Today’s Important Articles for Geography (21-01-2023)
Today’s Important Articles for Sociology (21-01-2023)
Today’s Important Articles for Pub Ad (21-01-2023)
- There is hardly any autonomy at the panchayat level READ MORE
- Collegium vs Centre: On elevation of a gay judge, constitutional morality vs majoritarian morality READ MORE
- Appointments, disappointments: Is the wrong person appointed a judge? Is the right person rejected? Here’s what some judges say READ MORE
- Taking on Govt: The Supreme Court has put up its communication with the Government on its website READ MORE
- State Governments and the Role of Governors READ MORE
WSDP Bulletin (21-01-2023)
(Newspapers, PIB and other important sources)
Prelim and Main
- Ministry of Tribal Affairs in collaboration with Indian Coast Guard, Ministry of Defence to present Adi Shaurya -Parv Parakram Ka, Military Tattoo and Tribal Dance at JLN Stadium in New Delhi READ MORE
- Forex reserves zoom by $10.417 billion to $572 billion READ MORE
- Despite economic growth, urban youth find fewer jobs; hiring slows in export-dependent sectors READ MORE
- Government policy muddle is stalling production of biodegradable plastic READ MORE
- India can lead efforts to find new TB vaccine, says WHO’s former chief scientist Soumya Swaminathan READ MORE
- SC allows caste census, says how else will Bihar fix quota READ MORE
- Women get command roles in the Indian Army: why this is a remarkable achievement READ MORE
- WEF 2023: Leaders say speed, cooperation, resilience can mend fragmented world READ MORE
- NGT probe into cruise operating in Bhopal Ramsar wetland READ MORE
- Quelea: Environmentalists protest Kenyan government’s move to poison millions of ‘feathered locusts’ READ MORE
Main Exam
GS Paper- 1
- Aging factory: On China’s population decline: The decline in China’s population will affect the rest of the world too READ MORE
- An Ancient Recipe for Social Success READ MORE
GS Paper- 2
POLITY AND GOVERNANCE
- There is hardly any autonomy at the panchayat level READ MORE
- Collegium vs Centre: On elevation of a gay judge, constitutional morality vs majoritarian morality READ MORE
- Appointments, disappointments: Is the wrong person appointed a judge? Is the right person rejected? Here’s what some judges say READ MORE
- Taking on Govt: The Supreme Court has put up its communication with the Government on its website READ MORE
- State Governments and the Role of Governors READ MORE
SOCIAL ISSUES
- ASER survey points to arduous path ahead READ MORE
INTERNATIONAL ISSUES
GS Paper- 3
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
- Trade winds: On falling Indian exports READ MORE
- CRYPTO-CURRENCIES SHOULD BE BANNED READ MORE
- The Power Bill~I READ MORE
- The Power Bill~II READ MORE
- Growth of India’s NBFCs means more compliances, regulations. Go digital to keep track READ MORE
ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY
- Human-Animal Conflict Increasing in Kerala, Farmers Demand Scientific Measures for Prevention READ MORE
TECHNOLOGY
- Why artificial intelligence still has a long way to go READ MORE
SECURITY
- Defence budget must be capability-driven READ MORE
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
- Himalayan challenge: Prioritise sustainable development to save the hills READ MORE
GS Paper- 4
ETHICS EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDY
Questions for the MAIN exam
- ‘New defense and security cooperation efforts are springing up across the Indo-Pacific’. In the light of statement, analyse how new security grouping in Indo-Pacific are fueling up regional tensions in region?
- ‘Careful management of hydropower resources is essential to ensure its positive impacts on climate change and avoid transboundary river conflicts’. Comment on the statement in light of transboundary riven conflicts between India and neighboring countries.
- ‘A system of checks and balances that prevents any one branch gaining the upper hand is essential for democratic functioning’. Comment on the statement in the light of recent stand-off between Judiciary and Executive.
QUOTATIONS AND CAPTIONS
- Propaganda is a monologue that is not looking for an answer, but an echo.
- The increasing number of wild animals and reduction of food and water sources due to the increasing presence of exotic species rather than native varieties lead to wild animals invading human habitats.
- Where the union government is busy stifling with the conduct of state governments through the post of the governor, one can only conclude that good governance is certainly not its top political priority.
