THE HEALTH AND SOCIAL ISSUES

1. STUDY FLAGS POOR CONTROL OF BLOOD SUGAR IN INDIANS

THE CONTEXT: According to a recent paper published in the Lancet- Diabetes and Endocrinology, only over 7% of over 5,297 individuals in India with diabetes were able to achieve their blood sugar, blood pressure and cholesterol targets.

THE EXPLANATION:

• The latest results of the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-India Diabetes (INDIAB) study, conducted in 27 states (unified Andhra Pradesh), two Union Territories and the National Captial Territory over several rounds for the last decade, have stressed the need to have better control over various health parameters that impact mortality and quality of life.
• The report “Achievement of guideline recommended diabetes treatment targets and health habits in people with self-reported diabetes in India (ICMR-INDIAB-13): a national cross-sectional study” reasons that achievement of treatment targets remains sub optimal in India, in a pan-Indian study, and goes on to provide hints for shaping the health care response to the crises. The total sample size was 1, 13,043.
• Also, the study used Census data for population distribution, socio-economic factors. For the outcome assessment, good glycaemic control was defined as HbA1c of less than 7·0% (A), blood pressure control was defined as less than 140/90 mm Hg (B), and the LDL cholesterol target was defined as less than 100 mg/dL (C). ABC control was defined as the proportion of individuals meeting glycaemic, blood pressure, and LDL cholesterol targets together.
• Only just over 36 %, 95% CI 34·7–37·9) of 4834 people with diabetes achieved good glycaemic (blood sugar) control, over 48% achieved blood pressure control, and 41·5%, achieved good LDL cholesterol control.

Education matters

• Higher education, male sex, rural residence, and shorter duration of diabetes (under 10 years) were associated with better achievement of combined achievement of targets.
• The results of the study, of significance to each State, had been handed over to the respective State governments. There is also a plan to go back and study as a follow up, the participants who had been enrolled in the trial.
• Among the key interventions that the researchers indicated as possible at this stage, at a governmental level, is improving education about diabetes, and its attendant conditions, making health care easily available and accessible to all, and ensuring monitoring of the condition.

THE GOVERNMENT INTERVENTIONS AND POLICIES

2. NITI AAYOG RELEASES DRAFT BATTERY SWAPPING POLICY

THE CONTEXT: Government think-tank, Niti Aayog has prepared a draft battery swapping policy, under which it has proposed offering incentives to electric vehicles (EVs) with swappable batteries, subsidies to companies manufacturing swappable batteries, a new battery-as-a-service business model, and standards for interoperable batteries, among other measures.

THE EXPLANATION:

The policy is targeted at supporting the adoption of battery-swapping, primarily for battery swapping systems used in electric scooters and three-wheeler electric rickshaws.

What is battery swapping? Battery swapping is a mechanism that involves exchanging discharged batteries for charged ones. This provides the flexibility to charge these batteries separately by de-linking charging and battery usage, and keeps the vehicle in operational mode with negligible downtime. Battery swapping is generally used for smaller vehicles such as two-wheelers and three-wheelers with smaller batteries that are easier to swap, compared to four-wheelers and e-buses, although solutions are emerging for these larger segments as well.

What are some of the key proposals?

• The draft policy has suggested that the GST Council consider reducing the differential across the tax rates on Lithium-ion batteries and electric vehicle supply equipment. Currently, the tax rate on the former is 18 per cent, and 5 per cent on the latter.
• The policy also proposes to offer the same incentives available to electric vehicles that come pre-equipped with a fixed battery to electric vehicles with swappable batteries. “The size of the incentive could be determined based on the kWh (kilowatt hour) rating of the battery and compatible EV,” the draft policy states.
• The government will also specify a minimum contract duration for a contract to be signed between EV users and battery providers to ensure they continue to provide battery swapping services after receiving the subsidy.
• The policy also requires state governments to ensure public battery charging stations are eligible for EV power connections with concessional tariffs. It also proposes to bring such stations under existing or future time-of-day (ToD) tariff regimes, so that the swappable batteries can be charged during off-peak periods when electricity tariffs are low.
• Transport Departments and State Transport Authorities will be responsible for easing registration processes for vehicles sold without batteries or for vehicles with battery swapping functionality. Municipal corporations will be responsible for planning, zoning permissions and land allocation for battery swapping stations.
• The policy also proposes to assign a unique identification number (UIN) to swappable batteries at the manufacturing stage to help track and monitor them. Similarly, a UIN number will be assigned to each battery swapping station. It also proposes to install battery swapping stations at several locations like retail fuel outlets, public parking areas, malls, kirana shops and general stores etc.

