THE CONTEXT: The seats in the Lok Sabha is frozen as per the 1971 census population data. Then the population was 54 crores only which has more than doubled leading to significant political underrepresentation. When the next seat readjustment is due after the 2031 census, the changes in political representation would have different consequences to northern and southern States. This write-up examines this issue in detail.

CLARIFYING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DEMOCRACY AND FEDERALISM

DEMOCRACY

• Democracy is a system of elected Government. Essentially, a political construct democracy is operationalised through the principle “one person, one vote”. To quote Nehru “I prefer democracy not because it is the best form of Government but because there is no other form of Government better than democracy”.
• Political representation is the key feature of democracy through which the voices and concerns of the people are reflected in the scheme of governance of a country.
• Thus free and fair election process must be based on transparent delimitation after each census. This would reflect the changing demographic profiles of the country and would address the imbalances in “democracy”.
• Democratic governance provides scope for a federal system because it allows dispersal of political power and accommodates diversity.
• However, there might be situations where the political representation might militate against the federal system.

FEDERALISM

• Federalism is an arrangement of power-sharing between two or more constituent units in a political system. The essence of federalism is constitutionally assigned division of powers and the existence of at least two levels of Government.
• Federalism reconciles the needs for autonomy and dependence. In a federal polity, the federal/union/central Government and the province/state/cantons are supreme in their constitutionally demarcated areas.
• Federalism is generally preferred to a unitary structure because it promotes democratic governance by de-concentrating political authority.
• The local needs and aspirations are reflected in the decision making processes of the federal units which ensures political accountability.
• In this sense, a federal setup promotes democracy through ensuring effective say for people in the affairs that affect them.
• The federal system works on the notion of “equality of power” between States. But an increase in political democracy can result in “disturbing” this equality.

CHALLENGES OF FREEZING THE LEGISLATIVE SEATS IN INDIA

• Article 81 provides that each State receives seats in proportion to its population and allocate those seats to constituencies of roughly equal size except in cases of UTs and States less than 6 million populations.
• To divide these seats proportionally, Article 82 of the Constitution provides for the reallocation of seats after every census based on updated population figures.
• However, the Forty-Second Amendment enacted in 1976—suspended the revision of seats until after the 2001 Census. In 2002, the Eighty-Fourth Amendment extended this freeze until the next decennial Census after 2026 which is in 2031 although after the 87^th Amendment the constituencies were readjusted as per the 2001 Census without altering the number of seats.
• By 2031, the population figures used to allot Parliamentary seats to each State will be six decades old. But this freeze for promoting family planning and not punishing successful States have led to serious challenges to Indian polity which are discussed below.
  • PROBLEM OF MAL-APPORTIONMENT

It means a discrepancy between the number of legislative seats and the extent of the population in a geographical unit. For instance, in India, the number of seats in States are the same as in 1971 despite doubling of population. Between States, this problem is acute as States like UP and Bihar suffer from underrepresentation.

• • UNDERMINES DEMOCRATIC PRINCIPLES

The essential condition for democracy is one person one vote and one value. The skewed political representation results in unequal values for votes of citizens. For instance, an MP from the Gangetic valley represents about 25% more people than a non-Gangetic MP.

• • ISSUE OF EXCESSIVE FEDERALISM

Small States (population-wise) enjoy over-representation due to a freeze of seats. For example, studies based on the 2011 Census indicate that Kerala, Tamil Nadu and undivided Andhra is overrepresented by 17 seats while UP, Bihar and Rajasthan are underrepresented by 19 seats. This means a minority of States can hold back important legislations and policies having an impact on national progress.

• • INCREASING DISTANCE BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT AND THE GOVERNED.

The MPs are the medium of communication between the people of their constituencies and the Government and administration. India has one MP in the Lok Sabha for 2.2 million people. The USA, the third most populated country, has one Congressman for 0.6 million people. And each MP in the UK (a much smaller country of 64 million people, or about the same as Karnataka) represents 0.1 million people.

• • EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE

Underrepresentation of States in the highest decision-making body of the country reduces the scope of favourable policy decisions by the Legislature and the Executive. Studies in the USA, Brazil, etc suggest that this can have an important impact on Executive–Legislature relations, intra-legislative bargaining and the overall performance of democratic systems.