- When the RBI governor is emphatic in his view that crypto currency is going to be the instrument for next financial crisis, the policy makers must act quickly to ensure that our economy is insulated from such a crisis.
- A bit of urgency on the part of the top court over the collegium would go a long way in smoothing its relationship with the Government. Two organs of the State bickering with each other all the time is not a good advertisement for either India or democracy.
- The court may have perhaps missed an opportunity to clarify the true extent or limits to the guarantee of the currency by the state.
- Technology can potentially meet the diverse needs of different demographic groups of workers, in terms of location, flexibility and hours of work.
- India’s population presents a chance for growth, but inequality and elderly care need attention.
- Like the larger policy framework within which they are set, the UGC’s draft rules emphasise quality without corresponding measures to safeguard equal access.
- To suggest that the basic structure doctrine is by itself unsanctioned is to place the Constitution at the legislature’s whim.
- A system of checks and balances that prevents any one branch gaining the upper hand is essential for democratic functioning.
50-WORD TALK
- Supreme Court has ushered transparency to some extent by making its position on the reiterated judges’ names public. But this should also extend to all candidates. Making these unsubstantial government arguments public can only intensify the executive-judiciary faceoff. This spat must end now. Larger public interest is at stake here
- The proposed new amendment to IT Rules seeks to give outsized, Orwellian powers to the government over the news media. The State cannot appropriate the right to declare an article false and force publishers and platforms to take it down. It’s shocking that this incredible overreach is even being proposed.
- Suppose a robust national R&D, industrial and manufacturing base was deemed to be a critical determinant of composite military capability in the 20th century. In that case, it is axiomatic that in the current era, a high quality national education ecosystem is central to acquiring the kind of technological profile that a major power needs to deal with the complex challenges it will have to grapple with.
Things to Remember:
- For prelims-related news try to understand the context of the news and relate with its concepts so that it will be easier for you to answer (or eliminate) from given options.
- Whenever any international place will be in news, you should do map work (marking those areas in maps and exploring other geographical locations nearby including mountains, rivers, etc. same applies to the national places.)
- For economy-related news (banking, agriculture, etc.) you should focus on terms and how these are related to various economic aspects, for example, if inflation has been mentioned, try to relate with prevailing price rises, shortage of essential supplies, banking rates, etc.
- For main exam-related topics, you should focus on the various dimensions of the given topic, the most important topics which occur frequently and are important from the mains point of view will be covered in ED.
- Try to use the given content in your answer. Regular use of this content will bring more enrichment to your writing.
TOP 5 TAKKAR NEWS OF THE DAY (21st JANUARY 2023)
INDIAN POLITY AND GOVERNANCE
1. WHAT IS ‘NIKAH HALALA’?
TAGS: PRELIMS PERSPECTIVE-GS-II-POLITY AND GOVERNANCE
THE CONTEXT: The Supreme Court said recently that it will set up a five-judge Constitution Bench to hear pleas challenging the constitutional validity of polygamy and nikah halala practice among Muslims.
THE EXPLANATION:
About Nikah halala:
- The term “Nikah” and “Halala” both are Arabic terms.
- “Nikah” means Marriage and “Halala” means to make something halal or permissible.
- The expression “Nikah Halala” literally means a marriage to make something halal or permissible.
- As per Muslim Law, a man cannot remarry his wife after he divorced her, unless the wife is married to another man and gets divorced from that man (second husband) or after the death of the second husband.
- Thus, the process of making the woman permissible for her first husband by giving her marriage to a third person with a pre-condition is known as Nikah Halala also known as Tahleel marriage.
- In this process, the third person consummates the marriage with the object to make the woman permissible for her first husband.
- Does the Quran permit this?There is no sanction in the holy Quran for such marriages.
Legality of Nikah halala in India:
- The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Act, 2019 passed after the invalidation of triple talaq by the Supreme Court, is silent on nikah halala.
- The Act made instant triple talaq a criminal offence but steered clear of halala which takes place as a consequence of triple talaq.
2. WHAT IS A CHARGE SHEET?
TAGS: PRELIMS PERSPECTIVE-GS-II-POLITY AND GOVERNANCE
THE CONTEXT: The Supreme Court recently held the state is not obliged to provide the public free access to chargesheets by uploading them on police or government websites.
THE EXPLANATION:
What is a Chargesheet?