Does the draft policy talk about EV safety?

• To ensure a high level of protection at the electrical interface, a rigorous testing protocol will be adopted, the draft said, to avoid any unwanted temperature rise at the electrical interface. The battery management system, which is a software that controls battery functions, will have to be self-certified and open for testing to check its compatibility with various systems, and capability to meet safety requirements, it added.
• “Batteries shall be tested and certified as per AIS 156 (2020) and AIS 038 Rev 2 (2020) standards for safety of traction battery packs, as well as additional tests that may be prescribed for swappable batteries which are subject to multiple coupling/decoupling processes at the connectors,” the draft said.
• Additionally, for better protection of assets, swappable batteries will have to be equipped with advanced features like IoT-based battery monitoring systems, remote monitoring and immobilisation capabilities.
• The Aayog has proposed that all metropolitan cities with a population of more than 40 lakh will be prioritised for the development of battery swapping networks under the first phase, which is within 1-2 years of the draft policy getting finalised. Other major cities such as state capitals with a population greater than 5 lakh will be covered under the second phase.

THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS

3. DEFENCE MINISTER ROLLS OUT SCHEMES FOR DEFENCE START-UPS

THE CONTEXT: In a bid to support Indian startups, Defence Minister has launched the sixth edition of the Defence Indian Startup Challenge (DISC) under the iDEX programme.

THE EXPLANATION:

• In this challenge, the Ministry of Defence (MoD) will be backing startups that can offer software solutions such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), advanced imaging, sensor systems, big data analytics, autonomous unmanned systems and secured communication systems to the Indian military.
• Under this challenge, MoD aims to support Indian startups by offering financial assistance in the range of INR 1.5 Cr to INR 10 Cr.
• Seven newly-formed defence companies, the Indian Coast Guard, organisations working under the Ministry of Home Affairs, three services and some defence public sector undertakings are heading the challenge.
• In the fifth edition of the DISC challenge, startups and innovators were asked to resolve 35 problem statements (PS) from armed forces and OFB/DPSUs. These challenges were real-life problems faced by the Indian Army, Indian Airforce, Indian Navy, HAL, BEL, HSL, MDL, MIDHANI, and GRSE.

VALUE ADDITION:

• Defence India Startup Challenge, was launched under the iDEX initiative, by MoD and Atal Innovation Mission. It aims to support Indian startups, MSMEs and innovators that create prototypes, commercial products and solutions in the defence and aerospace sector.
• Founded in 2018, iDEX engages MSMEs, startups, individual innovators, R&D initiatives and academia and provides them financial assistance to create tech solutions that can be adopted by defence and aerospace sect.

4. INDIANS NOW MAKE PAYMENTS USING UPI IN UAE

THE CONTEXT: Tourists or migrants to the United Arab Emirates (UAE) with Indian bank accounts will be able to make UPI payments at shops, retail establishments and other merchants in the gulf nation. This is possible because of the partnership between the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) and the Mashreq Bank’s NEOPAY.

THE EXPLANATION:

How does the service work?

• It will be mandatory for users to have a bank account in India with UPI enabled on it. The users will also need an application, like BHIM, to make UPI payments.
• “With the acceptance of BHIM UPI in the UAE, Indian tourists can now make seamless payments through BHIM UPI across NEOPAY enabled shops and merchant stores. This partnership will play a key role in transforming the P2M payment experience for Indian travellers in the UAE.
• The implementation of BHIM UPI in the UAE is a stepping stone toward providing a major boost to digital payments in the country”.
• Payments using UPI will only be accepted at those merchants and shops which have NEOPAY terminals.

Does NPCI have other such international arrangements?

• NPCI’s international arm NIPL have several such arrangements with international financial services providers for its products, including UPI and RuPay cards. Globally, UPI is accepted in Bhutan and Nepal, and is likely to go live in Singapore later this year (2022).
• In Singapore, a project to link UPI with the city-state’s instant payment system Pay Now is being undertaken by the RBI and the Monetary Authority of Singapore. The linkage is targeted for operationalisation by July 2022.
• Even though the UAE arrangement only allows for Indians to make payments, in Singapore’s case, the UPI-Pay Now linkage will enable users of each of the two fast payment systems to make instant, low-cost fund transfers on a reciprocal basis without a need to get on-boarded onto the other payment system.

