GEOGRAPHY

1. BOKANG-BALING HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT

TAGS: PRELIMS- GS-I- GEOGRAPHY

THE CONTEXT:Residents of Pithoragarh district’s Dharchula town recently staged a protest against the proposed Bokang-Baling Hydroelectric Project.

THE EXPLANATION:

About Bokang-Baling Hydroelectric Project:

• It is a proposed hydroelectric project on river Dhauliganga in the Pithoragarh district in Uttarakhand.
• It has a proposed installed capacity of 165 MW.
• The project involves the construction of a concrete gravity dam of 65 m from river bed level and an underground Power House.
• The project is being implemented by THDC India Limited.

Dhauliganga river:

• Origin: It rises in the vicinity of the NitiPassin the border regions between Garhwal region of Uttarakhand and southwestern Tibet.
• It is one of the important tributaries of Alaknanda, the other being the Nandakini, Pindar, Mandakini, and Bhagirathi.
• It meets the Alaknanda River(the major source stream of the Ganges river) at Vishnuprayag in Uttarakhand.
• Length: The length of this river is about 94 km.
• Tapovan, which is famous for its hot springs, is located on the banks of Dhauliganga.

THDC India Limited:

• THDC India Limited (Formerly Tehri Hydro Development Corporation Limited) is a company jointly owned by the Government of India and the Government of Uttar Pradesh.
• It was registered as a Public Limited Company in 1988 under the Companies Act 1956 to operate and maintain the Tehri Hydro Power Complex and other Hydro Projects.
• It is a Mini Ratna Category-I Enterprise.

POLITY

2. WHAT IS THE COMMITTEE OF PRIVILEGES IN PARLIAMENT?

TAGS: PRELIMS- GS-II- POLITY

THE CONTEXT:Rajya Sabha Chairman recently asked the committee of privileges to investigate the alleged breach of privilege by 12 opposition lawmakers for repeatedly entering the well of the House, shouting slogans, and obstructing its proceedings.

THE EXPLANATION:

About Committee of Privileges:

• This committee consists of 15 members in Lok Sabha ( 10 in case of Rajya Sabha) nominated by the Speaker (Chairman in case of Rajya Sabha).
• In the Rajya Sabha, the deputy chairperson heads the committee of privileges.
• Powers and Functions:
• The committee examines every question involving a breach of privilege of the House or of the members or of any Committee thereof referred to it by the House or by the Speaker/Chairman.
• It also determines with reference to the facts of each case whether a breach of privilege is involved and makes suitable recommendations in its report.
• It also states the procedure to be followed by the House in giving effect to its recommendations.
• When a question of privilege is referred to the Committee by the House, the report of the Committee is presented to the House by the Chairman or, in his absence, by any member of the Committee.
• Where a question of privilege is referred to the Committee by the Speaker, the report of the Committee is presented to the Speaker who may pass final orders thereon or direct that it be laid on the Table of the House.
• The Speaker/Chairman may refer to the Committee any petition regarding the disqualification of a member on the ground of defection for making a preliminary inquiry and submitting a report to him.
• The procedure to be followed by the Committee in these cases is so far as may be the same as in applicable to questions of breach of privilege.

HEALTH ISSUES

3. WHAT IS ADENOVIRUS?

TAGS: PRELIMS- GS-II- HEALTH ISSUES

THE CONTEXT:Bengal health authorities have been asked to be vigilant after the state recently recorded a big spike in adenovirus cases.

THE EXPLANATION:

About Adenovirus:

• Adenoviruses are a group of viruses that can cause mild to severe infections throughout your body.
• They can cause a wide range of illnesses, such as the common cold, fever, sore throat, acute bronchitis, pneumonia, pink eye, and acute gastroenteritis.
• There are many different types of adenoviruses, so that people can get infected more than once.
• Adenovirus infections occur throughout the year, but they tend to peak in the winter and early spring.
• Adenoviruses can affect people of all ages, but they’re most common in children younger than 5 years old.
• Most adenovirus infections are mild, but they can be more severe in people with weakened immune systems or existing respiratory or cardiac disease.

