India’s new guidelines on genetically modified insects | Explained READ MORE
3. RBI to cut rates in 2024-25 if food inflation remains under control: S&P Global Ratings READ MORE
4. World will overshoot 2030 coal limit to tame warming by twice over READ MORE
5. Kerala Government forms Organic Farming Mission to boost climate-smart agriculture READ MORE
6. One year of Project Cheetah: Hits, misses and paradigm shift ahead READ MORE
7. Possible answer to farm fires: New rice variety can replace Pusa-44 READ MORE
8. India’s Energy Conservation Building Code, 2017: Why the IEA called it a ‘notable exception’ among developing countries READ MORE
9. Horn of Africa facing deadly floods due to El Nino-linked ‘above average’ rains READ MORE

Main

GS Paper- 1

1. Language: Emotional connect and more READ MORE
2. Bihar survey exposes disparities among OBCs READ MORE  
3. The role of caste and gender in determining science education in India READ MORE
4. Climate change made the multi-year drought 25 times more likely in Syria and Iraq, 16 times in Iran: Analysis READ MORE

GS Paper- 2

POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

1. Move towards e-FIR, but with caution READ MORE
2. Reviewing freedom READ MORE
3. Reserving poverty READ MORE
4. As our democracy matures, my role is becoming more vital READ MORE

SOCIAL ISSUES

1. Look beyond quota politics READ MORE
2. Mensural hygiene: Adolescents continue to use cloth, pads are rare READ MORE

INTERNATIONAL ISSUES

1. Taiwan, a Malacca blockade and India’s options READ MORE

GS Paper- 3

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

1. How tech can make India a farming powerhouse READ MORE
2. Two-wheeler EV startups: The new growth engines READ MORE
3. Local products can boost exports READ MORE

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

1. Importance of ‘loss and damage’ funds READ MORE  
2. Douse the fires without enraging farmers READ MORE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

1. The perils of patent amendments READ MORE

INTERNAL SECURITY

1. Hurdles delaying formation of integrated theatre commands READ MORE

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

1. How ignored landslide warnings led to Subansiri running dry READ MORE

GS Paper- 4

ETHICS EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDY

1. Why purush and prakriti are gender-neutral READ MORE
2. Living with tempests READ MORE

Questions for the MAIN exam

1. The CAG promotes good governance practices and helps governments streamline their operations, reduce inefficiencies and adhere to financial discipline. Critically examine.
2. The CAG plays a crucial role in this democratic framework by ensuring transparency, accountability, and financial integrity in the government’s functioning. Comment.
3. The CAG helps maintain the separation of powers between legislature and executive by ensuring that the government’s financial activities align with legislative intentions. Comment.
4. As India’s democracy matures, the role of CAG has become more vital in promoting good governance and safeguarding the people’s interests. Critically comment.
5. Leveraging technology and digital solutions make audit’s citizen engagement more effective and scalable. Examine.
6. Social audit is an effective tool for facilitating citizen oversight. How would you justify this statement?
7. The 73rd and 74th Constitutional amendments marked a quantum leap in India’s democratic set-up in creating tiers of self-governance below the level of states. Critically examine.
8. Due to the envision of grassroots participation, Local bodies not only implement the schemes of governments but ensure transparency and visibility in these schemes. Justify with the help of relevant examples.

QUOTATIONS AND CAPTIONS

• The solution to crop stubble burning lies in turning waste into wealth by upcycling it.
• In peace, sons bury their fathers. In war, fathers bury their sons.
• The CAG promotes good governance practices and helps governments streamline their operations, reduce inefficiencies and adhere to financial discipline.
• As India’s democracy matures, the CAG’s role becomes even more vital in promoting good governance and safeguarding the people’s interests.
• The Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) plays a crucial role in this democratic framework by ensuring transparency, accountability, and financial integrity in government’s functioning.
• CAG helps maintain the separation of powers between legislature and executive by ensuring that the government’s financial activities align with legislative intentions.
• India stands as the world’s largest democracy, with a vibrant political landscape, a diverse society, and ongoing efforts to overcome various socio-economic challenges.
• By placing the Indian citizen at the centre for implementation of government programmes and as ultimate beneficiaries, there is an onerous expectation of the CAG to assess the preparedness and planning, as well as to monitor and recommend corrective actions for realisation of these economic, social and environmental aspirations.
• To effectively discharge this responsibility, it is important for audit to actively work in tandem with citizens, appreciating their concerns and feedback.
• In India’s federal, multiparty democracy with both Union and state governments responsible for implementation of numerous schemes, projects and programmes, enhancing engagement with stakeholders is imperative for audit.
• Leveraging technology and digital solutions make audit’s citizen engagement more effective and scalable.
• Social audit is an interesting tool for facilitating citizen oversight.
• The 73rd and 74th Constitutional amendments marked a quantum leap in India’s democratic set up, as they created tiers of self-governance below the level of states.
• Empowering PRIs and urban local bodies and municipalities, envisions people’s participation in the process of planning, decision-making, implementation and delivery of a set of functions to be devolved to local governments by state legislatures.
• Carrying forward this recognition of local self-governance as the true manifestation of democracy and the CAG’s responsibility for ensuring accountability, an international centre for local governance has been envisaged.
• Female labour force participation rates have, in the past, tended to rise during times of financial stress as women stepped out to augment their household incomes.
• While the CAG catalyses good governance, transparency and accountability, the responsibility to nurture and protect democratic principles falls not only on our institutions but on every citizen.
• The proposed changes in patent law will endanger access to affordable medicines and benefit global big pharma.
• Both Hindus and Muslims in Kashmir must strive to understand each other’s viewpoints, fostering mutual trust and loyalty within the community.
• By adopting the principles of sustainability, non-violence, and respect for all life forms, we can work towards a more harmonious relationship with nature.