HOW POLITICAL DEMOCRACY WILL IMPACT FEDERAL RELATIONS?

SHIFT IN POLITICAL POWER

The readjustment of Lok Sabha seats after 2026 will benefit the northern States while the southern States are likely to lose out. For instance, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh alone stand to gain 21 seats while Kerala and Tamil Nadu would forfeit as many as 16.

DOMINATION BY BIG STATES

Small States fear that their voices will not count in issues of national governance due to the dominance of bigger States and they will become irrelevant in the economic and political discourse of the country.

ASYMMETRICAL FEDERALISM

Indian federalism differs from the classical federations like the USA in that the relation between the Centre and the constituent units are not uniform. For instance, the special provisions in Art 371, 371A and the number of seats for States in Rajya Sabha etc. There is a view that this asymmetry will be further deepened due to the readjustment of seats.

TENDENCY TOWARDS OVER-CENTRALISATION

The bigger States will have more say in the formation of the Union Government owing to larger representation. As of now, the northern States favour the ruling party at the Centre and most of their MPs come from these States. Readjustment can increase their role in Government formation compared to southern and northeastern states which can result in the centralization of political and economic power at the Centre.

IMPACT ON CENTRE- STATE COOPERATION

A functional federal system requires a cooperative working relationship between the Centre and the States and the States inter se. The political marginalization and economic disadvantages accompanied by changes in representation can lead to an acrimonious relationship between the Centre and the States that lost in the bargain.

SUB REGIONAL CHAUVINISM

The imbalances in the federal relations due to the above-mentioned factors can reignite linguistic, cultural and ethnic challenges which in turn deteriorate the federal relations. The anti-Hindi movement in Tamil Nadu, militancy in Punjab and the insurgency in the northeast provide vital lessons in this regard.

RECONCILING DEMOCRACY AND FEDERALISM IN INDIA

RE-APPORTIONMENT AFTER 2031

Had India reallocated the seats after each decennial Census, the shift in political power would have been gradual. The changes in demography need to be reflected in seat allocations and any further delay will only increase the pain in the process.

EMPOWERING THE STATES

To assuage the concerns of small states that they will be dominated by bigger ones the powers of States vis-à-vis the Centre in the Lists (Schedule 7) and altering of State boundaries must be increased.

MORE POWER TO RAJYA SABHA

Rajya Sabha is the House of States and its role and composition must be expanded. This would allow the small States a kind of check over the majoritarian politics that impacts them adversely. Measures suggested like direct elections, restoring domicile requirements, etc. can transform the Upper House into a real venue for debates on States’ interests.

IDEA OF A SUPERMAJORITY

Constitutional changes dealing with language, religion, financial relations and other significant provisions must have the consent of all or nearly all the States. This idea of “consensus items” that require unanimity is necessary to protect the minority from the majority.

REORGANISATION OF STATES

Breaking up big States into small States can preclude them from dominating national governance policies. Time has also come for a second State reorganisation commission so that the challenges of demography, economy, governance and demands of statehood etc. can be addressed.

INCREASE THE NUMBER OF SEATS IN LOK SABHAThis will have two important advantages. One, no overrepresented States will lose seats under reapportionment. Second, it will address the problems of oversized constituencies and MPs responsiveness. Indian MPs represent an average of 2.5 million people which is three times more than their counterparts in the House of Representatives of the USA.

FAMILY PLANNING NEEDS GREATER FOCUS

The States with higher populations need a greater focus on family planning. Although various Government reports including NFHS IV, Economic Survey 2018 etc. have observed that India is on course to achieve a replacement-level fertility rate, the TFR of UP and Bihar is still very high.

HOW DO OTHER FEDERATIONS DEAL WITH THIS ISSUE?

• Federal democracies have incorporated into their governing structures various mechanisms to ensure the balance between democratic and federal principles.

The US Constitution has protected the smaller States in multiple ways.

• First, the national authority over the States is very limited, for instance, States’ boundaries cannot be altered without their consent etc.
• Second, every State big or small has equal representation in the Senate.
• Third, the President is elected by electoral votes which mean s/he must-win States rather than the majority of votes by national population.
• Fourth, through the custom of filibuster legislation, to pass important Bills, a supermajority is required in the Senate.

Other federations like Switzerland, Canada, etc have adopted such other means of reconciliation.