Transmission modes:

• Adenoviruses are very contagious. They can spread from an infected individual to others via close contacts, such as touching or shaking hands.
• Infected particles can also transfer through coughing and sneezing.
• Fecal material can spread the infection via contaminated water, dirty diapers, and poor hand washing.

Treatment:

There is currently no specific course of treatment or approved antiviral medication.

Some medications with proper rest are advised to control the symptoms.

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS

4. FIRST LOSS DEFAULT GUARANTEE (FLDG) SYSTEM

TAGS: PRELIMS- GS-III-ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT:Banks and non-banking financial companies (NBFCs) have almost paused tie-ups with fintech players under the first loan default guarantee (FLDG) structure for lending in the absence of clarity on contractual agreements from the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).

THE EXPLANATION:

About the First Loss Default Guarantee (FLDG) system:

• FLDG is a lending model between a fintech and a regulated entity in which a third party guarantees to compensate up to a certain percentage of default in a loan portfolio of the regulated entities (RE).
• Under these agreements, the fintech originates a loan and promises to compensate the partners up to a pre-decided percentage in case customers fail to repay.
• The bank/NBFC partners lend through the fintech but from their books.
• FLDG helps expand the customer base of traditional lenders but relies on the fintech’s underwriting capabilities.

What is FinTech?

• Financial Stability Board (FSB) has defined FinTech as “technologically enabled innovation in financial services that could result in new business models, applications, processes or products with an associated material effect on financial markets and institutions and the provision of financial services”.

PRELIMS PERSPECTIVE

5. WHAT IS ‘JAADUI PITARA’?

TAGS: PRELIMS- GS-II- GOVERNANCE

THE CONTEXT:Union Education Minister recently launched an innovative learning material for foundational years of children called “Jadui Pitara”.

THE EXPLANATION:

About ‘Jadui Pitara’:

• The ‘Jadui Pitara’ or ‘Magic Collection is a play-based learning material for children in the age group of three to eight years.
• It is launched by the Union Ministry of Education.
• It has been designed on the motto of ”learning through play”, as envisaged in the new National Education Policy (NEP).
• It comprises of playbooks, toys, puzzles, posters, flashcards, storybooks, and worksheets, as well as reflecting the local culture, social context, and languages.
• It is designed to pique curiosity and accommodate the diverse needs of learners at the foundational stage.
• It is developed under the curricular goals of National Curriculum Framework for Foundational Stage (NCF-FS) as recommended by the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020.
• The resources on ‘Jadui Pitara’ will be digitally available on DIKSHA platform – portal and mobile app.
• The pitara is available in 13 Indian languages.

What is the National Curriculum Framework for Foundational Stage (NCF-FS)?

• It is one of the four National Curriculum Frameworks (NCFs).
• It is India’s first-ever integrated Curriculum Framework for children between ages 3-8.
• It is a direct outcome of the 5+3+3+4 ‘curricular and pedagogical’ structure that NEP 2020 has recommended for School Education.
• NCF-FS has been developed by NCERT through an extensive consultative process with States & Union Territories up to grass root level and various institutions and organizations.

THE CONTEXT: Recently, In a Year End Review in 2022 conducted by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) shown a exponential growth in e-transactions and the use of e-governance services across the country. The use of e-governance services in India will be examined in this article using a novel analysis based on a crucial statistic, an “e-transaction,” monitored by the Electronic Transaction Aggregation & Analysis Layer (e-Taal) portal. The portal offers a real-time aggregated view of the quantity of end-to-end electronic transactions at all government levels.

WHAT IS eTAAL?

