INDIAN POLITY

1. WHAT IS A CURATIVE PETITION?

TAGS: PRELIMS PERSPECTIVE- GS-II- INDIAN POLITY

THE CONTEXT: Recently, Supreme Court told the Central Government that it cannot decide its curative plea seeking an additional Rs 7,844 crore from the successor firms of Union Carbide Corporation (UCC) for giving compensation to the victims of the 1984 Bhopal gas tragedy as a lawsuit.

THE EXPLANATION:

The concept of curative petition originated from the case of Rupa Ashok Hurra Vs. Ashok Hurra and another case (2002) where the following question arose before the court of law- ‘whether an aggrieved person is entitled to any relief against the final judgment/order of the Supreme Court, after the dismissal of a review petition.

What is a Curative Petition?

• A curative petition is the final and last option for the people to acquire justice as mentioned and promised by the Constitution of India.
• A curative petition may be filed after a review plea against the final conviction is dismissed.
• Objective: It is meant to ensure there is no miscarriage of justice, and to prevent abuse of process.

Criteria for admission:

• The court ruled that a curative petition can be entertained if the petitioner establishes there was a violation of the principles of natural justice, and that he was not heard by the court before passing an order.
• It will also be admitted where a judge failed to disclose facts that raise the apprehension of bias.
• The SC has held that curative petitions must be rare rather than regular, and be entertained with circumspection.
• A curative petition must be accompanied by certification by a senior advocate, pointing out substantial grounds for entertaining it.

Who hears Curative petitions?

• A curative petition must be first circulated to a bench of the three senior-most judges, and the judges who passed the concerned judgment, if available.
• Only when a majority of the judges conclude that the matter needs hearing should it be listed — as far as possible, before the same Bench.
• A curative petition is usually decided by judges in chamber, unless a specific request for an open-court hearing is allowed.
• It shall be open to the Bench at any stage of consideration of the curative petition to ask a senior counsel to assist it as amicus curiae.
• In the event of the Bench holding at any stage that the petition is without any merit and vexatious, it may impose exemplary costs on the petitioner.

ENVIRONMENT, ECOLOGY AND CLIMATE CHANGE

2. WHITE TUFTED ROYAL BUTTERFLY

TAGS: PRELIMS PERSPECTIVE- GS-III- ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY

THE CONTEXT: Recently, a team of butterfly observers and researchers have found White Tufted Royal Butterfly, a rare butterfly species at Kalliyad in Kannur district of Kerala.

THE EXPLANATION:

What is White tufted royal butterfly?

• White tufted royal butterfly is a rare butterfly species.
• It is protected under Schedule 2 of the Wildlife Protection Act.
• The wingspan of the butterfly is just 32-40 mm. Its larvae feed on Scurrula parasitica, a plant belonging to the Loranthaceae family.
• The species had been spotted in Agasthyakoodam in 2017 and the Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary in 2018.
• Significance of finding: There were eight species of the butterfly. While two are common, the others are rare. Since we are able to get the egg, the life cycle of the butterfly can be documented.
• Threats: The survival of such rare species is under severe threat and steps should be taken to protect the hills.

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS

3. GLOBAL ECONOMIC PROSPECTS REPORT 2023

TAGS: PRELIMS PERSPECTIVE- GS-III- ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS- REPORT AND INDEXES

THE CONTEXT: Recently, World Bank has released its latest report on Global Economic Prospects, outlining a slowdown in global growth due to a variety of factors including elevated inflation, higher interest rates, reduced investment, and disruptions caused by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.

THE EXPLANATION:

The report warns that any additional negative developments, such as a resurgence of the COVID-19 pandemic or escalating geopolitical tensions, could push the global economy into recession, marking the first time in more than 80 years that two global recessions have occurred within the same decade.

Growth Projections

• According to the report, the global economy is projected to grow by 1.7% in 2023 and 2.7% in 2024. The downturn in growth is expected to be widespread, with forecasts in 2023 revised down for 95% of advanced economies and nearly 70% of emerging market and developing economies.
• Over the next two years, per-capita income growth in emerging market and developing economies is projected to average 2.8%, a full percentage point lower than the 2010-2019 average.