• For instance, Art 3 of the Swizz Constitution declares that the Cantons (Provinces/States) are sovereign except to the extent that their sovereignty is limited by the Federal Constitution. They exercise all rights that are not vested in the Confederation. While Art 4 provides for four national languages, Art 5A calls for the principle of subsidiarity which must be observed in the allocation of State tasks and responsibilities.

THE CONCLUSION: Federalism and democracy are typically seen as mutually supportive. But, in the Indian context of the debate on the apportionment of seats in the Lok Sabha, this relationship seems to be severely strained. However, reapportionment or increasing the seats in the Lower House is a must for curing the defects of a flawed structure of Indian political democracy. But, the reconciliation between democracy and federalism requires that the concerns of States must be addressed fairly. For this, an environment of trust between the constituent units of Indian polity must be created which has arguably plunged to an all-time low.

ART AND CULTURE

1. UNESCO PICKS SRINAGAR AS CREATIVE CITY

THE CONTEXT: The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) has picked Srinagar among 49 cities as part of the creative city network under the Crafts and Folk Arts category.

THE EXPLANATION:

• The inclusion is likely to pave way for the city to represent its handicrafts on the global stage through UNESCO.
• Only Jaipur (Crafts and Folk Arts) in 2015, Varanasi and Chennai (Creative city of Music) in 2015 and 2017 respectively have so far been recognized as members of the UCCN for creative cities.

ABOUT UCCN

• It was created in 2004 to promote cooperation with and among cities that have identified creativity as a strategic factor for sustainable urban development.
• The Network covers seven creative fields: Crafts and Folk Arts, Media Arts, Film, Design, Gastronomy, Literature and Music.

SOURCE: TH

INDIAN POLITY, GOVERNANCE AND SOCIAL JUSTICE

2. OVER 33 LAKH CHILDREN ARE MALNOURISHED IN INDIA

THE CONTEXT: PTI reported that more than 33 lakh children are malnourished in India and over half of them are in a severe category.

THE EXPLANATION:

• According to the Women and Child Development Ministry, there were 17,76,902 severely acute malnourished children and 15,46,420 moderately acute malnourished children in the country.
• The World Health Organization defines severe acute malnutrition as very low weight for height, nutritional oedema or a mid-upper arm circumference of less than 115 millimetres.
• The world body defines moderate acute malnutrition as moderate wasting and/or a mid-upper arm circumference greater than 115 millimetres but less than 125 millimetres.
• Maharashtra had the highest number of malnourished children at 6, 16,772, followed by Bihar (4,75,824) and then Gujarat (3,20,465).
• Other states with a high number of malnourished children are Andhra Pradesh (2,67,228), Karnataka (2,49,463), and Uttar Pradesh (1,86,640).
• The Poshan Tracker app was developed by the Union Ministry of Women and Child Development to track all Anganwadi centres and their beneficiaries.
• The  2021 Global Hunger Index ranked India at the 101st position out of 116 countries. The rank fell from 94 last year and the country was also behind its neighbours Pakistan, Nepal and Bangladesh. However, the Union Ministry of Women and Child Development claimed that the methodology used for the index was unscientific.

SOURCE: SCROLL

3. GLOBAL DRUG POLICY INDEX

THE CONTEXT: The Global Drug Policy Index, by the Harm Reduction Consortium, ranks Norway, New Zealand, Portugal, the UK, and Australia as the five leading countries on humane and health-driven drug policies.

THE EXPLANATION:

• The five lowest-ranking countries are Brazil, Uganda, Indonesia, Kenya, and Mexico. India’s rank is 18 out of 30 countries.
• It is a data-driven global analysis of drug policies and their implementation. It is composed of 75 indicators running across five broad dimensions of drug policy: criminal justice, extreme responses, health and harm reduction, access to internationally controlled medicines, and development.
• It is a project of the Harm Reduction Consortium, whose partners include: the European Network of People Who Use Drugs (EuroNPUD), the Eurasian Harm Reduction Association (EHRA), the Eurasian Network of People who Use Drugs (ENPUD), the Global Drug Policy Observatory (GDPO) / Swansea University, Harm Reduction International (HRI), the International Drug Policy Consortium (IDPC), the Middle East and North Africa Harm Reduction Association (MENAHRA), the West African Drug Policy Network (WADPN), the Women and Harm Reduction International Network (WHRIN), and Youth RISE.
• Norway, despite topping the Index, only managed a score of 74/100. And the median score across all 30 countries and dimensions is just 48/100.
• India has an overall score of 46/100. On the criteria of use of extreme sentencing and responses, it has a score of 63/100, on health and harm reduction, 49/100; on proportionality of criminal justice response, 38/100; on availability and access of internationally controlled substances for the relief of pain and suffering, 33 /100.