The Government of India created the e-Taal Project, an electronic dashboard, to provide a real-time aggregated view of the volume of eServices being provided by various agencies of the national, state, and local governments in India.
The number of “end-to-end electronic transactions” is the key performance indicator for G2C, G2B, and B2C e-Services, as seen on the e-Taal dashboard.
eTaal Project is based on the principle: “You can MANAGE effectively what you can MEASURE”. The key objectives of the e-Taal portal are as follows:

• Drill-down capabilities and performance comparison with other States should be used when analyzing the e-Transactions data that has been received from other applications.
• e-Transactions from automatically integrated apps can be combined by utilizing Web Services technology.
• e-Transactions data analysis in tabular and graphical form.
• Provide a consolidated view of e-Transaction statistics and a visualization of their utilization status for the Ministry, Department, State, and UT.

YEAR END REVIEW 2022: MINISTRY OF ELECTRONICS AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (MEITY)

• UIDAI starts 88 Aadhaar Seva Kendras in 72 cities across the country
• 5.49 lakh Common Services Centres are functional out of which, 4.37 lakh CSCs are functional at the Gram Panchayat level
• DigiLocker provides a dedicated cloud-based platform as a personal space to residents for the storage, sharing, and verification of documents & certificates.
• Aarogya Setu App is now transformed into National Health App, bringing a whole plethora of digital health services powered by Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission.
• Remarkable growth in digital transactions is seen for FY 2018-19, FY 2019-20 & FY20-21 where we have achieved 3134 crores, 4572 crores & 5554 Crore, respectively.
• India has witnessed a big leap in Electronic Manufacturing with schemes like Production Linked Incentives, Promotion of Manufacturing of Electronic Components & Semiconductors.
• Domestic production of Electronic Goods has increased substantially from ₹ 3,17,331 crore in 2016-17 to ₹ 6,40,810 crore in 2021-22 growing.

A NATIONAL-LEVEL ANALYSIS

Since its launch in 2013, eTaal has integrated over 4,000 e-services and supplied time-series data for around 416 billion e-transactions. Following shows that between 2013 and 2021, there were 43 times as many electronic transactions.
A number of factors have driven the growth of e-transactions in India. These include the Government’s Digital India initiative, which has provided access to digital technologies to citizens; the growing number of mobile phone users and internet users; and the expansion of the e-commerce sector.

• The growth in e-transactions has been most pronounced in the government sector, with transactions related to direct benefit transfers (DBT) and other public welfare schemes increasing significantly between 2013 and 2021. This is evidenced by the fact that e-transactions in the government sector accounted for nearly 88% of the total e-transactions in 2021
• The development of e-payment infrastructure and the introduction of various digital payment systems has facilitated the growth of e-transactions. These include Unified Payment Interface (UPI), Immediate Payment Service (IMPS), and National Electronic Funds Transfer (NEFT). The Government has also launched several initiatives, such as the Digital India Financial Inclusion (DIFI) program, which has enabled.

GROWTH OF e-TRANSACTIONS ACROSS STATES

• In Kerala, the use of e-transactions for mobile services is incredibly widespread. This is largely attributable to the strong legacy of ICT-based reforms, starting with the Akshaya project, which was India’s first e-governance project, and continuing with the governance project, which Kerala State IT Mission (KSITM) launched in early 2010 to cover over sixty state departments and provide mobile services using SMS and an integrated service delivery platform (Karunakaran 2011, Nissar 2014).
• In comparison to other states, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, and Telangana have seen a rise in e-transactions for both statutory and non-statutory services. This is partly because of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana’s exceptional adoption and implementation of “MeeSeva,” a portal that offers smart and effective citizen-centric delivery of a full spectrum of G2B and G2C services through a one-stop platform.

• Gujarat initially saw a significant increase in e-transactions as a result of the issuance and receipt of public distribution system (PDS) food coupons, but over time, informational services like viewing exam results and property records online have also seen significant growth in usage. Gujarat has also been a pioneering state in e-governance implementation through initiatives, regulations, and infrastructure.