ESSAY TOPIC

• Many worlds: Multipolarity in the new world order

50-WORD TALK

• In a transforming India, where education and technology act as levelling forces, caste-based affirmative action, refined through caste numbers, can drive more extensive dialogues on aspiration, ambition, freedom, opportunity, and the necessity for a system where citizens are not unfairly privileged or confined by their identities. If a robust methodology were to be used, this effort would be vital in identifying and addressing fault lines to promote gender justice.
• Extending free food for another 5 years is an acknowledgement that the poor continue to need ample support for years ahead. The move also rings the final death knell of farm laws. If government grain procurement is going to be so high, then that rules out entry of private sector.
• Indian envoy in Ottawa describing Canadian police probe into Nijjar killing as tainted and wiretapping of diplomats as illegal shows Delhi is doubling down. But Canada is being duplicitous in citing Vienna Convention on parity even as it illegally tapped diplomats. G7 and Five Eyes can’t play by different rules.

Things to Remember:

• For prelims-related news try to understand the context of the news and relate with its concepts so that it will be easier for you to answer (or eliminate) from given options.
• Whenever any international place will be in news, you should do map work (marking those areas in maps and exploring other geographical locations nearby including mountains, rivers, etc. same applies to the national places.)
• For economy-related news (banking, agriculture, etc.) you should focus on terms and how these are related to various economic aspects, for example, if inflation has been mentioned, try to relate with prevailing price rises, shortage of essential supplies, banking rates, etc.
• For main exam-related topics, you should focus on the various dimensions of the given topic, the most important topics which occur frequently and are important from the mains point of view will be covered in ED.
• Try to use the given content in your answer. Regular use of this content will bring more enrichment to your writing.

THE CONTEXT: The Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA) has been extended in the hill areas of the Manipur state except for some areas in the Imphal Valley and four district of Assam for six more months from starting from October 1, 2023. The extension is due to a surge in ethnic violence and insurgent activities. This article analyses the AFSPA legislation and various issues related to its implementation from the UPSC perspective.

ABOUT THE ARMED FORCES (SPECIAL POWERS) ACT, 1958

• The Act came into force in 1958 in the context of increasing violence in the Northeastern States, which the State governments found difficult to control.
• The Armed Forces (Special Powers) Bill was passed by both the Houses of Parliament, and it was approved by the President on September 11, 1958. It became known as the Armed Forces Special Powers Act, 1958.
• AFSPA gives armed forces the power to maintain public order in “disturbed areas”.
• Under the Act, armed forces have the authority to prohibit a gathering of five or more persons in an area, can use force or even open fire after giving due warning if they feel a person is in contravention of the law.
• If reasonable suspicion exists, the army can also arrest a person without a warrant; enter or search a premises without a warrant and ban the possession of firearms.
• Any person arrested or taken into custody may be handed over to the officer in charge of the nearest police station along with a report detailing the circumstances that led to the arrest.

What is a “disturbed area” and who has the power to declare it?

• A disturbed area is one which is declared by notification under Section 3 of the AFSPA. An area can be disturbed due to differences or disputes between members of different religious, racial, language or regional groups or castes or communities.
• The Central Government or the G
• overnor of the State or administrator of the Union Territory can declare the whole or part of the State or Union Territory as a disturbed area. A suitable notification would have to be made in the Official Gazette in this regard.
• As per Section 3 of the Act, it can be invoked in places where “the use of armed forces in aid of the civil power is necessary”.
• The Ministry of Home Affairs would usually enforce this Act where necessary, but there have been exceptions where the Centre decided to forego its power and leave the decision to the State governments.

At present it is applied in which states?

States under AFSPA include:

1. Entire state of Assam

2. Entire state of Nagaland

3. Entire state of Manipur (excluding seven assembly constituencies of Imphal)

4. Arunachal Pradesh (only the Tirap, Changlang and Longding districts plus a 20-km belt bordering Assam).

5. Jammu and Kashmir too has a similar Act.

It was completely lifted from Meghalaya in April 2018. It was repealed in Tripura in 2015.

WHY THE AFSPA IS NEEDED?

NATIONAL SECURITY AND TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY

• With the powers given by AFSPA, the armed forces have been able to protect the borders of the country and internal insurgency for decades.
• For example, without the army’s counter-terrorism measures under the AFSPA, India could have lost Jammu and Kashmir in the 1990s.
• The government at the time had almost given up, but the army stood firm in its constitutional duty to safeguard and retain every inch of Indian territory.
• Therefore, a strict law is needed to tackle the insurgent elements inside the country particularly in the Kashmir and northeastern region for effective Counter-insurgency and to protect borders.

TOUGH MEASURE FOR TERRORISM

• A major reason for the continuation of this Act is violence, extortion and increasing terrorism in the country.
• Here, this Act enhances the ability of the security forces to keep terrorism under check.
• As, terrorism would never have been rooted out in Punjab or Mizoram without the AFSPA and without the tough measures that were taken by the security forces operating under the protection of the Act.
• If AFSPA is repealed, that will create a huge gap in the security grid and will give terrorists, be they in Kashmir and Manipur, the upper hand.

INEFFICIENCY OF ORDINARY LAWS

• The AFSPA is applied to an area only when the ordinary laws of the land are found to be inadequate to deal with the extraordinary situation perpetrated by insurgents spreading terror.
• The AFSPA is in force in areas where abnormality prevails and where the terrorists do not observe the niceties of the Constitution.
• Extraordinary situations demand extraordinary measures, and AFSPA is what is required to deal with anti-Indian terrorists whose stated objective is breaking up the country.

OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS

• AFSAP provides a framework for operation requirements in the area where there is absence of a legal statute and which would adversely affect organisational flexibility and the utilisation of the security capacity of the state.
• Therefore, the Act allows armed forces to fulfill their assigned role and allows soldiers to carry out military operations which would otherwise, in the absence of any legal mandate, be legally and morally questionable.

PROTECTS THE RIGHT OF SOLDIER

• AFSPA boosts the morale or mental well-being of the armed forces for ensuring the public order in the disturbed areas and removal of the Act would lead to militants motivating locals to file lawsuits against the army.
• As, soldier is also a citizen with equal obligations and the same rights as any other Indian citizen who voluntarily stripes themselves from fundamental rights. In this respect, AFSPA provide the armed forces the means and essentials to perform the responsibilities and tasks assigned to them.