- According to Section 173 of Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), a charge sheet is a report generated by police officers after investigating a case.
- It contains all the stringent records right from the commencement of investigation procedure of lodging an FIR to till the completion of investigation and preparation of final report.
- It contains the names of the people brought in the custody, the charges they are brought in for and the identity of the accusers.
- Once the charge sheet has been submitted to a court of law, prosecution proceedings against the accused begin.
- Time limit for filing a Charge Sheet:
- It is to be filed within 60 days from the date of arrest of the accused in cases triable by lower courts and 90 days in cases triable by Court of Sessions.
- If the charge sheet is not filed within the prescribed time mentioned above, the accused has a right to default bail.
- A charge sheet is distinct from the First Information Report (FIR).
What is the First Information Report (FIR)?
- It is a written document prepared by a Police officer based on information given by an aggrieved person or any other person either in writing or made orally about the commission of a Cognizable Offence.
- Investigation is started only after filing of the FIR.
- Who can file an FIR? Anyone can file a FIR, whether it is the victim, victim’s family or friends, or any witness to a crime.
An FIR can only be lodged in case of cognizable offences.
What is a Cognizable Offence?
- It is one in which the police may arrest a person without warrant.
- The police are authorized to start investigation into a cognizable case on their own and do not require any orders from the court to do so.
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
3. EGYPTIAN PRESIDENT INDIA’S CHIEF GUEST FOR REPUBLIC DAY 2023
TAGS PRELIMS PERSPECTIVE- GS-II-INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
THE CONTEXT: Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi will be the first chief guest from his country at India’s Republic Day celebrations. This makes him only the fifth leader from the West Asian and Arab world to be the chief guest.
THE EXPLANATION:
- Location: Egypt is a transcontinental country situated in northeastern Africa and the Sinai Peninsula in Western Asia (Middle East).
- Capital: Cairo
Boundaries:
- The country borders the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Gulf of Suez and the Red Sea to the east.
- It is bordered by Libya in the west, the Palestinian territory (Gaza Strip) and Israel in the northeast, and Sudan in the south.
- It shares maritime borders with Cyprus, Turkey and Greece in the Mediterranean Sea, and with Jordan and Saudi Arabia in the Red Sea.
- Independence: Modern Egypt became independent in 1922.
- Population: With 12 million inhabitants (2021), Egypt is the most populous country in the Arab world.
- Language: Spoken language is Modern Standard Arabic; the colloquial language is the Egyptian-Arabic dialect (Masri).
- Islam is the dominant religion in Egypt with an estimated 85-90% of the population is Sunni Muslim.
- Major rivers: The famous River Nile is the only river that flows in Egypt throughout the year. Around 98% of the country’s population resides in the Nile River Valley.
Suez Canal:
- It is a 30 km (120 miles)-long artificial sea-level waterway located in Egypt.
- It connects the Mediterranean Sea with the Gulf of Suez, a northern branch of the Red Sea.
- It provides the shortest maritime route between Europe and the lands lying around the Indian and western Pacific oceans.
- It is one of the world’s most heavily used shipping lanes.
What is Exercise Cyclone-I?
- It is the first ever joint exercise between the special forces of the Indian Army and the Egyptian Army.
- Location: Jaisalmer in Rajasthan
ENVIRONMENT, ECOLOGY AND CLIMATE CHANGE
4. DECLINE IN NUMBER OF BIRDS IN KOLE WETLANDS
TAGS: PRELIMS PERSPECTIVE- GS-III- ENVIRONMENT
THE CONTEXT: Kole wetlands are located in Kerala. The Asian Water Bird Census recently reported that the number of birds in the wetland has reduced significantly. The number of water birds in the wetland has decreased from 15,959 in 2022 to 9,904. This is huge and the survey accuses unscientific construction in the region of the decline.
THE EXPLANATION:
What does the census say?
- The 2023 census was the 23rd AWC. Kole wetlands are of major concern due to the huge water bird population decline. The population decline was mainly due to habitat loss in the region. This occurs because of unscientific construction and waste dumping.
Rare birds in the Wetland
- In the 2023 census, the ornithologists spotted some rare birds. And therefore are more concerned about the expropriation of their home. Some of the rare birds spotted in the region are Amur Falcon, Wood Sandpiper, and Cattle Egret. Rare migratory birds were also spotted in the region such as Painted Storks, Whiskered Tern, Garganey, and Ibis.