THE DEFENCE TECHNOLOGY

5. RUSSIA’S NEW NUCLEAR MISSILE SARMAT, CAPABLE OF STRIKING ‘ANYWHERE IN THE WORLD’

THE CONTEXT: Amidst stiff resistance from Ukraine in the ongoing war and harsh sanctions imposed by the West, Russia went ahead and tested its new Inter Continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) Sarmat.

THE EXPLANATION:

• This was the first test launch of the ICMB Sarmat after having been delayed earlier in 2021. It was launched from Plesetsk in North West Russia with the intended target in the Kamchatka peninsula almost 6,000 km away.
• As per Russian news reports, the missile will have at least five more launches in 2022 before being inducted into the Russian military. Prior to the actual launch, a dummy missile test also took place. Computer simulated missile launches were also done multiple times and some of them were also shared publicly.

Was Russia known to be developing this missile?

• It was widely known that Russia was developing a new ICBM to replace its older ones and an announcement in this regard had been made by President Vladimir Putin in 2018 while making his State of the Nation address to the Federal Assembly.
• Even before Putin’s announcement, there had been reports that Moscow was developing a new ICBM and photos of the possible design came into the fore in 2016. The actual development schedule is believed to have been further back in 2009 to 2011. The deteriorating relations between Russia and the Western Powers is said to have given an impetus to its development.

How is it more advanced than the other Russian ICBMs?

• The RS-28 Sarmat (NATO name Satan-II) is reported to be able to carry ten or more warheads and decoys and has the capability of firing over either of the earth’s poles with a range of 11,000 to 18,000 km. It is expected to pose a significant challenge to the ground-and-satellite-based radar tracking systems of the western powers, particularly the USA.
• The ten warheads are Multiple Independently-Targetable Re-entry Vehicles and each has a blast yield of .75 MT. The Sarmat will also be the first Russian missile which can carry smaller hypersonic boost-glide vehicles.
• These are manoeuvrable and hard to intercept. The upgraded electronic counter measures, guidance systems and alternative warhead carrying capacity makes the RS-28 Sarmat ICBM more lethal than the R-36M Voyevoda ICBMs (NATO name Satan) currently in service in Russia.
• The Sarmat is a liquid fuelled missile as compared to US ICBMs which have moved on to solid fuel systems. Regardless of the different propulsion system, the Sarmat is supposed to pose a significant threat to the US Missile Defence Systems.

NEWS IN NUMBERS

6. OIL MEAL EXPORTS PLUNGE

According to a statement by the Solvent Extractors’ Association of India, 37 percentage, the decline in India’s oil meals exports to rs 5,600 crore in the financial year 2021-22, The exports declined in the last fiscal due to lesser overseas shipment of soybean meal, which plunged to 3,72,740 tonnes in 2021-22 from 15,64,833 tonnes a year ago. At present, Indian soybean meal is over-priced for exports as the rate is at $840 per tonne in comparison to $574 and $586 for each tonne of shipments originating from Brazil and Argentina.

7. POWER SHORTAGE IN STATES

The 12 States to face energy crisis amid low coal stock to fire thermal power plants, according to the All India Power Engineers Federation (AIPEF). The AIPEF has drawn the attention of Central and State governments towards the depleting coal inventory of domestic thermal power plants. While there was 1.1% power shortage in October 2021, this shortfall shot up to 1.4% in April 2022. States like Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Punjab, Jharkhand and Haryana are facing power cuts.

Major Coal Producing states In FY 2020-21, Chhattisgarh registered highest coal production of 158.409 MT, followed by Odisha 154.150 MT, Madhya Pradesh 132.531 MT, and Jharkhand 119.296 MT. India’s total coal production registered a marginal decline of 2.02% to 716.084 million tonnes during the last FY 2019-20.

8. EXTENSION GRANTED FOR BORDER CROSSING

According to Pakistan Foreign officer, 2 Months, the extension given by Pakistan to India for the transportation of 50,000 metric tonnes (MTs) of wheat and life-saving medicines to war-torn Afghanistan via the Attari-Wagah border crossing. The officer informed that the time period granted had expired on March 21,2022 but accepting the request made by the Government of India the time has been extended. Pakistan, in November 2021, had approved the transportation of humanitarian assistance from India to Afghanistan via the Wagah border.