THE ISSUES IN AFSPA

VIOLATE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND HUMAN RIGHTS

• There is repeated concern of misuse of powers by armed forces which in turn violates human rights and fundamental rights of the citizen. It is against the Universal Declaration of Human Rights which India has signed.
• There are several instances where the armed forces have found to be misusing the oppressive powers given by the Act like fake encounters, sexually exploiting the women in the disturbed areas.
• Also, the more disturbing fact is that the armed forces escape with impunity for their actions since legal suits cannot be filed against them as per the Act.

MALIGN INTERNATIONAL IMAGE

• India is often considered as a country around the world that gives significance to the rights and liberties of its citizens.
• But, with the actions under AFSPA Act in the states of Manipur, Jammu & Kashmir, Nagaland it is giving the wrong image that law in making a mockery of human rights which is maligning the image of nation in internation arena.
• Over the years, people have campaigned to repeal the Act and even international organizations like Amnesty International have asked the courts in India to look into the matter deeply and conduct investigations regarding rampant misuse of powers by armed forces.

UNCONSTITUTIONALITY OF AFSPA

• AFSPA is increasingly being recognized as a draconian, discriminatory and oppressive law that transforms India from a democratic country to an authoritarian one due to its unconstitutional and undemocratic nature.
• Investigating the constitutionality of AFSPA is a continuing concern within the legal sphere as it is continuously violating Article 14(Equality before law), Article 19(Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech etc) and Article 21(Protection of life and personal liberty) among others.

LAW WITH MINDSET OF COLONIAL ERA

• Armed Forces Special Powers Act, 1958 has also sometimes being compared to the Rowlatt Act where any suspicious person can be arrested only based on doubt like in the AFSPA.
• Under Rowlatt Act too Britishers gave themselves unbridled powers to imprison any person on the basis of any suspicion of them being involved in any terrorist activity against British India for up to 2 years without giving them a chance for a trial.

NOT A BETTER SOLUTION

• Critics argue that this Act has failed in its objective of restoring normalcy in disturbed areas although being in existence for about 50 years.
• Critics also assert that there is no need to run the nation on the basis of the bullet while the issue could be addressed on the basis of the ballet (election).

WHETHER THE AFSPA NEEDS TO BE REMOVED?

With all the prevailing issues of AFSPA, concerns have continuously raised to repeal the Act.

• The core argument raised in the repealing of the Act is based on violation of Article 21 of Indian constitution i.e. the right to life: ‘No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law.’
• AFSPA allows even a non-commissioned officer, normally a class 10 pass jawan with about 12 years of service in the ranks, to be above the law and pass a ‘Kill’ decision without giving the other party a fair chance to explain his case. This is a clear infringement of Article 21 (Right to life) because the accused was sentenced to death without being heard.
• Also, the term ‘procedure established by law’ cannot mean any procedure passed as an Act by parliament. There must be rule of law, not rule by law. In the famous case of Maneka Gandhi, it has been held that any procedure established by law if unjust would not be a procedure at all.
• The two sections of the AFSPA that violate ‘due process’ are sections 4a and 7.

1. Under Sec 4 a – Any commissioned officer, warrant officer, non-commissioned officer or officer of equivalent Act, in a ‘Disturbed Area after giving such warning as he may consider necessary, fire upon or otherwise use force, even to the causing of death against any person who is acting in contravention of any law or order.

2. Under Sec 7 – No prosecution, suit or other legal proceedings shall be instituted except with the previous sanction of the central government, against any person in respect of anything done or purported to be done in exercise of powers conferred by this Act.

• ‘Due process of law’ must be ‘fair’ and even a minimalist reading of ‘fairness’ demands that the person be informed of the charge and be given an opportunity to refute t it. This is the principle of natural justice and one canon of natural justice is audi alteram partem i.e. both sides should be heard.
• Even, if the case to impose AFSPA in an area goes to the court, state claims that residents of a state or district under the Disturbed Area Act cannot claim equality before law (Article 14), with residents of areas not under that Act, in being subject to different laws. They substantiate their argument by saying that Article 14 does not forbid ‘reasonable classification’ for the purposes of legislation. However, that argument does not hold good for making a law that violates the ‘Right to Life’.
• Another argument is given that the removal of AFSPA endanger the life of troops since they will now be wary of shooting first, which it will, in some cases. However, if they do commit mistakes as ‘genuine errors’, the law will provide them with a full opportunity to prove it in court.
• Therefore, the time is now ripe for a fresh judicial review of AFSPA by the Supreme Court. India will not get weakened by the removal of AFSPA and in fact, it will be strengthened because the removal of an unjust umbrella will force units to desist from wrong acts and that will increase the willingness of ordinary citizens to abide by the law.

WHETHER AFSPA IS A SOLUTION TO PROBLEMS IN MANIPUR?

• The Hill areas in Manipur will continue to be under the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA) for another six months from October.
• In this respect, question arises whether the AFSPA is still needed to be extended given the violent ethnic conflict between the Meitei and the Kuki communities since May 2023.
• The Army had sought its re-imposition, as it felt that the absence of the law is hampering its operations against insurgent groups, which may be using the unrest to gain a foothold in the State.
• Government argument in this regard is that AFSPA is meant only to provide legal protection to forces engaged in counter-insurgency operations amidst internal conflict. Even, the notification says the issue of declaring an area as ‘disturbed’ is quite sensitive and it may lead to public criticism and resistance.
• One of the reasons for the government maintaining the status quo on the extent of the ‘disturbed areas’ is that a detailed assessment of the ground situation is not possible at the moment with widespread violence.
• However, the Centre should not delay any serious initiative further to bring about reconciliation between the two communities to deter this violent situation as AFSPA can be a short-term solution but a fresh approach is need to resolve the issue permanently.