About Asian Water Bird Census
- The census identifies and counts water birds and predominantly focuses on the declining population of the birds in wetlands. It is a part of the International Waterbird Census. These censuses are conducted by Wetland International. The census is conducted in different parts of the world such as Asia, Africa, the Caribbean, and the Neotropics. Neotropics includes South America and Central America.
Asian Water Bird Census in India
- In India, the census was first conducted in 1987. The Bombay Natural History Society assists Wetlands International in conducting the survey in the country.
Significance
- The survey aids to get an outlook on the bird population. Has the bird population declined? Are more birds becoming endangered? Causes of bird population decline. Also, it helps in better implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity and Convention on Migratory Species
5. ODISHA’S STRATEGY TO MITIGATE HUMAN-ELEPHANT CONFLICT
TAGS: GS-III- ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
THE CONTEXT: The Forest Department of the Odisha recently submitted a Ten Pillar Strategy to mitigate Man-Elephant conflict in the state. There are more than 2000 elephants in the state of Odisha spread across the Bhitarkanika National Park, Similipal Tiger Reserve, DebrigarhSancturay, and Satkosia Tiger Reserve.
THE EXPLANATION:
- Today elephants are facing serious threats due to poaching, poisoning, electrocution, and road and train kill. Seldom have they indulged in human conflict due to loss of habitat. To bring in a solution and put an end to the human-elephant conflict, the Odisha Government has brought in a ten-point strategy.
Strategy
Zone-based approach to be adopted and there are three separate strategies for the following:
- Protection
- Prosecution
- Enforcement
- Strategy to improve elephant corridor
- Strategy to replenish elephant habitats
- People’s participation in spreading awareness
- Habitat management that will consider increasing the forest productivity
- Planting elephant food plants, bamboo plants
- Replenish water sources
- Solar fencing under Jana SurakyaGajaRakhya Scheme
- Control and prevention of forest fire
What is Zone based Approach?
- The approach was adopted from the state of Karnataka. Under the approach, the elephant habitats are to be divided into four broad zones. They are as follows:
- Zone 1: Elephant Conservation Zone
- Zone 2: Elephant-Human Coexistence Zone
- Zone 3: Conflict Mitigation Zone
- Zone 4: Elephant Removal Zone
Connect the Dots:
- Project Re-Hab
TOPIC : HDI 2021- INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL IS THE BEST OPTION
THE CONTEXT: India ranks 132 out of 191 countries and territories on the 2021\-22 Human Development Index, tracking the global decline in human development. Ninety percent of countries have registered a reduction in their Human Development Index (HDI) value in 2020 or 2021, reversing much of the progress toward the Sustainable Development Goals.
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX (HDI) VALUE FOR 2021: AN OVERVIEW
- India’s Human Development Index (HDI) value for 2021 is 0.633, which put the country in the medium human development category.
- The global trend is toward a continued decline in human development, with many countries stagnating or moving down through the human development categories.
High human development economies like the Philippines and Venezuela have slipped to a medium development category. Latin America, the Caribbean, Sub-Saharan Africa, and South Asia have been hit particularly hard. India’s HDI value continues to exceed South Asia’s average human development.
- European states like Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, Denmark, and Sweden remained the top performer.
ABOUT HDI
- HDI’ was started in 1990 as a composite measurement of development that challenged purely economic assessments of national progress.
- The HDI is a measure for assessing human development based on three basic dimensions:
- a long and healthy life
- access to knowledge
- access to a decent standard of living
- It captures inequality in the distribution of human development across the population at the country level.
FINDINGS ON INDIAN PERFORMANCE
- Life expectancy: In 2021, India’s life expectancy at birth was recorded at 67.2 years.
- Schooling: Expected years of schooling at 11.9 years, mean years of schooling at 6.7 years,
- Gross National Income: The gross national income per capita stood at USD 6,590.
- Gender Inequality Index: India has been ranked 122 on the Gender Inequality Index.
A NEW UNCERTAINTY COMPLEX
The COVID-19 pandemic, beyond its damage to people’s health and mental well-being, has also devastated economies and exacerbated gender inequality. Gender inequality witnessed a near-global rise – the world suffered a 6.7 percent increase in gender inequality. South Asian economies like Bangladesh and Bhutan bucked the trend and registered an improvement.