THE PRELIMS PRACTICE QUESTIONS

QUESTION OF THE DAY

Q Which of the following are the guiding principles of NITI Aayog?

1. Governance
2. Federalism
3. Sustainability
4. People’s Participation
5. Democracy

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

a) 1, 2 and 3 only

b) 1, 3 and 4 only

c) 1, 3, 4 and 5 only

d) All of them

ANSWER FOR 22ND APRIL 2022

Answer: A

Explanation:

Gotipua is a traditional dance form in the state of Odisha, India, and the precursor of Odissi classical dance. It has been performed in Orissa for centuries by young boys, who dress as women to praise Jagannath and Krishna. In the Odia language, Gotipua means ‘single boy’.

THE CONTEXT: The UN Secretary-General on Nelson Mandela’s birthday, 18 July 2020 talked about how we can address the many mutually reinforcing strands and layers of inequality before they destroy our economies and societies. This article analyses the key themes in the speech.

THE KEY FEATURES OF THE SPEECH

INEQUALITY DEFINES OUR TIME: 

• More than 70 per cent of the world’s people are living with rising income and wealth inequality. The 26 richest people in the world hold as much wealth as half the global population.
• But income, pay, and wealth are not the only measures of inequality. People’s chances in life depend on their gender, family and ethnic background, race, whether or not they have a disability, and other factors.

GENERATIONAL INTERSECTION OF INEQUALITY:

• Multiple inequalities intersect and reinforce each other across the generations. The lives and expectations of millions of people are largely determined by their circumstances at birth.
• Hence, birth becomes a determining factor in deciding how much unequal a person is.

MANIFESTATIONS OF INEQUALITY:

• High levels of inequality are associated with economic instability, corruption, financial crises, increased crime, and poor physical and mental health.
• Discrimination, abuse and lack of access to justice define inequality for many, particularly indigenous people, migrants, refugees, and minorities of all kinds. Such inequalities are a direct assault on human rights.

RACIAL INEQUALITY:

• The anti-racism movement that has spread from the United States around the world in the aftermath of George Floyd’s killing is one more sign that people have had enough.
• The world had enough of inequality and discrimination that treats people as criminals on the basis of their skin colour and of the structural racism and systematic injustice that deny people their fundamental human rights on the basis of race.

INSTITUTIONAL INEQUALITY:

• The nations that came out on top more than seven decades ago have refused to contemplate the reforms needed to change power relations in international institutions.
• The composition and voting rights in the United Nations Security Council and the boards of the Bretton Woods system are a case in point.  Inequality starts at the top: in global institutions. Addressing inequality must start by reforming them.

UNEQUAL GLOBAL TRADE:

• There is a new form of colonialism based on trade and economic policies premised on the concept and practice of a market economy.
• Economies that were colonized are at greater risk of getting locked into the production of raw materials and low-tech goods – a new form of colonialism.

GENDER INEQUALITY:

• The world should not forget another great source of inequality in our world: millennia of patriarchy.
• We live in a male-dominated world with a male-dominated culture.
• Everywhere, women are worse off than men, simply because they are women. Inequality and discrimination are the norms. Violence against women, including femicide, is at epidemic levels.
• Globally, women are still excluded from senior positions in governments and on corporate boards. Fewer than one in ten world leaders is a woman.
• Gender inequality harms everyone because it prevents us from benefiting from the intelligence and experience of all of humanity.

DIGITAL DIVIDE AND INEQUALITY:

• Digital divide and climate change are the two new dimensions of the inequality that the world experience today.
• The digital divide reinforces social and economic divides, from literacy to healthcare, from urban to rural, and from kindergarten to college.
• In 2019, some 87 per cent of people in developed countries used the internet, compared with just 19 per cent in the least developed countries.

CLIMATE CHANGE AND INEQUALITY:

• By 2050, accelerating climate change will affect millions of people through malnutrition, malaria, other diseases, migration, and extreme weather events.
• This creates serious threats to inter-generational equality and justice.
• The countries that are most affected by climate disruption did the least to contribute to global heating.
• This is why the call is not only for climate action but climate justice.

THE PANDEMIC AND AN UNEQUAL WORLD

EXPOSED IGNORED RISKS: The pandemic has demonstrated the fragility of the world. It has laid bare risks ignored for decades: inadequate health systems; gaps in social protection; structural inequalities; environmental degradation; the climate crisis.