THE WAY FORWARD

• Work on root cause: Secessionist movements in the country signify the failure of politics, and it is up to the government to resolve the root causes. There is need to create conditions which can convince the insurgents to stop insurgency, militants to stop militancy, terrorists to stop terror. Until then, AFSPA can function with keeping the army empowered and using the force only as a last resort.
• Ensure responsibility: With current existing provisions of AFSPA or other enabling legal measures it becomes the responsibility of authorized person to execute military operation with restraint. Stringent rules, guidelines and advisories need to be in existence regarding the respect for human rights and fundamental rights.
• Implement committee recommendation: The government and the security forces should also abide by the guidelines set out by the Supreme Court, Jeevan Reddy Commission, and the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC). The Jeevan Reddy committee even recommended that some of the provisions should be transferred to Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 and asked to set up ‘grievance cell’ that will do the work to enquire into the complaints filed for violation of basic human rights.
• Need of accountability: Official should be held accountable for their actions and stringent disciplinary actions should be taken after departmental inquiries. This will deter the armed forces from taking immediate actions that are unlawful.
• Reduce the implementation area under the Act on case-by-case basis: The status quo of the Act is no longer an acceptable solution due to numerous human rights violation incidents that have occurred over the years. The government should consider the imposition and lifting of AFSPA on a case-by-case basis and limit its application only to a few disturbing districts instead of applying it to the whole state.

THE CONCLUSION:  The AFSPA has been alleged that it has become a symbol of oppression in the areas it has been implemented. Hence the government needs to address the problems of affected people and reassure them of favourable action. The armed forces must be completely transparent in investigating allegations of violations of human rights. There should be a mechanism put in place to utilize the best use of the army in situations of internal conflict.

MAINS QUESTIONS

Q.1 Critically analyse the implementation of the Armed Forces (special powers) Act, 1958 to ensure territorial integrity and harmony in North-East India.

Q.2 How far do you agree with the view that implementation of the Armed Forces (special powers) Act, 1958 will bring peace and stability in the state of Manipur? Give justification to your view.

THE CONTEXT:   Infosys founder N.R. Narayana Murthy suggested that the youth of the country should volunteer to work 70 hours a week for India’s development.

ABOUT LABOR PRODUCTIVITY:

• Labor productivity measures the hourly output of a country’s economy.
• It is defined as real economic output per labour.
• Growth in labor productivity depends on three main factors:
  • Saving and investment in physical capital,
  • New technology
  • Human capital

INDIAN WORKER’S PRODUCTIVITY STATUS:

• Innovation Index 2021: This report produced by NITI Aayog. It showed that in 2018, India’s gross expenditure on research and development (GERD) as a percentage of GDP was 0.65%, (one of the lowest in the world). This figure dipped further to 0.64% in 2020-21, according to the Department of Science and Technology (DST).
• International Labour Organisation (ILO): Latest data of ILO for 2023 shows that the workers of the country are already working more than their counterparts in other countries. As per the rankings, Indians work 47.7 hours a week, which is seventh longest in the world.

WORKING HOURS IN THE WORLD:

• New Labour Codes in India: It mandates that workers put in 8 hours a day, capping the weekly work hours at 48 hours.
• In Germany, weekly working hours have been reduced by about 59%, from 68 hours in 1870 to less than 28 hours in 2017.
• Japan had a 44-hour working week in 1961, the highest ever since 1950, which steadily decreased to less than 35 hours in 2017.
• Working hours tend to decrease when incomes rise and people can afford more things that they enjoy, including more leisure.
• Productive economies: Workers work less.
• Less productive poorer economies: Workers have to work more to compensate for lower productivity.

ARGUMENTS AGAINST LONG WORK WEEK:

• Health: According to ILO, working hours and the organization of work and rest periods can have a profound influence on the physical and mental health and well-being of workers. Working long hours or under stressful situations can contribute to health issues such as exhaustion, burnout, and depression.
• Economy: Decisions on working time issues can also have repercussions for the broader health of the economy.
• Productivity: Research consistently shows that productivity declines significantly after 50 hours of work per week and drops further after 55 hours.
• Exploitation: Employees who are obliged to work long hours or take on additional duties may need more time to earn a decent salary. This might result in financial difficulties, stress, and anxiety.
• 70-hour work week proposal violates the international labour standards (ILS), the International Labour Organization’s (ILO) Decent Work Agenda and its Fundamental Conventions that lay down the working hours in order to ensure that women and men get decent and productive work.

ARGUMENTS FOR LONG WORK WEEK:

• Productivity: India’s work productivity is one of the lowest in the world. A 70-hour work week increase productivity because Employees put in longer hours and increase the level of how much they complete. This allows the company to produce more goods or services and deliver them to customers at a faster rate.
• More jobs: longer working hours may lead to more job opportunities. This is because businesses may be more likely to hire workers who are willing to work long hours.
• Higher wages: Workers who work longer hours may be able to earn higher wages. This is because they are able to complete more work and are therefore more valuable to their employers.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Strong innovation system: The level of productivity of a country depends on the strength of its innovation system. Countries which have stronger innovation systems as compared to that of India’s private sectors have much higher shares.
• Supportive work culture: A Deloitte study reveals that 94% of executives and 88% of employees recognise the crucial role of corporate culture in a company’s success.
• Improve Infrastructure: Infrastructure development is crucial to achieve India’s 2047 vision for a $ 40 trillion economy and be reclassified from a developing economy to a developed economy.
• Improve education: Investing in education will improve the skills of labour force.
• Incentive programs: Incentives are a great way to encourage employee productivity. Incentive programs boost their morale and enable them to complete more work in less time.

THE CONCLUSION:

Enhancing productivity without extending work hours is beneficial for both employees and the economy as a whole. It fosters a healthier work-life balance and contributes to overall well-being.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS:

Q) Faster economic growth requires increased share of the manufacturing sector in GDP, particularly of MSMEs. Comment on the present policies of the Government in this regard. (2023)

Q) Is inclusive growth possible under market economy? State the significance of financial inclusion in achieving economic growth in India. (2022)

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q) “Labour productivity may not be directly correlated with extended working hours”. Discuss the statement in the context of the new Labour Codes being implemented in India.