The report also suggests that stress, sadness, anger, and worry have been increasing over the last decade, now reaching record levels. On average, countries spend less than 2 percent of their healthcare budgets on mental health, which limits access to mental health services for citizens globally.
Uncertainty, inequality, and insecurity go hand in hand with polarization and lack of trust. Polarization and mistrust shrink our capacity for social dialogue and stifle collective action. Globally, less than 30 percent of people think most people can be trusted, its the lowest recorded value.
The world is not transitioning to a post-Covid-19 build-back-better scenario. On the contrary, developing countries in every region are entering a sharply divergent social, political, and economic period with especially sharp downside risks for the most vulnerable and regression in gender equality.
HOW CAN INDIA IMPROVE ITS RANKING?
- Developing and empowering human capital should be the top priority of the government. For this, health and education should be on the government’s priority list.
1. HEALTH
SDG Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.
CURRENT SITUATION
- The Centre and states spend approx. 1.2% of GDP on health in 2015-16, which is well below the world average of 5.99 per cent.
- Due to low investment in health and due to high out-of-pocket expenditure (85.6%, which according to the World Bank is among the highest in the world), nearly 60 million people are pushed further into poverty and into the poverty trap from that they are unable to escape.
- IMR (Infant Mortality Rate) which was 81 in 1990 reduced to 40 per 1,000 live births in 2015 (SRS, 2015). However, it still is much higher than the global average for the same period of 33.6 per 1,000 live births (World Health Statistics 2015).
- MMR (Maternal Mortality Rate) was reported at 174 in 2015 than 215 in 2010 (World Bank). Still, in absolute numbers, nearly 45,000 mothers die due to causes related to childbirth every year which accounts for 17% of such deaths globally.
- India has one of the lowest density of health workforce; with density of physicians (7 per 10 000 population) and nurses (17.1 per 10 000 population) as against the global average of 13.9 and 28.6 respectively (World Health Statistics, 2015).
- Government started the ‘Ayushman Bharat’ programme for providing the health insurance to the poor people but Solution of Indian healthcare crisis lies in “preventive and promotive” Healthcare instead of focussing on only “curative” healthcare.
- The country at present suffers from the triple burden of disease —
- The unfinished agenda of infectious diseases.
- The challenge of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), linked with lifestyle changes.
- Emergence of new pathogens causing epidemics and pandemics.
HOW TO IMPROVE HEALTH STATUS IN INDIA
A well-nourished and healthy population is necessary for building a futuristic workforce. Here, a four pronged approach is required:
- Raise public healthcare spending to 3 per cent of GDP;
- Increase commitment to Non-communicable diseases at par with infectious diseases;
- Develop a sustainable mechanism to fund universal healthcare;
- Build a robust referral and preventive healthcare mechanism to reduce the burden on tertiary care.
Leverage technology to transform public health. Modern technology has great potential in bringing efficiency in service delivery and enhancing the reach of the health services. Mobile technology holds great promise especially due to its ubiquitous nature.
2. EDUCATION
SDG Goal 4: Ensure inclusive and quality education for all and promote lifelong learning.
CURRENT SITUATION
NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY 2017
✔ It aims at achieving universal health coverage and delivering quality health care services to all at affordable cost.
✔ The policy is patient centric and quality driven. It addresses health security and make in India for drugs and devices.
✔ The policy proposes raising public health expenditure to 2.5% of the GDP in a time bound manner.
✔ It aims to raise public healthcare expenditure to 2.5% of GDP from the current 1.4%, with more than two-thirds of those resources going towards primary healthcare.
✔ It aims to reduce the total fertility rate (TFR) to 2.1 at the sub-national and national level by 2025, the mortality rate (MR) of children under 5 years of age to 23 per 1000 by 2025 and the maternal mortality rate (MMR) to 100 by 2020. It also aims to reduce the infant mortality rate to 28 by 2019 and reduce neo-natal mortality to 16 and still birth rate to ‘single digit’ by 2025.
✔ The policy talks about yoga in preventive healthcare system.
- The government spent nearly 3% of GDP on Education, which is lower than other developing and developed nations. World Bank data shows that countries like Brazil and South Africa were spending at least 6% of their GDP on education. The Kothari Education Commission had recommended an allocation of 6 percent of GDP on education, which has never been achieved.