B2C SERVICE CATEGORY GROWTH

• The B2C service category saw a 3823.8% increase in a number of e-transactions in FY2017-18, and since then the number has been growing at an exponential rate. Statutory and non-statutory services witnessed a 147.9% increase in e-transactions count in 2017-18, post which the growth has stagnated.
• The Government has been pushing to increase the number of e-transactions in the B2C service category and has successfully implemented several initiatives that are encouraging customers to switch from physical transactions to digital ones. These initiatives include providing discounts, cashback, and loyalty points for digital payments, setting up digital kiosks for easy access to services, and introducing digital payment platforms such as UPI and e-wallets.
• The implementation of Aadhaar-based authentication services has further facilitated the growth of e-transactions in the B2C service category. This has enabled customers to avail of services in a secure and convenient manner. The Government is also working towards the implementation of GST, which is expected to further boost the number of e-transactions in the B2C service category.

• Overall, the growth of e-transactions in the B2C service category has been impressive and is expected to keep rising in the coming years. With the help of government initiatives, customers are increasingly switching towards digital transactions, and this trend is only going to increase further in the future.

eTAAL SERVICE OUTCOMES

1. Improved efficiency: Taal services provide an efficient way to manage and track payments across multiple sources. With Taal, customers can pay and receive money without having to worry about manual tracking and reconciliation.
2. Increased Security: Taal services employ advanced security measures to ensure that customers’ data and payment information is kept safe and secure.
3. Faster Transactions: Taal services provide a fast and reliable way to make and receive payments. Customers can avoid the delays associated with traditional payment methods.
4. Increased Visibility: Taal services provide customers with a clear view of all their financial transactions, allowing them to better track their spending and manage their finances.
5. Lower Costs: Taal services are typically less expensive than traditional payment methods, making them a cost-effective option for customers.
6. Security: Taal services are secure, with data encryption and other security measures in place to ensure customer privacy and security.
7. Speed: eTaal services are fast, with payments typically processed in seconds or minutes.
8. Convenience: eTaal services are convenient, allowing customers to pay quickly and easily from any location.
9. Flexibility: eTaal services offer customers flexibility in how they pay, with support for multiple payment methods.
10. User Experience: eTaal services provide a good user experience, with a streamlined, intuitive interface.

MAXIMUM GOVERNANCE MINIMUM GOVERNMENT FOR DIGITAL EMPOWERMENT

• Citizen centric e-Services aim to digitally empower the society and transform the economy.
• They aim to restyle how citizens avail of services and participate in the economy using less cash, opting instead for UPI, internet banking, direct benefit transfer digital payment platform ete, using unique identification techniques, like Andhaar, so as to drive financial inclusion with minimum lapses and delays.
• Government’s push towards a Paperless. Presence less and Cashless model of e-governance and the launch of Aadhaar. UPI and BHIM have transformed the economy, Banking is fast moving from branch banking to a virtual world of banking called Digital Banking.
• Various new citizen-centric and transformational digital platforms that have been developed include BHIM-UPI -NAM, GSTN, DigiLocker, Ge M. e-Hospital, MyGov, UMANG. SWAYAM, Jeevan Pramaan NSP etc.
• These efforts are heavily dependent upon the efficient use of technology and as a result technology is increasingly being used to transform learning, economy and citizen services delivery mechanisms.
• The reach mobile network, internet and electricity is expanding its reach to remote areas, thereby ensuring that the marginalized sections of the society are also brought into the mainstream.
• Citizen centric e-Services focus on accessibility, quality, efficiency, affordability, delivery, mobility and user experience.
• The Digital India programme and the tremendous focus of the Government on providing citizen centric e-Services are resulting in the Indian citizens witnessing not only a transformational shift in the delivery of services but also a better engagement of the Government with its citizens.

TOWARDS A NATIONAL DIGITAL HEALTH ECOSYSTEM

The National Health Policy 2017 approved by the Government had defined the vision of ‘health and wellbeing for all at all ages’. Continuum of Care is a concept strongly advocated by the Policy. These lofty ideals are sought to be achieved by refactoring the existing schemes and introducing several new schemes including some digital.
Initiatives. Citizen centricity, quality of care, better access, universal health coverage, and inclusiveness are some of the key principles on which the Policy is founded. The realization of all these aspirations can be realized principally by leveraging the power of the digital technologies.