Impact on Developing Countries

• The report highlights that the crisis facing development is intensifying as the global growth outlook deteriorates. Emerging and developing countries are facing a multi-year period of slow growth driven by heavy debt burdens and weak investment as global capital is absorbed by advanced economies.
• This will result in a weakness in growth and business investment, compounding the already-devastating reversals in education, health, poverty, and infrastructure, as well as the increasing demands from climate change. In Sub-Saharan Africa, which accounts for about 60% of the world’s extreme poor, growth in per capita income over 2023-24 is expected to average just 1.2%, a rate that could cause poverty rates to rise, not fall.

Advanced Economies

• Growth in advanced economies is projected to slow from 2.5% in 2022 to 0.5% in 2023. Over the past two decades, slowdowns of this scale have foreshadowed a global recession. In the United States, growth is forecast to fall to 0.5% in 2023, the weakest performance outside of official recessions since 1970. In 2023, Euro-area growth is expected at zero percent, and in China, growth is projected at 4.3% in 2023.

Emerging Market and Developing Economies

• Excluding China, growth in emerging market and developing economies is expected to decelerate from 3.8% in 2022 to 2.7% in 2023, reflecting significantly weaker external demand compounded by high inflation, currency depreciation, tighter financing conditions, and other domestic headwinds.
• By the end of 2024, GDP levels in emerging and developing economies will be roughly 6% below levels expected before the pandemic. Although global inflation is expected to moderate, it will remain above pre-pandemic levels.

Investment Growth

• The report also offers a comprehensive assessment of the medium-term outlook for investment growth in emerging market and developing economies. Over the 2022-2024 period, gross investment in these economies is likely to grow by about 3.5% on average—less than half the rate that prevailed in the previous two decades.
• The report suggests a menu of options for policymakers to accelerate investment growth, such as establishing sound fiscal and monetary policy frameworks and undertaking comprehensive reforms in the investment climate.

PRELIMS PERSPECTIVE

4. HENLEY PASSPORT INDEX 2022

TAGS: PRELIMS PERSPECTIVE- REPORT AND INDEXES

THE CONTEXT: Recently, the Henley Passport Index released the global ranking of world’s passport according to the number of destinations their holders can access without a prior visa.

THE EXPLANATION:

• According to the index, the strongest passport is defined by the number of countries people with a passport can visit visa-free or visa-on-arrival. The top 10 strongest passports in the world are:
  1. Japan (193)
  2. Singapore/South Korea (192)
  3. Germany/Spain (190)
  4. Finland/Italy/Luxembourg (189)
  5. Austria/Denmark/Netherlands/Sweden (188)
  6. France/Ireland/Portugal/United Kingdom (187)
  7. Belgium/Czech Republic/New Zealand/Norway/Switzerland/United States (186)
  8. Australia/Canada/Greece/Malta (185)
  9. Hungary/Poland (184)
  10. Lithuania/Slovakia (183)

India’s Position in the Index

• India ranks 85th on the index, up two places from last year’s 87th position. Despite having the world’s fifth-largest economy, Indian passport holders can access only 59 destinations worldwide and only 6.7% of global GDP, of which India’s own GDP accounts for about half. Indian passport holders have lost visa-free access to Serbia.
• Starting January 1, 2023, Indian passport holders are required to apply for a visa to enter the country, unlike in the past when visa-free travel to the country for 90 days was allowed. Indian passport holders can travel visa-free to 59 destinations such as Bhutan, Indonesia, Macao, Maldives, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Kenya, Mauritius, Seychelles, Zimbabwe, Uganda, Iran, and Qatar. Some countries require visa-on-arrival.

VALUE ADDITION:

What is the Henley Passport Index?

• The Henley Passport Index is prepared by London-based Henley and Partners, a global citizenship and residence advisory firm. The index claims to be the “original ranking of all the world’s passports” and is updated quarterly according to countries’ visa policy changes.
• It gathers data from the International Air Transport Association (IATA), which manages inter-airline cooperation globally. The index covers 227 destinations and 199 passports and compares the visa-free access of 199 different passports to 227 travel destinations. If no visa is required, then a score with value = 1 is created for that passport. The same applies if you can obtain a visa on arrival, a visitor’s permit, or an electronic travel authority (ETA) when entering the destination.

5. POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE(PET)

TAGS: PRELIMS PERSPECTIVE

THE CONTEXT: Researchers from the University of Cambridge, the United Kingdom have recently developed a system that can transform polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic waste and greenhouse gases into sustainable fuels and other valuable products using solar energy.

THE EXPLANATION:

• The researchers developed an integrated reactor with two separate compartments: One for plastic and one for greenhouse gases.
• The reactor uses a light absorber based on perovskite – a promising alternative to silicon for next-generation solar cells.
• Tests of the reactor under normal temperature and pressure conditions showed the reactor could efficiently convert polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic bottles and CO2 into different carbon-based fuels such as CO, syngas or formate, in addition to glycolic acid.
• The reactor produced these products at a rate that is also much higher than conventional photocatalytic CO2 reduction processes.

What is Polyethylene terephthalate?

• It is a condensation polymer of ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid.
• The by-product of the reaction is water so it is an example of condensation or step-growth polymerization.
• PET Plastic is a thermoplastic synthetic substance which malleable under heat and can be placed into nearly any shape.

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS

1. WHAT IS BASE EFFECT?

TAGS: PRELIMS PERSPECTIVE- GS-III-INDIAN ECONOMY

THE CONTEXT: According to revised estimates, India’s industrial output measured in terms of Index of Industrial Production (IIP) bounced back to rise 7.1% in November 2022, after plummeting 4.2% in October 2022 and this rise was aided by base effects.

THE EXPLANATION:

The rise was aided by base effects as November 2021 had clocked just 1% growth, but also marked a 6% uptick in output levels over October 22, which incidentally recorded the lowest level for the Index of Industrial Production (IIP) since November 2021.

What is a Base Effect?

• The base effect is the impact that selecting a different reference point for a comparison between two data points can have on the comparison’s outcome.
• For Eg: In the context of inflation, the base effect is a distortion in a current inflation figure caused by exceptionally high or low levels of inflation in the previous reference period.
• If the inflation rate was low in the corresponding period of the last year, then even a small increase in the price index will give a high rate of inflation in the current year.
• When comparing two data points, choosing a reference point will be crucial as the base effect can highly distort or mislead the interpretation of numbers.
• The base effect could also result in major differences in percentage comparisons. If we chose a reference point that is too low, there could be an overestimation and if the base is too high, it could result in gross underestimation of the situation.

VALUE ADDITION:

Index of Industrial Production (IIP)?

• The Index of Industrial Production (IIP) is an index which shows the growth rates in different industry groups of the economy in a stipulated period of time.
• Who publishes IIP? The IIP index is computed and published by the Central Statistical Organisation (CSO) under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation on a monthly basis.
• Currently IIP figures are calculated considering 2004-05 as base year.

ENVIRONMENT, ECOLOGY AND CLIMATE CHANGE

2. INDIAN SKIMMERS

TAGS: PRELIMS PERSPECTIVE-GS-III- ENVIRONMENT- SPECIES IN NEWS

THE CONTEXT: Recently around 250 Indian Skimmers were sighted in Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary in a day during the Asian Waterbird Census-2023.

THE EXPLANATION:

About Indian Skimmers:

• It is found in the coastal estuaries of western and eastern India.
• It occurs primarily on larger, sandy, lowland rivers, around lakes and adjacent marshes and, in the non-breeding season, in estuaries and coasts.
• About 20% of the total population of fewer than 2,500 birds nest along river Chambal.
• Protection status:
  • IUCN: Endangered

About the Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary:

• It is a wildlife sanctuary and estuary situated in Andhra Pradesh.
• Between this sanctuary area and the sea Hope Island blocks the direct confluence of the sea and Godavari. As a result, about 40% of the sanctuary is only sea backwaters and the rest of the area is intermingled with creeks and gets inundated with tidal waters.
• Flora: It has extensive mangrove and dry deciduous tropical forests. It is the second-largest stretch of mangrove forests in India.
• Fauna: It is home to the critically endangered white-backed vulture and the long-billed vulture.

3. SETHUSAMUDRAM PROJECT

TAGS: PRELIMS PERSPECTIVE-GS-III-INFRASTRUCTURE

THE CONTEXT: The Tamil Nadu Chief Minister has recently moved a resolution in the state assembly seeking the revival of the Sethusamudram Project, a proposed shipping canal project in India that would connect the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait.