GAINS MADE BEING LOST: Entire regions that were making progress on eradicating poverty and narrowing inequality have been set back years, in a matter of months. The virus poses the greatest risk to the most vulnerable: those living in poverty, older people, and people with disabilities and pre-existing conditions.

ECONOMIC FALL OUT: The economic fallout of the pandemic is affecting those who work in the informal economy; small and medium-size businesses; and people with caring responsibilities, who are mainly women. In some countries, health inequalities are amplified as not just private hospitals, but businesses and even individuals hoarding precious equipment that is urgently needed for everyone.

EXPOSED LIES AND MYTHS: 

• The lie that free markets can deliver healthcare for all;
• The fiction that unpaid care work does not work;
• The delusion that we live in a post-racist world;
• The myth is that we are all in the same boat.

GLOBALISATION, TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE, AND INEQUALITY-AN ANALYSIS

Globalization and technological change have indeed fuelled enormous gains in income and prosperity. More than a billion people have moved out of extreme poverty. But the expansion of trade and technological progress have also contributed to an unprecedented shift in income distribution. Between 1980 and 2016, the world’s richest 1 per cent captured 27 per cent of the total cumulative growth in income. Low-skilled workers face an onslaught from new technologies, automation, the offshoring of manufacturing, and the demise of labour organizations. Tax concessions, tax avoidance, and tax evasion remain widespread. Corporate tax rates have fallen. This has reduced resources to invest in the very services that can reduce inequality: social protection, education, and healthcare. And a new generation of inequalities goes beyond income and wealth to encompass the knowledge and skills needed to succeed in today’s world.

A NEW SOCIAL CONTRACT AND A NEW DEAL FOR THE WORLD

The response to the pandemic, and to the widespread discontent that preceded it, must be based on a New Social Contract and a New Global Deal that create equal opportunities for all and respect the rights and freedoms of all. This is the only way that we will meet the goals of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the Paris Agreement, and the Addis Ababa Action Agenda – agreements that address precisely the failures that are being exposed and exploited by the pandemic. Education and digital technology must be two great enablers and equalizers. The critical pillars of such a strategy are explained below.

EDUCATION FOR ALL:

• As Nelson Mandela said, “Education is the most powerful weapon we can use to change the world.” Governments must prioritize equal access, from early learning to lifelong education.
• Neuroscience tells us that pre-school education changes the lives of individuals and brings enormous benefits to communities and societies. So when the richest children are seven times more likely than the poorest to attend pre-school, it is no surprise that inequality is inter-generational.
• To deliver quality education for all, we need to more than double education spending in low and middle-income countries by 2030 to $3 trillion a year.
• Within a generation, all children in low- and middle-income countries could have access to quality education at all levels.

HARNESSING DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY:

• As technology transforms our world, learning facts and skills is not enough. Governments need to prioritize investment in digital literacy and infrastructure.
• The digital revolution and artificial intelligence will change the nature of work, and the relationship between work, leisure and other activities, some of which we cannot even imagine today.
• The Roadmap for Digital Cooperation, launched at the United Nations, promotes a vision of an inclusive, sustainable digital future by connecting the remaining four billion people to the Internet by 2030.
• The United Nations has also launched ‘Giga’, an ambitious project to get every school in the world online.
• Technology can turbocharge the recovery from COVID-19 and the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals.

TRUST BUILDING AMONG PEOPLE, INSTITUTIONS AND LEADERS:

• As there is a very high low level of trust among the people and government, trust-building is very essential.
• People want social and economic systems that work for everyone. They want their human rights and fundamental freedoms to be respected. They want a say in decisions that affect their lives.
• The New Social Contract, between Governments, people, civil society, businesses and more, must integrate employment, sustainable development and social protection, based on equal rights and opportunities for all.

LABOUR RIGHTS AND SOCIAL PROTECTION:

• Labour market policies combined with constructive dialogue between employers and labour representatives, can improve pay and working conditions.
• Labour representation is also critical to managing the challenges posed to jobs by technology and structural transformation – including the transition to a green economy.
• A changing world requires a new generation of social protection policies with new safety nets including Universal Health Coverage and the possibility of a Universal Basic Income.
• Establishing minimum levels of social protection, and reversing chronic underinvestment in public services including education, healthcare, and internet access are essential.