SEVEN YEARS OF DIGITAL INDIA MISSION: OUTCOMES

The Digital India Mission was launched in 2015 with the aim of transforming India into a digitally empowered country. The mission has achieved remarkable success in the past seven years and has enabled the country to reap many benefits, including:

1. Increased Access to Digital Services: The Digital India Mission has increased access to digital services in the country by providing internet connectivity to rural areas, setting up Common Service Centres (CSCs) and providing free Wi-Fi hotspots. This has enabled people to access essential services such as banking, health, education and employment opportunities more easily.
2. Digital Literacy: The mission has also focused on increasing the digital literacy of citizens. The Government has launched various initiatives to provide citizens training and awareness about using digital technologies and services. This has helped in improving the digital skills of citizens and enabled them to avail the benefits of the digital revolution.
3. Increased Transparency and Accountability: The mission has also improved transparency and accountability in the functioning of the Government.
4. This has been made possible through the implementation of various initiatives, such as e-procurement and e-bidding, which have made government processes more transparent and accountable.
5. Boosted Digital Economy: The Digital India Mission has helped in the growth of the digital economy by creating an enabling environment for businesses to use technology to enhance their operations and expand their customer base. This has resulted in an increase in the number of startups, innovations in digital payments, e-commerce, and digital financial services.
6. 5. Improved Access to Government Services: One of the major achievements of the Digital India Mission is improved access to government services. The Government has developed a number of online portals and mobile applications to make it easier for citizens to access information, apply for services, and make payments. These portals have helped reduce the paperwork and waiting time associated with availing services.

CHALLENGES TO E-GOVERNANCE IN INDIA

1.INFRASTRUCTURE:

• A lack of essential infrastructure, such as internet and electricity.
• Steps in this direction have been taken through programmes like BharatNet and Saubhagya.

2. COSTLY

• e-Government initiatives call for significant public spending.
• One of the main barriers to the implementation of e-Governance initiatives in developing nations like India is the cost of projects.

3. SECURITY AND PRIVACY

• The public’s confidence in e-governance has been undermined by a recent spike in data breach instances.
• Therefore, security standards and regulations for e-governance initiatives must be in place to protect the interests of all classes of the general populace.

4. INTERNET DIVIDE

• Huge disparity between e-government service users and non-users.
• Rich-poor, male-female, urban-rural, etc. sectors of the population are manifestations of the digital divide.
• The gap must be closed before the advantages of e-governance can be fully realized.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• Enhancing interoperability between e-governance systems requires the adoption of a hybrid strategy, which will include a centralized strategy for document management, knowledge management, file management, grievance management, etc.
• The implementation of e-governance initiatives in rural areas needs to take into account the local conditions.
• The Government should concentrate on creating methods for capacity building that are relevant, practical, distinct, and effective for a variety of stakeholders, including bureaucrats, citizens in rural and urban areas, elected officials, and others.
• The delivery of services related to e-governance is being improved by the use of cloud computing, which is growing in importance. In addition to helping to save costs, cloud computing also helps to enable new services, enhance the educational system, and produce new employment and opportunities.
• Meghraj- GI Cloud is a positive development. This programme aims to maximize government ICT spending while accelerating the delivery of e-services in the nation.
• For countries like India, where participants come from many linguistic origins, e-Government through regional languages is appreciable.

THE CONCLUSION: Digital payments and UIDAI have been the key drivers of this growth, demonstrating the widespread success of two key elements of the Jan Dhan-Aadhaar-Mobile (JAM) trinity.Additionally, the transfer of social benefits (incorporating the third pillar of Jan Dhan accounts) has also seen 192% growth since 2015, which corroborates the widespread adoption of Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) in almost all major developmental and social protection programmes of the Government of India. At a sub-national level, states and union territories with early adoption of e-government initiatives such as Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Gujarat, and Kerala have led the way, with most other states catching up significantly post FY2017-2018.