SOURCE: The problem with the ‘70 hours a week’ line – The Hindu

THE CONTEXT: Recently, the Indian Prime Minister and Bhutan’s King held discussions on the entire gamut of bilateral cooperation and regional and global issues of mutual interest. This comes amid growing concerns over China’s efforts to forge a bond with Bhutan. The two countries also announced several measures to expand trade and connectivity.

MORE ON THE NEWS:

• The decision by India and Bhutan to focus on infrastructure and connectivity during talks is an important marker towards more bilaterally-driven regional initiatives.

The joint statement mentions about:

• Both sides agreed for completion of surveys for the 58 km cross-border rail link between Gelephu and Kokrajhar that connects Bhutan to Assam.
• Both sides agreed to explore a second rail link for about 18 km between Samtse in Bhutan and Banarhat in the West Bengal tea gardens area. India also decided to allow Bhutanese trade items to be carried further on from Haldibari in West Bengal to Chilahati in Bangladesh.
• India and Bhutan agreed to designate the Darranga-Samdrup Jongkhar border crossing between Assam and Bhutan’s less developed southeastern district as an immigration check post.
• The two sides agreed to strengthen trade infrastructure with the upgradation of an existing land customs station at Dadgiri (Assam) to a modernised “Integrated Check Post” (ICP) at Gelephu (Bhutan). It indicates India’s support to the Bhutanese SEZ project.

IMPACT OF THE DEVELOPMENT:

• Connectivity with the Northeast: Rail connectivity could, in the future, assist air connectivity for Indians in the Northeast as well. As Bhutan plans to build an international airport at Gelephu as part of the larger Sarpang district Special Economic Zone. This would also power New Delhi’s attempt at bridging the economic gap with the northeast.
• Boost economy: Bhutan’s economy has been particularly hit by the COVID-19 pandemic. The new project proposed to build a Special Economic Zone at Bhutan’s southern border with Assam and an airport at Gelephu are expected to drive growth and investment to the kingdom.
• Regional development: These developments tend to work for the regional development of the region including West Bengal and the northeast, Bhutan’s south and east dzongkhags (districts).

ISSUE IN INDIA-BHUTAN RELATIONS:

• China angle: The recent normalization of Bhutan and China relations with the visit of Bhutan’s foreign minister to China has raised concern for India. These are also raising security concerns for India as their discussion covered the trijunction near the crucial Siliguri Corridor that connects India’s Northeast with the rest of the country.
• Sovereignty: There are chances of Bhutan Joining the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) which can cause friction given Bhutan’s strategic location. India is concerned about the BRI and its impact on the region, particularly in terms of sovereignty and debt implications.
• Big brotherly attitude: Though, India sees Bhutan as equal partner in relationship. Younger Bhutanese feel that Indians are using security issues as an excuse to keep Bhutan under India’s control and are conscious of relationship. Also, Bhutan has been seeking greater access to the Indian market for its products to reduce the trade deficit.
• Rising Debt: Bhutan is concerned about low forex reserves and a major public debt, with an estimated 125% Government Debt to GDP ratio in 2022 which is largely made up of debt to India.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Timely completion: For successful implementation of the projects, there is a need for efficient and time-bound execution of such ambitious plans. It will help in the maximum utilisation of the project and strengthening relationships between both the countries. Easing travel between the two countries can raise Bhutanese opportunities for trade and travel and bring in much needed tourism revenues.
• Economic Assistance: India is Bhutan’s leading development partner. Since the launch of the First Five Year Plan of Bhutan in 1961, India has been extending financial support to Bhutan’s FYPs. There is a need of continuous economic support to Bhutan to alleviate the Chinese influence as well.
• Cultural Cooperation: India and Bhutan can promote cultural exchange programs to foster greater understanding and appreciation of each other’s culture, art, music, and literature. A visa-free movement of people from both countries can strengthen sub-regional cooperation. Mutual trust and cooperation need to be continued by reaching out to younger generations.

THE CONCLUSION:  

India and Bhutan enjoy long-standing and exceptional bilateral ties characterised by “utmost trust, goodwill, and mutual understanding at all levels. India and Bhutan cooperation and collaboration can lead to the development of the region and can alleviate the concerns related to China.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

Q) The time has come for India and Japan to build a strong contemporary relationship, one involving global and strategic partnerships that will have a great significance for Asia and the world as a whole.’ Comment.

Q) In respect of India — Sri Lanka relations, discuss how domestic factors influence foreign policy.

MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q) Examine the significance of the India – Bhutan relations in the light of growing proximity between China and Bhutan.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/closer-together-the-hindu-editorial-on-the-india-bhutan-talks-and-the-plans-ahead/article67508829.ece#:~:text=A%20joint%20statement%20speaks%20of,along%20the%20India%2DBhutan%20border.

1. ADITYA-L1 MISSION

TAG: GS 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: The High Energy L1 Orbiting X-ray Spectrometer (HEL1OS) payload, onboard the Aditya-L1 spacecraft, has captured the first glimpse of solar flares.

EXPLANATION:

• HEL1OS Payload:
  • The High Energy L1 Orbiting X-ray Spectrometer (HEL1OS) payload onboard Aditya-L1 is the instrument responsible for capturing the first glimpse of solar flares.
  • It marks an important milestone in India’s mission to study the Sun.
  • The information collected is expected to contribute to our understanding of solar activity and its impact on space weather.
  • The payload was developed by the Space Astronomy Group of the U. R. Rao Satellite Centre in Bengaluru, ISRO.

• Solar Flares:
  • During its first observation period on October 29, HEL1OS recorded the impulsive phase of solar flares.
  • Solar flares are sudden and intense bursts of energy and radiation from the Sun.
  • The data captured is consistent with X-ray light curves provided by NOAA’s GOES satellites.