THE EXPLANATION:

• The project, which has been controversial since its inception, was put on hold by the Government of India in 2007.
• The Sethusamudram Project aims to construct a shipping canal through the shallow waters of the Palk Bay and the Gulf of Mannar, which would reduce the distance and time required for ships to travel between the east and west coasts of India. The project would bypass the traditional shipping route through the Palk Strait, which is considered a navigational hazard.

Controversies

The Sethusamudram Project has been met with opposition from various groups, who raise concerns about its potential impact on the environment, the Ram Setu, and its economic viability.

• Environmental impact: Critics argue that the construction of the canal would cause significant damage to the marine ecosystem of the Palk Bay and the Gulf of Mannar. They claim that the dredging and blasting required for the construction of the canal would harm the coral reefs and other marine life in the area.
• Damage to Ram Setu: Some Hindus consider Ram Setu to be sacred and believe that the bridge was built by Lord Rama himself. They argue that the construction of the canal would cause damage to the bridge and desecrate a religious site.
• Economic viability: Critics question the economic viability of the project, arguing that the cost of construction would be high and the benefits would be limited. They say that the canal would not be able to accommodate large ships and would not offer a significant reduction in the distance travelled by ships, compared to the existing route through the Palk Strait.
• Technical feasibility: There are also concerns about the technical feasibility of the project, with critics arguing that the canal would not be able to handle the large tidal differences and would be susceptible to silting and other issues.
• Political and legal disputes: The project has been on hold since 2007 following a legal dispute involving the Indian government and the opposition party, which challenged the project on the grounds that it would cause damage to the Ram Setu.
• Security: Critics also argue that the project would increase the security risk for India, as it would provide an opening for foreign ships to enter into the Bay of Bengal, making it easier for hostile forces to attack India’s eastern coast.

VALUE ADDITION:

What is Ram Setu?

Ram Setu, also known as Adam’s Bridge, is a chain of limestone shoalsthat runs between the Indian mainland and Sri Lanka. According to Hindu mythology, the bridge was built by the monkey-god Hanuman and his army to help Lord Rama, an incarnation of the god Vishnu, rescue his wife Sita from the demon king Ravana, who had abducted her and taken her to Lanka. The bridge is considered sacred by Hindus and is believed to be the physical manifestation of a bridge mentioned in the ancient Indian epic, the Ramayana.

PRELIMS PERSPECTIVE

4. THIS WORD MEANS: MEGARAPTOR

TAGS: PRELIMS PERSPECTIVE

THE CONTEXT: Recently, Scientists have found the remains of four species of dinosaurs, including a megaraptor, in an inhospitable valley in Chilean Patagonia for the first time.

THE EXPLANATION:

• Megaraptorid was a large theropod of the Cretaceous Period, 84 to 65 mya.
• Megaraptors possessed strong arms that wielded sickle-like claws that could inflict fatal wounds on prey, along with a more lightly built skull and jaws studded with smaller teeth.
• They also had air-filled, bird-like bones.
• Megaraptor was about 25–26 feet (7.5–8 meters) long.
• Incomplete Megaraptor remains were found in 1996 in Northwest Patagonia, Argentina, by paleontologist Fernando E. Novas. Novas named it in 1998.

Cretaceous Period:

• The Cretaceous Period, in geologic time, is the last of the three periods of the Mesozoic Era.
• The Cretaceous began 145.0 million years ago and ended 66 million years ago.
• It followed the Jurassic Period and was succeeded by the Paleogene Period.

What is a Theropod?

• This group includes all the known carnivorous dinosaurs as well as the birds.
• They have a carnivorous dentition and large, recurved claws on the fingers.
• They have a distinctive joint in the lower jaw.

Patagonian Region:

• It is a sparsely populated region located at the southern end of South America, shared by Argentina and Chile.
• The region comprises the southern section of the Andes mountains as well as the deserts, steppes and grasslands east of this southern portion of the Andes.
• Patagonia has two coasts; a western one towards the Pacific Ocean and an eastern one towards the Atlantic Ocean.