MAINS EXAMINATION QUESTIONS:

Q1. What are the principles of effective public service delivery? Why is it an important component of governance? Explain in the context of Etaal service outcomes.
Q2. What are the most significant challenges to India’s e-governance initiatives? Examine

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:

DIGITAL SERVICES IN INDIA

1. Common Services Centres (CSCs): CSCs are the world’s largest digital service delivery network, with wide reach in rural areas up to Gram Panchayat & Block level.
2. Meri Pehchaan, a National Single Sign-On (NSSO) was launched on July 4, 2022, by the Hon’ble Prime Minister, is a user authentication service wherein a single set of credentials can provide access to multiple online applications or services.
3. My Scheme was launched on July 4, 2022, by the Hon’ble Prime Minister, is a scheme eMarketplace, where citizens can discover eligible schemes based on his/her demography. More than 180 schemes of the 27 Central and State/UT Governments across 13 diverse categories have been hosted.
4. DigiLocker has provided a dedicated cloud-based platform as a personal space to residents for the storage, sharing, and verification of documents & certificates, thus it is helping in eliminating the use of physical documents. Over 13.5 crore users are registered with DigiLocker and over 562 crore documents are accessible via DigiLocker.
5. UMANG (Unified Mobile Application for New-age Governance) has been developed as a unified platform to deliver major Government services through Mobile. So far, 1,658 services from Central/State Govt. along with 20,197 Bharat Bill Payment Services (BBPS) have been on-boarded on UMANG.
6. India Stack Global has been initiated to showcase India Stack and its building blocks globally. At present, 12 key projects/platforms namely Aadhaar, UPI, Co-Win, API Setu, DigiLocker, AarogyaSetu, GeM, UMANG, Diksha, E-Sanjeevani, E-Hospital, and E-Office are made available at the portal of India Stack Global available in all UN languages.
7. API Setu: MeitY had notified the ‘Policy on Open Application Programming Interfaces (APIs)’ in 2015. The policy intended to promote efficient sharing of data among data owners and inter-and-intra Governmental agencies to achieve the objective of interoperable systems in order to deliver services in an integrated manner.
8. eSign provides easy, efficient, and secure signing of electronic documents by an Aadhaar holder. so far, 34.41 crore eSigns have been issued. Out of these, e-Sign issued by CDAC (i.e. under e-Hastakshar Project) is 8.22 crore.
9. National AI Portal has been developed to provide all information related to Artificial Intelligence to all stakeholders in a single place and promote awareness and communication on AI in the country.
10. Aarogya Setu: It is a mobile application launched by the Government of India on 2nd April 2020, to aid the COVID-19 efforts of the Government. The App works based on contact tracing methods and helps the Government identify, monitor and mitigate the spread of COVID-19 across the country.
11. GST Prime: GST-Prime is a product to help tax administrators to analyze and monitor tax collection and compliance within their jurisdiction. GST-Prime improves GST compliance, increases tax collection, increases the tax base, detects tax evasion and fraud and predict the effect of policy change.
12.  e-Taal 3.0 (Electronic Transaction Aggregation & Analysis Layer): et al provides a real-time aggregated view of the volume of eServices being delivered across different agencies of the Central, State and local Governments in India.
13. A vehicle Location Tracking System (VLTS) is designed to track and monitor public vehicles with the help of GPS-based tracking devices which gets fitted in Vehicles. The System also has a provision to send a panic alert which triggers an emergency response procedure to support passengers in distress with the help of effective monitoring using the Command Control Centre.
14. eChallan: A comprehensive traffic management solution using a mobile-based app and complementary web application which is Integrated with CCTV/ ANPR (Automatic Number Plate Reading) Cameras, RLVD/OSVD (Red Light/ Over Speed Violation) Devices, Later Guns etc for issuance of challan/ notices.
15. Electronic Human Resource Management System (eHRMS): eHRMS application is responsible for the maintenance of employee records in electronic form, from hiring to retirement. The Project includes scanning/digitization of the service book to capture the legacy data and provision of numerous online services through various modules; namely Service Book, Leave, LTC, Personal Information, Reimbursements, Advances, Tour, Helpdesk, etc
16. ServicePlus: It is a Meta Data Based e-Service Delivery Framework which helps in making all Government services accessible to the common man in his locality through common service delivery outlets. Presently, the framework is successfully running in 33 States/UTs facilitating more than 2,791 services of Central, State and Local Governments.
17. Open Government Data (OGD 2.0): The OGD Platform (https://data.gov.in) has been set up to provide proactive access to Government owned shareable data, along with its usage information.
18. Global Indices (E-Government Development Index): MeitY is the nodal ministry for the E-Government Development Index (EGDI) along with two-line Ministries/Departments viz. Department of Higher Education and Department of School Education and Literacy (DHE and DoSEL).