• Scientific Value:
  • The HEL1OS instrument’s capabilities allow for monitoring the Sun’s high-energy X-ray activity with fast timing and high-resolution spectra.
  • This data is essential for researchers to study the explosive energy release and electron acceleration during the impulsive phases of solar flares.
  • Understanding these processes is crucial for space weather prediction and solar physics research.

• L1 Orbit:
  • Aditya-L1 is scheduled to arrive at the L1 point in January 2024.
  • Once there, the satellite will operate in an irregularly shaped orbit, allowing it to continuously monitor the Sun’s behavior from this vantage point.

• International Collaboration:
• • The collaboration with NOAA’s GOES [National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites], indicating the valuable international partnerships in the field of space research and solar observations.

WHAT IS ADITYA L1 MISSION?

• Aditya L1 is the first space based Indian mission to study the Sun.
• The spacecraft shall be placed in a halo orbit around the Lagrange point 1 (L1) of the Sun-Earth system, which is about 1.5 million km from the Earth.
• A satellite placed in the halo orbit around the L1 point has the major advantage of continuously viewing the Sun without any occultation/eclipses.
• This will provide a greater advantage of observing the solar activities and its effect on space weather in real time.
• The spacecraft carries seven payloads to observe the photosphere, chromosphere, and the outermost layers of the Sun (the corona) using electromagnetic and particle and magnetic field detectors.
• Using the special vantage point L1, four payloads directly view the Sun, and the remaining three payloads carry out in-situ studies of particles and fields at the Lagrange point L1.
• It will provide important scientific studies of the propagatory effect of solar dynamics in the interplanetary medium.

WHAT ARE THE OBJECTIVES OF ADITYA-L1 MISSION?

The major objectives of Aditya-L1 mission are:

• Study of Solar upper atmospheric (chromosphere and corona) dynamics.
• Study of chromospheric and coronal heating, physics of the partially ionized plasma, initiation of the coronal mass ejections, and flares.
• Observe the in-situ particle and plasma environment providing data for the study of particle dynamics from the Sun.
• Physics of solar corona and its heating mechanism.
• Diagnostics of the coronal and coronal loops plasma’s temperature, velocity, and density.
• Development, dynamics, and origin of Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs).
• Identify the sequence of processes that occur at multiple layers (chromosphere, base, and extended corona) which eventually leads to solar eruptive events.
• Magnetic field topology and magnetic field measurements in the solar corona.
• Drivers for space weather (origin, composition, and dynamics of solar wind.

ADITYA-L1 PAYLOADS:

• The instruments of Aditya-L1 are tuned to observe the solar atmosphere mainly the chromosphere and corona.
• In-situ instruments will observe the local environment at L1.
• There are total seven payloads on-board with four of them carrying out remote sensing of the Sun and three of them carrying in-situ observation.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/aditya-l1-captures-first-glimpse-of-solar-flares/article67508968.ece

2. SEMICONDUCTORS

TAG: GS 3: ECONOMY, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Approximately $8 billion out of the $10 billion allocated for the semiconductor manufacturing scheme remains unused.

EXPLANATION:

• The funds have been allocated by the Union government of India for encouraging domestic production of semiconductors under the production-linked incentive (PLI) scheme.
• This underutilization of funds highlights a significant gap in the government’s efforts to promote semiconductor production in India.
• Incentives for Semiconductor Manufacturing:
  • The government is providing incentives, including financial support, in high-tech areas such as semiconductor manufacturing.
  • These incentives are intended to attract semiconductor makers to establish manufacturing facilities in India, with the goal of strengthening the country’s manufacturing base.

• Encouraging Korean Investors and Bilateral Trade Goals:
  • The Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade Secretary, Rajesh Kumar Singh said that India and Korea must aim to enhance bilateral trade to $50 billion by 2030.
  • This goal suggests the desire for closer economic ties between the two countries.
  • Korean investors have invested $5.6 billion in India since April 2000 and they can take advantage of the semiconductor PLI along with upcoming opportunities for investments in battery storage solutions.
  • There is a call to upgrade and enhance the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) between India and Korea. Strengthening this economic partnership is seen as beneficial to both countries.
  • Korean investors have a history of investing in India, and there is a call for them to consider utilizing the untapped incentives provided under the scheme.
  • The importance of enhancing bilateral trade between India and Korea has been emphasized.

• Opportunities in Battery Storage Solutions:
• • In addition to semiconductor manufacturing, there are upcoming investment opportunities in battery storage solutions.
  • The Indian government is inviting investors, including Korean companies, to participate in the bid openings for over 20 gigawatt hours of storage and mobility battery capacity in India.

INDIA’S INITIATIVES IN SEMICONDUCTORS

1. INDIA SEMICONDUCTOR MISSION (ISM)

• India Semiconductor Mission (ISM) is a specialized and independent Business Division within the Digital India Corporation.
• It aims to build a vibrant semiconductor and display ecosystem.
• It aims to enable India’s emergence as a global hub for electronics manufacturing and design.
• The mission aims to serve as a focal point for the comprehensive and smooth development of Semiconductor in consultation with the Government ministries / departments / agencies, industry, and academia.

2. INDIA’S SEMICON PROGRAMME.

• The Union Cabinet had approved the comprehensive Semicon India programme with a financial outlay of INR 76,000 crore for the development of a sustainable semiconductor and display ecosystem in 2021.
• Semicon India Program aims to provide attractive incentive support to companies that are engaged in Silicon Semiconductor Fabs, Display Fabs, Compound Semiconductors, Silicon Photonics etc.
• The program will give an impetus to semiconductor and display manufacturing by facilitating capital support and technological collaborations.

3. CHIPS2 STARTUP (C2S) PROGRAMME

• An umbrella programme “Chips to Startup(C2S)” was in line with the objective and vision of National Policy on Electronics 2019 (NPE-2019).
• It aims at developing Specialized Manpower in VLSI/Embedded System Design domain.
• It also addresses each entity of the Electronics value chain via Specialized Manpower training, Creation of reusable IPs repository, Design of application-oriented Systems etc.
• The programme would be implemented at about 100 academic institutions/R&D organizations across the Country.
• Start-ups and MSMEs can also participate in the programme by submitting their proposals.
• Under the programme, the project would be initiated in following key areas:
  • Energy & Environment
  • Healthcare
  • Agriculture
  • Disaster Management
  • Intelligent Transport System
  • Emerging Technology etc.