SOURCE : IE

ENVIRONMENT, GEOGRAPHY AND AGRICULTURE

4. KANPUR’S ZIKA OUTBREAK

THE CONTEXT: Zika Virus is creating havoc in Northern parts of India. With 13 new cases of the Zika virus in Kanpur, the total tally of the mosquito-borne disease in the district stands at 79.

ABOUT ZIKA VIRUS

• It is a member of the virus family Flaviviridae.
• It is spread by daytime-active Aedes aegypti mosquitoes (which can also spread dengue fever, chikungunya, Mayaro and yellow fever viruses).
• Its name comes from the Zika Forest of Uganda, where the virus was first isolated in 1947
• It often causes no or only mild symptoms, similar to a very mild form of dengue fever.
• While there is no specific treatment, paracetamol (acetaminophen) and rest may help with the symptoms.
• Zika can spread from a pregnant woman to her baby. This can result in microcephaly, severe brain malformations, and other birth defects. Zika infections in adults may result rarely in Guillain–Barré syndrome (a rapid-onset muscle weakness caused by the immune system damaging the peripheral nervous system).
• Zika can be transmitted from men and women to their sexual partners.

SOURCE:  India.Com

INDIAN ECONOMY

5. LEADS 2021

THE CONTEXT: Ministry of Commerce and Industry released report on Logistics Ease across Different States (LEADS) 2021.

THE EXPLANATION:

• The inputs given by report can lead the way to bring down logistics cost by 5% over the next 5 years.
• LEADS report to push healthy competition for improvement in logistics development among States.
• Gujarat, Haryana and Punjab emerge as top performers in LEADS 2021
• Inputs of the report to act as significant stimulants to PM GatiShakti National Master Plan.

ABOUT LEADS REPORT

• The report ranks the states on the basis of their logistics ecosystem, highlights the key logistics related challenges faced by the stakeholders and includes suggestive recommendations.
• The Ministry of Commerce and Industry (MoCI) had launched a study, “Logistics Ease Across Different States (LEADS)” in 2018 with the main objective of ranking States and UTs on the efficiency of their logistics ecosystem.
• The first version of the report, LEADS 2018, focused on export-import trade and assessed the efficiency of the logistics ecosystem in each State and UT.
• The second edition of the study – LEADS 2019, covered both international and domestic trade.
• The LEADS 2021 exercise has gone one-step ahead in analysing domestic and EXIM logistics ecosystem of the state.
• Specifically, two improvements have been done in the overall assessment framework. Firstly, objective parameters have been used along with the perception-based indicators for index formulation.Secondly, the statistical methodologies to build the index has been updated to get more robust results, given change in the overall framework.
• Alternatively, a total of 21 perception and objective variables have been statistically analysed to prepare a composite index basis upon which the states have been ranked.
• The perception survey was administered to the four different categories of logistics stakeholders, viz. traders/ shippers, transport service providers, terminal operators, and logistics service providers.
• The States’ objective survey collected binary responses in the context of the areas related to policy, institutional framework, current enforcement mechanism, warehousing approvals and processes, smart enforcement, city logistics, drivers’ empowerment, etc. to understand the initiatives taken by the different state governments towards improving the logistics environment in their respective States.
• The secondary dataset was compiled with the assistance of the central government ministries, department and associated agencies.
• LEADS is a continuous exercise, and the MoCI is enthused to provide a pivotal role in initiating, creating, and connecting all the stakeholders to bring in the required improvements in the logistics space collaboratively.

SOURCE: PIB

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

6. GOA MARITIME CONCLAVE – 2021

THE CONTEXT: The third edition of Goa Maritime Conclave (GMC) – 2021 is being hosted by the Indian Navy from 07 to 09 November 2021 under the aegis of Naval War College, Goa.