AFFIRMATIVE ACTION PROGRAMMES FUNDED THROUGH CARBON TAX:

• We need affirmative action programmes and targeted policies to address and redress historic inequalities in gender, race or ethnicity that have been reinforced by social norms.
• Taxation has also a role In the New Social Contract. Everyone – individuals and corporations – must pay their fair share.
• In some countries, there is a place for taxes that recognize that the wealthy and well-connected have benefitted enormously from the state, and from their fellow citizens.
• Governments should also shift the tax burden from payrolls to carbon.
• Taxing carbon rather than people will increase output and employment while reducing emissions.

A FAIR GLOBAL ORDER:

• The global political and economic system is not delivering on critical global public goods: public health, climate action, sustainable development, peace.
• The COVID-19 pandemic has brought home the disconnect between self-interest and the common interest; and the huge gaps in governance structures and ethical frameworks.
• To close those gaps, and to make the New Social Contract possible, a New Global Deal to ensure that power, wealth and opportunities are shared more broadly and fairly at the international level.

CHALLENGES IN USHERING IN AN EQUAL WORLD

UNPRECEDENTED LEVEL OF DEBT:

• The response to addressing the existing and pandemic induced inequalities requires loosening the purse strings of the nations. But this may not be possible for under-developed countries which are already suffering from very high levels of debt.
• The result will be the reinforcement of existing socio-economic divides leading to furthering extreme inequality.
• A suspension in debt payment may be supplemented by a partial debt relief programme anchored by G-20 nations as an interim measure.

NATURE OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE REGIME:

• The central aspect of inequality is the consequence of low levels of investment in public health systems and in other aspects of the welfare state in education, in social security.
• But for the developing countries to do it, they need support, thus need a new global deal at the global level with an effective transfer of resources to the developing world for them to be able to address these issues.
• But the current global governance regime is heavily skewed against any such resource redistribution.

DATA AS THE NEW CAPITAL:

• The two superpowers, the USA and China hold power over most of the data that the people on the planet use and consume.
• Thus, digital technology as an enabler for the new social contract may not work as the power over data may be used to control the access and use of data.
•  This has implications on digital education, economy, security and the like. Hence, we need to address the power and control over data for an equal world.

LESS FOCUS ON PRE-SCHOOL EDUCATION:

• When we talk about education, generally the discourse leave behind the importance of preschool education which is the most important aspect of determining a child’s future learning capabilities and outcomes.
• While the rich can provide for quality pre-school education, the poor are left behind. Thus unless the world community stress and develops pre-school infrastructure for all, the strength of education as an enabler will remain sub-optimal.

SELF-INTEREST OF THE WEALTHY:

• To bring a more egalitarian world order, a fair taxation system need to be built which as of now is lopsided and favours the rich.
• Tax havens are aiding and abetting the rich to hide assets and fleece money from the developing world.
• As long as self-interest drives individuals and nations, the wealthy will become wealthier. Thus, for a fair and equal global order, we need “enlightened –self-interest” which is arguably the lowest in today’s world.

THE WAY FORWARD:

• A New Global Deal, based on fair globalization, on the rights and dignity of every human being, living in balance with nature, taking account of the rights of future generations, and success measured in human rather than economic terms, is the need of the hour.
• The worldwide consultation process around the 75th anniversary of the United Nations has made clear that people want a global governance system that delivers for them.  The developing world must have a far stronger voice in global decision-making.
• We also need a more inclusive and balanced multilateral trading system that enables developing countries to move up global value chains. Illicit financial flows, money laundering and tax evasion must be prevented. A global consensus to end tax havens is essential.
• We must work together to integrate the principles of sustainable development into financial decision-making. Financial markets must be full partners in shifting the flow of resources away from the brown and the grey to the green, the sustainable and the equitable.
• Reform of the debt architecture and access to affordable credit must create fiscal space for countries to move investment in the same direction.

THE CONCLUSION: Inequality exposed and reinforced by the pandemic has posed challenges to the sustainable development goals too. The world needs to take note of the disparity of unequal relationships among nations and people cutting across neatly defined categories. The direction and leadership provided by the UN should encourage all to work towards a fair distribution of resources and opportunities.

 MAINS PRACTICE QUESTIONS:

1. A fair global order requires a new social contract and a new global deal. Elaborate.
2. “The ideal of equality faces challenges from multiple fronts”. Examine the statement in the context of the UN Secretary General’s view on inequality.
3. As the pandemic has deepened and reinforced the already existing inequality in India and in other developing nations, it is necessary to redraw the contours of SDGs. Comment.