CONCLUSION:

• There is a need for India to attract more investment in semiconductor manufacturing by utilizing the allocated funds effectively.
• The government is also actively seeking foreign investors, particularly from Korea, to participate in this scheme and tap into the incentives provided.
• The broader goal is to strengthen economic ties and bilateral trade between India and Korea and to encourage investment in high-tech sectors, including semiconductor manufacturing and battery storage solutions.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/business/80-funds-allocated-for-semiconductor-manufacturing-scheme-remain-unused/article67509688.ece/amp/

3. LANDSLIDE AT THE SUBANSIRI HYDRO PROJECT

TAG: GS 1: GEOGRAPHY  

THE CONTEXT: A massive landslide occurred at the Subansiri hydro project on October 27, completely blocking the only functional diversion tunnel (DT).

EXPLANATION:

• This landslide at the NHPC’s 2,000-MW Subansiri hydro project, which is located along the Assam-Arunachal Pradesh border in India, has blocked the only operational diversion tunnel, affecting water flow in the river.
• The diversion tunnel number 1, which was the only one in use, was obstructed by the landslide, impacting water flow through the river.
• Fortunately, there have been no reports of human casualties resulting from the incident.

• Landslide warnings ignored:
  • In April 2022, the Central Electricity Authority (CEA) warned that the Subansiri Lower Project was at risk of landslides.
  • The CEA recommended that National Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC) Ltd., the company responsible for building the dam, conduct a study to assess the risk of landslides.
  • However, NHPC ignored this recommendation.

• Status of the Hydro Project:
  • The Subansiri Lower Hydro Electric Project has faced multiple delays and setbacks since its inception.
  • The project, with a capacity of 2,000 MW, has experienced revisions in its commissioning deadline and has been postponed several times.
  • As of today, more than 90% of the total work on the project has been completed.

• Impact on River Flow:
  • The main dam spillway is not yet ready, and the river was flowing through the diversion tunnel, making the landslide a critical issue.
  • The landslide has significantly reduced the flow of the river downstream.
  • The water level in the reservoir is gradually increasing due to the reduced flow, and measures are being taken to restore the normal river flow.

• Concerns for Aquatic Life:
  • The reduced river flow has caused the river bed to dry up, leading to concerns about aquatic life.
  • Locals report that people are walking on the dry river bed and catching fish, which poses a threat to aquatic life.
  • This drastic change in river flow is noted as unusual and potentially harmful to the environment.

• Project Details and Cost:
• • The Subansiri Lower Hydro Electric Project is a run-of-river scheme and is expected to generate approximately 7,500 million units of power annually.
  • The cost of the project has escalated significantly from the initial estimate, reaching around Rs 20,000 crore in January 2020, up from the initial estimate of Rs 6,285 crore.
  • NHPC began construction work on the project in January 2005 after obtaining forest clearance in October 2004.

CONCLUSION:

• The landslide at the Subansiri hydro project has caused a blockage in the diversion tunnel, affecting water flow in the river and raising concerns about its impact on aquatic life.
• The project has faced multiple delays and cost overruns, highlighting the challenges in implementing large-scale hydroelectric projects in the region.

SOURCE: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/subansiri-hydroelectric-project-landslide-blocks-diversion/article67484442.ece

4. AIR QUALITY INDEX (AQI)

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: Air Quality Index (AQI) in North India, particularly in Delhi, has risen to “severe” levels.

POLLUTANTS, SOURCES, THEIR IMPACTS AND HEALTH IMPLICATIONS:

• PM 10 and PM 2.5:
  • These are fine particulate matter (PM) particles with diameters smaller than 10 and 2.5 microns, respectively.
  • Smaller particles (PM 2.5) can penetrate the circulatory system.
  • It can lead to serious health issues such as asthma, heart attacks, bronchitis, and other respiratory problems.
  • They are primarily emitted from factories, vehicles, construction activities, and road dust.

• Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2):
  • NO2 comes from the burning of fuel, especially from vehicles and power plants.
  • Short-term exposure to high levels of NO2 can worsen respiratory diseases like asthma and lead to coughing and breathing difficulties.
  • Long-term exposure can contribute to the development of asthma.

• Ozone (O3):
  • While ozone in the upper atmosphere protects from UV rays, ground-level ozone is a significant air pollutant.
  • It forms through the reaction of atmospheric pollutants in sunlight.
  • Increased surface ozone levels are associated with an increased risk of hospital admissions for respiratory diseases and cardiovascular deaths.

• Sulphur Dioxide (SO2):
  • SO2 primarily comes from the burning of fossil fuels by power plants and industrial facilities, as well as industrial processes and natural sources like volcanoes.
  • SO2 exposure is harmful to the cardiovascular system and can lead to respiratory illnesses.
  • High concentrations can harm plants and trees.

• Lead:
  • Lead is a toxic metal that can be naturally occurring but becomes dangerous in high quantities.
  • Environmental contamination primarily comes from mining, smelting, manufacturing, and recycling activities.
  • Young children are particularly vulnerable to lead poisoning, which can lead to intellectual disability and behavioral disorders.
• Carbon Monoxide (CO):
  • Carbon monoxide is a toxic, odorless, and colorless gas produced when carbon-containing fuels like wood, coal, and petrol are burned.
  • High levels can lead to unconsciousness and death, while long-term exposure is linked to an increased risk of heart disease.
• The sources of these pollutants are mainly industrial activities, vehicular emissions, power plants, and natural sources like volcanoes.
• Recommendations: While the article focuses on the concerning air quality, it doesn’t provide specific recommendations or actions being taken to address the issue. However, it emphasizes the need for awareness and action to mitigate the impact of air pollution on public health.
• Air Quality Index (AQI):
• • The AQI is a numerical measure used to convey the overall quality of air in a specific area.
  • In this context, it is used to assess air quality in North India, with a focus on Delhi, where the AQI has reached severe levels.