THE EXPLANATION:

• The theme for this year’s edition is “Maritime security and emerging non-traditional threats: a case for a proactive role for IOR Navies”.
• The Navy chiefs and heads of maritime agencies of Bangladesh, Comoros, Indonesia, Madagascar, Malaysia, the Maldives, Mauritius, Myanmar, Seychelles, Singapore, Sri Lanka and Thailand are taking part in the conclave
• Navy chief Admiral laid emphasis on common efforts on information exchange for maritime domain awareness in the region and capacity building.
• India’s efforts are spearheaded by the Information Fusion Centre for IOR (IFC-IOR) located in Gurugram which also has several international liaison officers.
• India has supplied equipment, vessels and aircraft to friends like Vietnam, Mozambique, the Maldives, Mauritius, Seychelles, Comoros, Bangladesh and Myanmar.
• India is in the process of making a Standard Operating Procedure for dealing with disasters in the Asia-Pacific which would be shared with all nations concerned.
• The Navy would continue to work for Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief as a first responder and net security provider.

SOURCE:  PIB

MISCELLANEOUS

7. UAE ANNOUNCED FAMILY LAW REFORMS

THE CONTEXT: The ruler of Abu Dhabi has issued a decree allowing non-Muslims residing in the UAE to marry, divorce and get joint child custody under civil law.

THE EXPLANATION:

• The law covers civil marriage, divorce, alimony, joint child custody and proof of paternity, and inheritance.
• It aims to enhance the position and global competitiveness of the emirate as one of the most attractive destinations for talent and skills.
• The report described the civil law regulating non-Muslim family matters as being the first of its kind in the world in line with international best practices. It maintains its competitive edge as a regional commercial hub.
• A new court to handle non-Muslim family matters will be set up in Abu Dhabi and will operate in both English and Arabic.

SOURCE:  INDIATODAY

PRELIMS PRACTICE QUESTIONS

Q1. Consider the following statements about UNESCO Creative Cities Network:

1. It was created in 2004 to promote cooperation among the cities for sustainable urban development.
2. Varanasi and Chennai cities have been added to the network under the category of music.
3. Srinagar and Jaisalmer have been added to the network under the category of craft and folk art.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

a) 1 only

b) 1 and 2 only

c) 2 and 3 only

d) 1, 2 and 3

ANSWER FOR NOVEMBER 8^th, 2021 PRELIMS PRACTICE QUESTIONS

Q1.Answer: A

Explanation:

• NCRB was set up in 1986 under the Ministry of Home Affairs to function as a repository of information on crime and criminals so as to assist the investigators in linking crime to the perpetrators.

Q2.Answer: D

• Statement 1 is correct: The solar magnetic cycle that works in the deep interior of the Sun creates regions that rise to the surface and appear like dark spots. These are the sunspots.
• Statement 2 is correct: Solar flares are highly energetic phenomena that happen inside the sunspots. In a solar flare, the energy stored in the sun’s magnetic structures is converted into light and heat energy. This causes the emission of high energy x-ray radiation and highly accelerated charged particles to leave the sun’s surface.
• Statement 3 is correct: Sometimes solar flares also cause hot plasma to be ejected from the Sun, causing a solar storm, and this is called Coronal Mass Ejection (CME). Coronal Mass Ejections can harbour energies exceeding that of a billion atomic bombs.

1. Allama Iqbal’s concept of self emancipates us READ MORE
2. Advertisements and Majoritarian Morality: A Dangerous Precedent READ MORE

1. Carbon Emission of 1% Super-Rich Imperils 1.5 Degree Celsius Target READ MORE
2. Will COP26 be just another PR event? READ MORE
3. Why Chennai’s Flooding Problem Won’t Be Solved for Another 10 Years READ MORE

1. The Invisible Women of Colonial India’s Textile Industry READ MORE
2. Over 33 lakh children are malnourished in India, Maharashtra has highest number: Report READ MORE

1. Is the Centre trying to take over the primacy accorded to India’s judiciary in appointing judges? READ MORE
2. Incipient Shift in Civil-Military Relations? READ MORE

(Newspapers, PIB and other important sources)