5. WHAT IS VISCOSE FIBRE?

TAGS: PRELIMS PERSPECTIVE

THE CONTEXT: Recently, the Association of Man-made Fibre Industry of India (AMFII) has appealed to the Union Finance Ministry to accept the recommendations of the Directorate General of Trade Remedies (DGTR) on the levy of anti-dumping duty (ADD) on imports of Viscose Staple Fibre from Indonesia.

THE EXPLANATION:

• Viscose is a type of rayon. Originally known as artificial silk, in the late 19th century, the term “rayon” came into effect in 1924.
• The name “viscose” is derived from the way this fibre is manufactured; a viscous organic liquid used to make both rayon and cellophane.
• Viscose is made from tree wood pulp, like beech, pine, and eucalyptus, but can also be made from bamboo
• As a manufactured regenerated cellulose fibre, it is neither truly natural (like cotton, wool or silk) nor truly synthetic (like nylon or polyester) – it falls somewhere in between.
• Chemically, viscose resembles cotton, but it can also take on many different qualities depending on how it is manufactured.
• It is versatile, Highly absorbent and Inexpensive fibre.

1. A step towards fighting corruption READ MORE
2. Public servants can be found guilty of graft on circumstantial proof: Supreme Court READ MORE
3. Approach truth directly, not via intermediaries READ MORE
4. Swami Vivekananda: true icon for youths READ MORE

1. Stop all hydroelectric projects in Himalayan region to avoid a Joshimath repeat: Experts READ MORE
2. Why a new study claims logged tropical forests can emit carbon into the atmosphere READ MORE

1. Explained: History and politics of caste census in Bihar READ MORE
2. Societal reform is vital for bridging the gender gap in labour market READ MORE
3. Policy makers need to take mental health more seriously READ MORE

1. India intensified crackdown on activists, media in 2022: Human Rights Watch report READ MORE
2. Capital stalemate: On the conflict between the Chief Minister and Lieutenant Governor in Delhi READ MORE
3. Why Governor R N Ravi’s actions are inimical to, expose bad faith in, BJP outreach to Tamils READ MORE
4. Governors are necessary. But as recent controversies like those in Tamil Nadu demonstrate, they must be made accountable to not just the Union but the state and Rajya Sabha as well READ MORE
5. It’s really basic: VP’s right on judiciary’s overreach but SC’s basic structure doctrine must stay, it’s good for robust democracy READ MORE

(Newspapers, PIB and other important sources)

Prelim and Main

1. V-P Jagdeep Dhankhar sparks debate with remarks on Basic Structure of Constitution; what is it? READ MORE  
2. CMPDIL Invents New Dust Control Technology READ MORE
3. 13th Ministerial-level meeting of the India-United States Trade Policy Forum (TPF) in Washington, DC READ MORE
4. First time in India, FSSAI notifies comprehensive regulatory standards for Basmati Rice; Will be enforced from 1st August, 2023 READ MORE
5. Under Constitution, law declared by the Supreme Court is binding on all READ MORE
6. Notification of minorities | Centre submits views of 24 States to Supreme Court READ MORE
7. 80% shortfall of specialist doctors in CHCs: Health Ministry report READ MORE
8. Clean Ganga? 29 sewage treatment plants in UP not complying with standards, shows report READ MORE
9. Money laundering an independent offence, says HC READ MORE

Main Exam

GS Paper- 1

1. Stop all hydroelectric projects in Himalayan region to avoid a Joshimath repeat: Experts READ MORE
2. Why a new study claims logged tropical forests can emit carbon into the atmosphere READ MORE
3. Explained: History and politics of caste census in Bihar READ MORE
4. Societal reform is vital for bridging the gender gap in labour market READ MORE

GS Paper- 2

POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

1. India intensified crackdown on activists, media in 2022: Human Rights Watch report READ MORE
2. Capital stalemate: On the conflict between the Chief Minister and Lieutenant Governor in Delhi READ MORE
3. Why Governor R N Ravi’s actions are inimical to, expose bad faith in, BJP outreach to Tamils READ MORE
4. Governors are necessary. But as recent controversies like those in Tamil Nadu demonstrate, they must be made accountable to not just the Union but the state and Rajya Sabha as well READ MORE
5. It’s really basic: VP’s right on judiciary’s overreach but SC’s basic structure doctrine must stay, it’s good for robust democracy READ MORE