- India ranked 104 out of 149 countries on the Legatum Prosperity Index 2016. The index takes health and education along with other measures of prosperity.
- There is a mismatch between learning outcomes and education spending trends. According to the 2016 Annual Status of Education Report (ASER), the percentage of children in standard five who can do division has declined from 42.5% in 2007 to 26% in 2016, while the percentage of those who can read a standard two text has worsened from 53% in 2006 to 48% in 2016.This decline has happened despite enhanced spending on school education.
- The problem of absenteeism of teachers is still a problem in India. According to a study, 23.6% of teachers in India’s government-run schools in rural areas were found absent during unannounced inspections.
- Spending on teachers training has one of the lowest priorities in expenditure.
- The educational system is out of tune with the job market despite having skill India programmer. Being placed at a poor 105 out of 130 nations in the WEF human capital index ranking clearly shows this. India is placed much below China, ranked 71st, and even Bangladesh, Bhutan and Sri Lanka are better placed than it.
HOW TO IMPROVE EDUCATION STATUS IN INDIA
- There is a need to increase public spending on education at least to 6% as recommended by Kothari Commission.
- Increasing government spending alone, in education is not enough to improve educational outcomes. There is need to put in place better accountability and monitoring mechanisms to exploit the gains of increase in fiscal outlays on education.
- Also, the need is to overcome institutional inertia and outdated socio-cultural norms so that the gap between widening skills gaps and skilling systems can be bridged.
- Some structural changes which are needed for transforming education :
- Integration of higher education with skills and vocational education;
- Attracting the most credible talent to the teaching profession;
- Building global recognition to the education system; and
- Streamlining regulation to attract credible private sector entities to education.
INDIA LEAD THE WAY
- The report confirms that a business-as-usual policy and programmatic response are not tenable in the current circumstances.
- The report recommends implementing policies that focus on 3 Is – investment — from renewable energy to preparedness for pandemics and insurance—including social protection— to prepare our societies for the ups and downs of an uncertain world. While innovation in its many forms—technological, economic, cultural—can also build capacities to respond to whatever challenges come next.
- “Policies that focus on the 3Is will enable people to thrive in the face of uncertainty. India is already a frontrunner in these areas with its push towards renewable energy, boosting social security for the most vulnerable and driving the world’s largest vaccination drive through Co-WIN, supported by UNDP.
- Over the last decade, India has lifted a staggering 271 million out of multidimensional poverty. The country is improving access to clean water, sanitation, and affordable clean energy.
- India has also boosted access to social protection for vulnerable sections of society, especially during and after the pandemic, with a 9.8 percent increase in the budgetary allocation to the Social Services sector in 2021-22 over 2020-21.
- India’s international contributions to sustainable development continue to grow. A leader of the International Solar Alliance and the Coalition for Disaster-Resilient Infrastructure, India is a champion of South-South cooperation and emerged as a major global supplier of COVID-19 vaccines and medicines. India’s climate leadership is demonstrated by its ambitious targets and commitment to net zero by 2070.
- The world’s largest democracy is also fast-tracking the implementation and monitoring of the SDGs at the national and sub-national levels to meet the ambitious goals.
THE WAY FORWARD
It is virtually impossible to learn future skills for future jobs. Even the best crystal gazing is unlikely to predict the changes across industries. However, there are certain quintessential for making a future ready workforce which should not be ignored by the government –
- A well-nourished and healthy population
- Access to high-speed internet,
- Multidisciplinary learning
- design thinking
- Data Science
- Information filtration capabilities.
The government requires investing quantitatively as well as qualitatively in human capital.
New Dimensions Need Inclusion: although, it is true that the concept of human development is a broader one than the traditional concept of development. But there are many other aspects such as civil and political rights, environmental quality, food and nutrition security, job security, health security and energy security should be added in the HDI.
Looking beyond the HDI at the Quality of Development.
THE CONCLUSION: HDI bring out a very real and necessary picture about India but India needs much more to achieve the vision of the superpower. The investment in human capital is the best option in this regard. Health and education will be the first basic inputs to develop and sustain a healthy, highly skilled workforce.
MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION
- What is HDI? Evaluate India’s performance amidst the pandemic with respect to indicators of HDI.
- Analyze the factors responsible for its consecutive low rank of India in the Human Development Index.