Prelim and Main

1. President of India Presents Padma Awards READ MORE
2. UNESCO picks Srinagar as ‘creative city’ READ MORE
3. Telling numbers: A ranking of countries on drug policies and implementation READ MORE
4. In just 30 years, marine heatwaves have turned the Great Barrier Reef into a bleached checkerboard READ MORE
5. Abu Dhabi issues law on divorce, inheritance for non-Muslims READ MORE
6. Demonetisation, 5 years on: Key economic indicators paint a mixed picture READ MORE

Main Exam    

GS Paper- 1

1. The Invisible Women of Colonial India’s Textile Industry READ MORE

GS Paper- 2

POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

1. Is the Centre trying to take over the primacy accorded to India’s judiciary in appointing judges? READ MORE
2. Incipient Shift in Civil-Military Relations? READ MORE

SOCIAL ISSUES AND SOCIAL JUSTICE

1. Over 33 lakh children are malnourished in India, Maharashtra has highest number: Report READ MORE

INTERNATIONAL ISSUES

1. India needs a new, integrated approach to Eurasia READ MORE

GS Paper- 3

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

1. No scientific basis to GM crops’ regulation READ MORE
2. India’s Broken Credit System Is Stalling GDP growth READ MORE

ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY  

1. Carbon Emission of 1% Super-Rich Imperils 1.5 Degree Celsius Target READ MORE
2. Will COP26 be just another PR event? READ MORE
3. Why Chennai’s Flooding Problem Won’t Be Solved for Another 10 Years READ MORE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

1. Breaking down the hype around Metaverse: Its commodification in the hands of one corporation could be detrimental to the Web 3.0 decentralisation movement READ MORE

GS Paper- 4

ETHICS EXAMPLES AND CASE STUDY

1. Allama Iqbal’s concept of self emancipates us READ MORE
2. Advertisements and Majoritarian Morality: A Dangerous Precedent READ MORE

Questions for the MAIN exam

1. Critically analyse the outcomes of COP26. Do you agree with the view that this time the world leaders are more serious about climate change?
2. Examine the reasons for wage gap in India. Suggest the way forward to address the issue.

QUOTATIONS AND CAPTIONS

• Authority does not come from the loudest voice, but the wisest.
• The time has come for it to begin a strategic conversation with Europe on Eurasian security. This will be a natural complement to the fledgeling engagement between India and Europe on the Indo-Pacific.
• The current flux in Eurasian geopolitics will lessen some of the current contradictions and generate some new antinomies in the days ahead. But the key for India lies in greater strategic activism that opens opportunities in all directions in Eurasia.
• The successful Covid vaccine drive and use of Bt Cotton technology for the economic benefit of the cotton farmers are great examples of using science and technology to solve problems in the health and agriculture fields.
• If India is serious about climate change, it can ill afford to beat around the bush and play into the distraction of greenwashing, false or weak solutions.
• Climate leadership is not about organizing massive global conventions, making lofty promises or paying large amounts of money while still perpetuating the same systems that is causing global warming.
• The surge in energy prices is a concern for growth; even if temporary, a reminder of India’s strategic dependence on imported energy.
• Understanding and addressing the modern day wage gap requires that we pay attention to its historical origins.
• Compared to other large economies around the globe, India does not have the credit institutions in place to support the real economy on the scale its growth needs demand.
• The PIL heard by the apex court is seeking adequate infrastructure across the country for providing effective legal aid to women abused in matrimonial homes and creating shelter homes for them.

50- WORD TALK

• India’s cryptocurrency craze is alarming. The new “asset” promising fantastic returns is enticing teens to homemakers even in small towns and has celeb endorsements – all with zero regulation or oversight. The government, RBI should stop sitting on the sidelines and urgently create a framework to govern this very risky investment.

Things to Remember:

• For prelims-related news try to understand the context of the news and relate with its concepts so that it will be easier for you to answer (or eliminate) from given options.
• Whenever any international place will be in news, you should do map work (marking those areas in maps and also exploring other geographical locations nearby including mountains, rivers, etc. same applies to the national places.)
• For economy-related news (banking, agriculture, etc.) you should focus on terms and how these are related to various economic aspects, for example, if inflation has been mentioned, try to relate with prevailing price rises, shortage of essential supplies, banking rates, etc.
• For main exam-related topics, you should focus on the various dimensions of the given topic, the most important topics which occur frequently and are important from the mains point of view will be covered in ED.
• Try to use the given content in your answer. Regular use of this content will bring more enrichment to your writing.