SOCIAL ISSUES

1. Policy makers need to take mental health more seriously READ MORE

INTERNATIONAL ISSUES

1. Peru in peril: On the political crisis in the South American country READ MORE
2. Entering a year of uncertainty: For India, the altered shape of the international order leaves little room for comfort READ MORE
3. India is the voice of the global south READ MORE

GS Paper- 3

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

1. Will the Budget be populist or fiscally responsible? READ MORE
2. Budget must address falling incomes READ MORE
3. Push for broad-based growth to curb unemployment READ MORE

GS Paper- 4

ETHICS EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDY

1. A step towards fighting corruption READ MORE
2. Public servants can be found guilty of graft on circumstantial proof: Supreme Court READ MORE
3. Approach truth directly, not via intermediaries READ MORE
4. Swami Vivekananda: true icon for youths READ MORE

Questions for the MAIN exam

1. The “stink of corruption” has a “pervasive impact” on the efficient administration and governance of the country. Examine how corrupt officials have a demoralising effect on honest public servants and how Corruption by public servants has become a “gigantic problem”?
2. ‘Governors are necessary but recent controversies demonstrate that they must be made accountable to not just the Union but the state and Rajya Sabha as well’. How far do you agree with this statement? Analyse your view.

QUOTATIONS AND CAPTIONS

• The current economic model is inequality by design.
• The “stink of corruption” has a “pervasive impact” on the efficient administration and governance of the country. Corrupt officials have a demoralising effect on honest public servants. Corruption by public servants has become a “gigantic problem”.
• There are some serious social and cultural hurdles for working women.
• Swami Vivekananda’s concept of potential divinity of the soul, principle of morality and ethics, and being a bridge between the East and the West, and sense of unity, pride in the past, and the sense of mission are real assets for us.
• As a divine soul, Swami Vivekananda visualized the role of science and technology in improving the life of human beings.
• China is bogged down by its domestic issues and slowing economy and therefore can’t be seen as the biggest bully in the world. As of now it would like to continue a neutral path with India. This is the opportunity; the breathing space India needs to push its global leadership across various engagement platforms.
• The judiciary, the executive, and the legislature should confine themselves to their respective domains and conform to the highest standards of propriety and decorum. That indeed is the sine qua non of a healthy democracy.
• Deep-rooted reforms at the societal level in redefining the age-old gender roles are the only way to curb the persistent gender gap in the labour market.
• Governors are necessary. But as recent controversies like those in Tamil Nadu demonstrate, they must be made accountable to the Union and the state and Rajya Sabha.
• The criminal justice system, marked by bias against the underprivileged and violation of prisoners’ rights, must be overhauled.

50-WORD TALK

• The unresolved issue with the NRIs is that the Indian government does not know what to do with them. The government wants their money, no doubt, and they are indeed sending money home, which accounts for 3% of India’s GDP, according to the World Bank. The BJP’s foreign policy notion that the NRIs are its soldiers abroad to spread national glory is at best a delusion. Most NRIs have no interest in Indian politics nor are they motivated to push India’s case worldwide.
• The eight ministerial sessions focussing on financing people-centric development, balancing growth and environment-friendly lifestyles, energy security and development, cooperation to build resilient healthcare systems, human resource development and capacity building, developing synergies in technology, trade, tourism and resources and suggestions for India’s G20 presidency, were all opportunities to hear out a vast bunch of common issues affecting global south countries.

Things to Remember:

• For prelims-related news try to understand the context of the news and relate with its concepts so that it will be easier for you to answer (or eliminate) from given options.
• Whenever any international place will be in news, you should do map work (marking those areas in maps and exploring other geographical locations nearby including mountains, rivers, etc. same applies to the national places.)
• For economy-related news (banking, agriculture, etc.) you should focus on terms and how these are related to various economic aspects, for example, if inflation has been mentioned, try to relate with prevailing price rises, shortage of essential supplies, banking rates, etc.
• For main exam-related topics, you should focus on the various dimensions of the given topic, the most important topics which occur frequently and are important from the mains point of view will be covered in ED.
• Try to use the given content in your answer. Regular use of this content will bring more enrichment to your writing.

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