INITIATIVES TAKEN FOR CONTROLLING AIR POLLUTION:

• System of Air Quality and Weather Forecasting and Research (SAFAR) Portal.
• Air Quality Index: AQI has been developed for eight pollutants viz. PM2.5, PM10, Ammonia, Lead, nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide, ozone, and carbon monoxide.
• Graded Response Action Plan (for Delhi).
• For Reducing Vehicular Pollution:
• BS-VI Vehicles,
• Push for Electric Vehicles (EVs),
• Odd-Even Policy as an emergency measure (for Delhi).
• New Commission for Air Quality Management
• Subsidy to farmers for buying Turbo Happy Seeder (THS) Machine for reducing stubble burning.
• National Air Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP): Under NAMP, four air pollutants viz. SO2, NO2, PM10, and PM2.5 have been identified for regular monitoring at all locations.

WAY FORWARD

• Changing Approach:
  • India needs to change its approach and bring out effective policies in order to improve air quality and reduce pollutants to levels considered acceptable by the World Health Organisation (WHO).

• Close Coordination Required:
• • Curbing air pollution requires not only tackling its specific sources, but also close coordination across local and national jurisdictional boundaries.
  • Regional cooperation can help implement cost-effective joint strategies that leverage the interdependent nature of air quality.

SOURCE: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/everyday-explainers/air-pollution-aqi-source-health-impact-explained-9016879/

5. GLOBAL LANDSCAPE OF CLIMATE FINANCE 2023

TAG: GS 3: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE CONTEXT: As per the Climate Policy Initiative’s (CPI) new report Global Landscape of Climate Finance 2023, Climate finance flows have doubled compared to previous years but have been unevenly distributed across geographies and sources.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE REPORT:

• Global Climate Finance Growth:
  • According to the report, the average annual flow of climate finance in 2021 and 2022 reached $1.3 trillion.
  • This is a significant increase compared to the $653 billion recorded for 2019 and 2020.
  • The growth is primarily attributed to an escalation in mitigation finance, which saw an increase of $439 billion from the previous two years.

• Uneven Distribution of Climate Finance:
  • Climate finance has been unevenly distributed across sectors and geographies.
  • Mitigation finance has primarily gone to renewable energy (44%) and transport (29%), with a strong presence of private financing.
  • In contrast, sectors responsible for significant emissions like agriculture and industry received a smaller share of total mitigation and dual benefits finance.
  • Adaptation finance reached a new high of $63 billion but still falls short of the estimated needs, which are projected to be $212 billion per year by 2030 for developing nations.
  • Nearly all adaptation finance (98%) tracked in the report came from public sources.

• Geographic Concentration:
  • Developed countries mobilized the majority of climate finance, with a significant contribution from the private sector.
  • East Asia and the Pacific, the United States, Canada, and Western Europe accounted for 84% of all climate finance.
  • China led in domestic resource mobilization for climate finance, contributing 51% of all domestic climate finance globally.
  • Developing and low-income countries received a limited share of funds.
  • The report pointed out the disparities in climate finance distribution, with the 10 countries most affected by climate change receiving a very small portion of total climate finance.

• Private Sector Contribution:
  • Private actors contributed 49% of total climate finance, amounting to $625 billion.
  • The report highlighted the rapid growth in private finance, driven in part by household spending, particularly from the sales of electric vehicles, which doubled from 2020 to 2021.
  • Fiscal policies promoting low-carbon technologies played a role in this increase.

• Recommendations:
  • The report suggests measures to enhance the scale and quality of climate finance, focusing on four categories:
    • transforming the financial system,
    • bridging climate and development needs,
    • mobilizing domestic capital, and
    • improving climate finance data.
  • The report underscores the need to reduce the cost of capital barriers, particularly for developing and low-income countries, by reforming financial institutions and making concessional finance more accessible.

• Global Climate Finance Needs:
• • Despite the growth in climate finance, it is emphasized that the current scale represents only 1% of the global GDP.
  • The report’s projections indicate that average estimated annual climate finance needs will increase to $9 trillion by 2030.

WAY FORWARD:

• Transforming the Financial System:
  • This involves reducing the cost of capital barriers, particularly for developing and low-income countries.
  • There is a call for reforming financial institutions to make concessional finance more accessible.

• Bridging Climate and Development Needs:
  • The report highlights the need to bridge the gap between climate and development needs.
  • This could involve strategies to align climate investments with broader sustainable development goals, ensuring that climate finance addresses poverty reduction and other social objectives.

• Mobilizing Domestic Capital:
  • The report suggests mobilizing domestic capital for climate finance.
  • This could involve promoting domestic investment in climate-friendly projects and industries to reduce dependence on international funds.

• Improving Climate Finance Data:
• • Data collection and interpretation have improved over the years.
  • The report underscores the importance of continuing to enhance the quality of climate finance data and information.

Climate Policy Initiative’s (CPI):

• The Climate Policy Initiative (CPI) is an independent, non-profit, international research organization that works to support governments, businesses, and financial institutions in driving economic growth while addressing climate change.
• It was founded in 2009 to support nations building low carbon economies to develop and implement effective climate, energy and land use policies.
• CPI provides analysis, advice, and solutions in the areas of climate finance, climate policy, and low-carbon development.

CPI’s work is focused on the following areas:

• Enabling capital:
  • CPI helps to mobilize and allocate capital for low-carbon investments by developing innovative finance mechanisms, such as blended finance and risk management frameworks.

• Promoting green and sustainable finance:
  • CPI monitors and evaluates climate finance flows and investments, providing insights into the effectiveness of different approaches and identifying opportunities for improvement.

• Enabling a just transition:
• • CPI helps countries to develop and implement policies and strategies for a just transition to a low-carbon economy, ensuring that the transition is fair and equitable for all.

SOURCE: https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/governance/global-climate-finance-increasing-but-scale-pace-not-enough-new-report-92671