[WpProQuiz 429]

GOVERNMENT INTERVENTIONS

1. MARINE SPATIAL PLANNING FRAMEWORK

TAGS: PRELIMS- GS-II-GOVERNMENT INTERVENTIONS

THE CONTEXT: Puducherry has launched the country’s first Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) framework as part of a pact under the Indo-Norway Integrated Ocean Initiative.

THE EXPLANATION:

Aim: to balance growth alongside sustainable management of ocean resources and coastal environment preservation.

About Marine Spatial Planning:

• MSP is an ecosystem-based spatial planning process for analyzing current and anticipated ocean and coastal uses and identifying areas most suitable for various activities.
• It provides a public policy process for society to better determine how the ocean and coasts are sustainably used and protected – now and for future generations.
• The initiative, known as Marine Spatial Planning (MSP), will be implemented by the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) through the National Centre for Coastal Research (NCCR) for India.

The IOC-UNESCO Marine Spatial Planning Programme:

• It helps countries implement ecosystem-based management by finding space for biodiversity, conservation and sustainable economic development in marine areas.
• IOC-UNESCO has developed several guides, including a 10-step guide on how to get a marine spatial plan started: “Step-by-step Approach for Marine Spatial Planning toward Ecosystem-based Management”.

POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

2. ALLOCATION OF ELECTION SYMBOLS BY ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA (ECI)

TAGS: PRELIMS- GS-II-POLITY

THE CONTEXT: ECI has recognised Eknath Shinde group as official “Shiv Sena”, allowing them to use the official “Bow & Arrow” symbol and “Shiv Sena” name.

THE EXPLANATION:

Sadiq Ali case

• The ECI has applied the tests mentioned in the 1971 Supreme Court judgment in Sadiq Ali v. Election Commission of India.
• In the Sadiq Ali case, it was held that in matters of disputes among groups of a political party, the test of majority support among the members of the ‘organizational and legislature wings’ of the party was the critical test to decide the dispute.
• It includes the Test of aims and objects of the Party Constitution, Test of Party Constitution and Test of Majority.

The 1968 Order

• On the question of a split in a political party outside the legislature, Para 15 of the Symbols Order, 1968, states that the decision of the Commission shall be binding on all such rival sections or groups.
• This applies to disputes in recognised national and state parties (like the Shiv Sena).
• For splits in registered but unrecognized parties, the ECI usually advises the warring factions to resolve their differences internally or to approach the court.
• The first case to be decided under the 1968 Order was the first split in the Indian National Congress in 1969.

Election Symbols:

• Political parties are allotted the symbols by the Election Commission of India under the Election Symbols (Reservation & Allotment) Order, 1968.
• A reserved symbol is one that is allocated to a registered political party while a free symbol is available to be allocated to non-recognized parties and independent candidates.
• Paragraph 4 of the order deals with the allotment of symbols.
• Paragraph 5 classifies the symbol into reserved and free symbols.
• Paragraph 8 of the Election Symbols Order deals with the choice and allotment of symbols to candidates of national and state parties.

Registration of Political Parties:

• According to the Election Commission, any party seeking registration has to apply to the Commission within a period of 30 days following the date of its formation as per guidelines prescribed by the Commission
• It is in exercise of the powers conferred by Article 324 of the Constitution of India and Section 29A of the Representation of the People Act, 1951.
• The registration of all political parties is governed by the provisions of Section 29A of the Representation of the People Act, 1951.

3. MOMENTUM 2.0 APP

TAGS: PRELIMS- GS-II- Government Schemes

THE CONTEXT: Delhi Metro will introduce the Momentum 2.0 app that will allow users to make a variety of purchases and schedule various services, including those for last-mile connectivity.

THE EXPLANATION:

About Momentum 2.0 app:

• It is India’s first virtual shopping app for the metro.
• It is launched by the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC).
• Features:
• It will allow customers to make payments and schedule services, including those for last-mile connections.
• It will also contain features such as rapid recharge of Delhi Metro’s smart cards and smart payment choices for other utility services.
• The app would also allow users to have digital lockers at metro stations.
• Commuters can use this app to find bikes, e-rickshaws, cabs, and the schedules of feeder buses and cluster bus routes from Delhi Metro stations.
• The app will also provide complete information on metro station infrastructure, such as the location and condition of gates, lifts, escalators, platforms, train scheduling, coach occupancy, and space availability.
• The app will also provide information on shops, outlets, kiosks, and ATMs located at the stations.

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

4. PANGOLINS

TAGS: PRELIMS- GS-III- Environment

THE CONTEXT: According to the analysis by TRAFFIC, a global wildlife conservation non-profit, and World-Wide Fund for Nature-India, over 1200 Pangolins were poached for illegal wildlife trade in India from 2018-2022.

THE EXPLANATION:

About Pangolins:

• Pangolins are nocturnal, toothless mammals that dig burrows and feed on ants and termites.
• Pangolins are scaly anteater mammals and they have large, protective keratin scales covering their skin.
• Pangolin is the only scaly mammal on the planet.
• It uses these scales as armor to defend itself against predators by rolling into a ball when threatened.
• Out of the eight species of pangolin, the Indian Pangolin (Manis crassicaudata) and the Chinese Pangolin (Manis pentadactyla) are found in India.

About Ecosystem Services:

• They play a vital role in the ecosystem management, mostly in aerating and adding moisture to the soil as well as succession of plant communities through burrowing.
• They also keep in check the population of certain insects they prey on.
• The burrows made by pangolins also get utilized as shelters by other species within their ecosystem.

Indian Pangolin

• Range – Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka
• IUCN – Endangered
• The Indian pangolin, which dons a thick scaly skin, is hunted for meat and used in traditional Chinese medicine.
• Both these species are listed under Schedule I Part I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.

Chinese Pangolin

• Range – Bangladesh; Bhutan; China; Hong Kong; India; Lao People’s Democratic Republic; Myanmar; Nepal; Taiwan, Province of China; Thailand; Viet Nam
• IUCN – Critically Endangered.

PRELIMS PERSPECTIVE

5. KENDU LEAF

TAGS: PRELIMS PERSPECTIVE

THE CONTEXT:The GST council meeting recently rejected Odisha’s demand for tax exemption on kendu leaf.

THE EXPLANATION:

About Kendu leaf:

• Kendu leaf is called the green gold of Odisha.
• It is a nationalized product like Bamboo and Sal seed.
• It is one of the most important non-wood forest products of Odisha.
• It is also referred to as tendu leaf in some parts of the country and is used to roll tobacco into bidis (local cigarettes).

Production:

• The states producing kendu leaves in India comprise mainly Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand, Gujarat, and Maharashtra.
• Odisha is the third-largest producer of kendu leaf after Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh.